# Zhores Alferov

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Russian applied physicist (1930–2019)

In this name that follows [East Slavic naming customs](/source/East_Slavic_naming_customs), the [patronymic](/source/Patronymic) is *Ivanovich* and the [family name](/source/Surname) is *Alferov*.

Zhores Alferov Жорес Алфёров Alferov in 2016 Member of the State Duma (Party List Seat) In office 17 January 1996 – 1 March 2019 Succeeded by Mikhail Berulava Personal details Born Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (1930-03-15)15 March 1930 Vitebsk, Byelorussian SSR, Soviet Union Died 1 March 2019(2019-03-01) (aged 88) Saint Petersburg, Russia Party NDR (1995–1999) CPRF (1999–2019) Spouse Tamara Darskaya Children 2 Alma mater V. I. Ulyanov Electrotechnical Institute Ioffe Institute (KN, DN) Known for Laser diode Thin-film solar cell Awards Stuart Ballantine Medal (1971) EPS Europhysics Prize (1978) Demidov Prize (1999) Nobel Prize in Physics (2000) Nick Holonyak, Jr. Award (2000) Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology (2001) State Prize of the Russian Federation (2001) SPIE Gold Medal (2002) Global Energy Prize (2005) Scientific career Fields Solid-state physics Institutions Ioffe Institute Thesis Гетеропереходы в полупроводниках (1970) Notable students Dmitri Garbuzov[1] Victor Ustinov

**Zhores Ivanovich Alferov**[a] (15 March 1930 – 1 March 2019) was a Russian[2][3] [applied physicist](/source/Applied_physicist) who contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics. In 2000, Alferov shared the [Nobel Prize in Physics](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics) for the development of the semiconductor [heterojunction](/source/Heterojunction) for optoelectronics.[4] He also became a politician in his later life, serving in the [State Duma](/source/State_Duma) as a member of the [Communist Party](/source/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation) from 1999.

## Early life and career

Zhores Ivanovich Alferov was born on 15 March 1930 in [Vitebsk](/source/Vitebsk), [Byelorussian SSR](/source/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic), [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union), the son of Ivan Karpovich Alferov and Anna Vladimirovna.[5]

In 1952, Alferov graduated from the Electronics Department of [V. I. Ulyanov Electrotechnical Institute](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Electrotechnical_University) in Leningrad. The following year, he joined the staff of the [Ioffe Institute](/source/Ioffe_Institute), becoming its director in 1987. He obtained his [Candidate of Sciences](/source/Candidate_of_Sciences) in Technology in 1961 and his [Doctor of Sciences](/source/Doctor_of_Sciences) in Physics and Mathematics in 1970, both from the Ioffe Institute.[6]

Alferov was elected a corresponding member of the [Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union](/source/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Soviet_Union) in 1972, and a full member in 1979. From 1989, he was Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Sciences and President of its [Saint Petersburg](/source/Saint_Petersburg) Scientific Center.[6]

## Research

Alferov worked with a group led by Vladimir Tuchkevich, who became director of the [Ioffe Institute](/source/Ioffe_Institute) in 1967, on planar semiconductor amplifiers for use in [radio receivers](/source/Radio_receiver).[7]: 125–128 These planar semiconductor amplifiers would be referred to as transistors in the present day. His contribution included work on [germanium diodes](/source/Germanium_diode) for use as a rectifier.

In the early 1960s, Alferov organized an effort at Ioffe Institute to develop semiconductor heterostructures. [Heterojunction](/source/Heterojunction) transistors enabled higher frequency use than their [homojunction](/source/Homojunction) predecessors, and this capability plays a key role in modern mobile phone and satellite communications. Alferov and colleagues worked on [GaAs](/source/Gallium_arsenide) and [AlAs](/source/Aluminium_arsenide) [III-V](/source/III-V) heterojunctions. A particular focus was the use of heterojunctions to create [semiconductor lasers](/source/Semiconductor_lasers) capable of lasing at room temperature. In 1963, Alferov filed a patent application proposing double-heterostructure lasers; [Herbert Kroemer](/source/Herbert_Kroemer) independently filed a US patent several months later.[8][9] In 1966, Alferov's lab created the first lasers based on heterostructures, although they did not lase continuously. Then in 1968, Alferov and coworkers produced the first [continuous-wave](/source/Continuous-wave) semiconductor heterojunction laser operating at [room temperature](/source/Room_temperature).[7]: 163–167 This achievement came a month ahead of [Izuo Hayashi](/source/Izuo_Hayashi) and [Morton Panish](/source/Morton_Panish) of [Bell Labs](/source/Bell_Labs) also producing a continuous-wave room-temperature heterojunction laser.[10]

It was for this work that Alferov received the 2000 [Nobel Prize in Physics](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics) together with Herbert Kroemer "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics."[11][12][13]

In the 1960s and 1970s Alferov continued his work on the physics and technology of semiconductor heterostructures in his lab at the Ioffe Institute. His investigations of injection properties of semiconductors and his contributions to the development of [lasers](/source/Laser), [solar cells](/source/Solar_cell), [LEDs](/source/LED), and [epitaxy](/source/Epitaxy) processes led to the creation of modern heterojunction physics and electronics.[11] The development of semiconductor heterojunctions revolutionized semiconductor design, and had a range of immediate commercial applications—including LEDs, [barcode readers](/source/Barcode_reader), and [CDs](/source/CD).[11] [Hermann Grimmeiss](/source/Hermann_Grimmeiss) of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which awards Nobel Prizes, said: "Without Alferov, it would not be possible to transfer all the information from satellites down to the Earth or to have so many telephone lines between cities."[14]

Alferov had an almost messianic conception of heterostructures, writing: "Many scientists have contributed to this remarkable progress, which not only determines in large measure the future prospects of solid state physics but in a certain sense affects the future of human society as well."[15]

## Scientific administration

In 1987, Alferov became the fifth director of the Ioffe Institute. In 1989, Alferov gained the administrative position of chairman of the Leningrad Scientific Center, now referred to as the St. Petersburg Scientific Center. In the Leningrad region, this scientific center is an overarching organization comprising 70 institutions, organizations, enterprises, and scientific societies.[7]: 196

Alferov worked to foster relationships between early educational institutions and scientific research institutions to train the next generation of scientists, citing [Peter the Great](/source/Peter_the_Great)'s vision for the [Russian Academy of Sciences](/source/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences) to be organized with a scientific research core in close contact with a gymnasium (secondary school).[7]: 199 In 1987, Alferov and colleagues at the Ioffe Institute established a secondary school in Saint Petersburg, the School of Physics and Technology, under the umbrella of the Ioffe charter. In 1997 Alferov founded the Research and Education Center at the Ioffe Institute and in 2002, this center officially became the [Saint Petersburg Academic University](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Academic_University) after gaining a charter to award masters and PhD degrees.

In the 2000s, through his role in academic administration and in parliament, Alferov advocated for and worked to advance Russia's [nanotechnology](/source/Nanotechnology) sector. The primary research charter of the [Saint Petersburg Academic University](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Academic_University), which Alferov founded, was the development of nanotechnology.[16] Alferov provided a consistent voice in parliament in favor of increased scientific funding. In 2006, Prime Minister [Mikhail Fradkov](/source/Mikhail_Fradkov) announced the creation of a federal agency, [Rosnanotekh](/source/Rusnano), to pursue nanotechnology applications.

## Political career

Alferov meeting President [Vladimir Putin](/source/Vladimir_Putin) at the [Kremlin](/source/Kremlin), 2000.

Alferov was elected to the Russian Parliament, the [State Duma](/source/State_Duma), in [1995](/source/1995_Russian_legislative_election) as a deputy for the political party [Our Home – Russia](/source/Our_Home_%E2%80%93_Russia), generally considered to be supportive of the policies of President [Boris Yeltsin](/source/Boris_Yeltsin).[17] In [1999](/source/1999_Russian_legislative_election), he was elected again, this time on the list of the [Communist Party of the Russian Federation](/source/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation). He was re-elected in [2003](/source/2003_Russian_legislative_election) and again in [2007](/source/2007_Russian_legislative_election), when he was placed second on the party's federal electoral list behind [Gennady Zyuganov](/source/Gennady_Zyuganov) and ahead of [Nikolai Kharitonov](/source/Nikolai_Kharitonov), even though he was not a member of the party.[18]

## Non-profit service

Alferov served on the advisory council of [CRDF Global](/source/CRDF_Global).[19]

## Personal life

His wife was named Tamara Darskaya. Together they had two children; a son, Ivan, and a daughter, Olga.[20]

Alferov was an [atheist](/source/Atheism) and expressed objections to religious education.[21] He was one of the signers of the [open letter](/source/Academicians'_letter) to President [Vladimir Putin](/source/Vladimir_Putin) from members of the [Russian Academy of Sciences](/source/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences) against [clericalization](/source/Clericalism) of Russia.[22]

## Death

Since November 2018, Alferov suffered from [hypertensive emergency](/source/Hypertensive_emergency). He died on 1 March 2019 in [Saint Petersburg](/source/Saint_Petersburg) at the age of 88.[23][20]

## In popular culture

The song «World That Was Made By Alferov» by **Leningrad Nights** from the fourth album *Physics* (2025) is dedicated to Zhores Alferov.[24]

## Recognition

With [Dmitry Medvedev](/source/Dmitry_Medvedev), 15 March 2010

### International awards

Year Organization Award Citation Ref. 1971 Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal "For the double-heterostructure injection laser." [25] 1978 European Physical Society EPS Europhysics Prize "For heterojunctions." [26] 2000 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Nobel Prize in Physics[b] "For developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics." [4] 2000 Optical Society of America Nick Holonyak, Jr. Award "For his original investigations of heterostructure injection lasers and cw room temperature semiconductor lasers." [27] 2001 Inamori Foundation Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology[c] "A Pioneering Step in the Development of Optoelectronics through Success in Continuous Operation of Semiconductor Lasers at Room Temperature." [28] 2002 SPIE SPIE Gold Medal [29] 2005 Global Energy Association Global Energy Prize[d] "For research and practical contribution to creation of semi-conductor energy converters for use in solar and electrical energy applications." [30]

### Russian awards

Year Institution Award Citation Ref. 1999 Demidov Science Foundation Demidov Prize "Outstanding contributions to the physics of semiconductors and semiconductor quantum electronics" [31] 2001 Russian Academy of Sciences, Government of the Russian Federation State Prize of the Russian Federation "Fundamental research into the processes of formation and properties of heterostructures with quantum dots and developing lasers based on them" [32]

### Memberships

Year Organization Type Ref. 1990 National Academy of Sciences International Member [33] 1990 National Academy of Engineering International Member [34] 2001 Optical Society of America Optica Fellow [35]

## See also

- [List of Jewish Nobel laureates](/source/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates)

- [List of members of the State Duma of Russia who died in office](/source/List_of_members_of_the_State_Duma_of_Russia_who_died_in_office)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Russian](/source/Russian_language): Жорес Иванович Алфёров, pronounced [\[ʐɐˈrɛs ɨˈvanəvʲɪtɕ ɐlˈfʲɵrəf\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Awarded jointly with [Jack Kilby](/source/Jack_Kilby) and [Herbert Kroemer](/source/Herbert_Kroemer).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Awarded jointly with [Izuo Hayashi](/source/Izuo_Hayashi) and [Morton Panish](/source/Morton_Panish).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Awarded jointly with [Klaus Riedle](/source/Klaus_Riedle).

## References

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-Meissner2019_3-0)** Meissner, Dirk; Gokhberg, Leonid; Saritas, Ozcan (2019). *Emerging Technologies for Economic Development*. Springer International Publishing. p. 65. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-030-04368-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04368-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Petrova-Koch2020_4-0)** Petrova-Koch, Vesselinka; Hezel, Rudolf; Goetzberger, Adolf (2020). *High-Efficient Low-Cost Photovoltaics: Recent Developments*. Springer. p. 11. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-030-22864-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-22864-4).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_5-1) ["Nobel Prize in Physics 2000"](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2000/summary/). [Nobel Foundation](/source/Nobel_Foundation). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034902/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/index.html) from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Zhores Alferov – Biographical"](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2000/alferov/biographical/). [Nobel Foundation](/source/Nobel_Foundation). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250623213408/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2000/alferov/biographical/) from the original on 23 June 2025. Retrieved 27 December 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Ioffe_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Ioffe_7-1) ["Zhores I. Alferov"](https://old.ioffe.ru/alferov.html). *old.ioffe.ru*. Retrieved 27 December 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Josephson2010_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Josephson2010_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Josephson2010_8-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Josephson2010_8-3) Josephson, Paul R. (2010). [*Lenin's Laureate: Zhores Alferov's Life in Communist Science*](https://books.google.com/books?id=WcXxCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44). MIT Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-262-29150-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-29150-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Popov, Yuri (2004). "On the history of the invention of the injection laser". *Physics-Uspekhi*. **47** (10): 1068–1070. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1070/PU2004v047n10ABEH002077](https://doi.org/10.1070%2FPU2004v047n10ABEH002077). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [250760666](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250760666).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CaseyPanish1978_10-0)** Casey, Horace Craig; Panish, M. B. (1978). [*Heterostructure lasers: Fundamental principles*](https://books.google.com/books?id=qN9RAAAAMAAJ). Academic Press. pp. 5–6. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-12-163101-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-163101-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hecht2004_11-0)** Hecht, Jeff (2004). *City of light : the story of fiber optics* (Rev. and expanded ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 151–155. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780195162554](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195162554).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_12-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_12-2) ["The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000"](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2000/alferov/biographical/). Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2 March 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-alferov1_13-0)** Alferov, Zhores I. (July 2001). ["Nobel Lecture: The double heterostructure concept and its applications in physics, electronics, and technology"](https://journals.aps.org/rmp/pdf/10.1103/RevModPhys.73.767). *Reviews of Modern Physics*. **73** (3): 767–782. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2001RvMP...73..767A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001RvMP...73..767A). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1103/RevModPhys.73.767](https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.73.767).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-kroemer2_14-0)** Kroemer, Herbert (July 2001). ["Nobel Lecture: Quasielectric fields and band offsets: teaching electrons new tricks"](https://journals.aps.org/rmp/pdf/10.1103/RevModPhys.73.783). *Reviews of Modern Physics*. **73** (3): 783–793. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2001RvMP...73..783K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001RvMP...73..783K). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1103/RevModPhys.73.783](https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.73.783).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Russian and Americans share hi-tech Nobel"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/965528.stm). *BBC News*. 10 October 2000. Retrieved 26 June 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [Lib.semi.ac.cn](http://lib.semi.ac.cn:8080/tsh/dzzy/wsqk/selected%20papers/semiconductors/32-1.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707013108/http://lib.semi.ac.cn:8080/tsh/dzzy/wsqk/selected%20papers/semiconductors/32-1.pdf) 7 July 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) (PDF)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Fondazione Alferov Italia"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190519205512/http://www.alferov.it/). 19 May 2019. Archived from [the original](http://www.alferov.it/) on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Meissner, Dirk (2019). *Emerging technologies for economic development*. New York, NY: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-030-04368-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04368-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** [Communists, Patriots Name Their Leaders](http://www.commersant.com/p802109/elections_/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110722072804/http://www.commersant.com/p802109/elections_/) 22 July 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), Kommersant, 7 September 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Dr. Zhores I. Alferov"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110130171743/http://www.crdf.org/profiles/profiles_show.htm?doc_id=696672). CRDF Global. Archived from [the original](http://www.crdf.org/profiles/profiles_show.htm?doc_id=696672) on 30 January 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2011.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NYTimes2019_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NYTimes2019_21-1) Mellow, Craig (2 March 2019). ["Zhores Alferov, 88, Dies; Nobel Winner Paved Way for Laser Technology"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/obituaries/zhores-alferov-dead.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** "Prominent Russians: Zhores Alferov". RT (TV network). Retrieved 21 April 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** [""Великий по всем меркам": умер Жорес Алферов"](https://www.gazeta.ru/science/2019/03/02_a_12218221.shtml). *Газета.Ru*. Retrieved 2 March 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["Умер нобелевский лауреат Жорес Алферов"](https://ria.ru/20190302/1551496774.html) (in Russian). [RIA Novosti](/source/RIA_Novosti). 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** https://vk.com/wall-206322062_622

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Zhores I. Alferov"](https://fi.edu/en/awards/laureates/zhores-i-alferov). [Franklin Institute](/source/Franklin_Institute). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240605015240/https://fi.edu/en/awards/laureates/zhores-i-alferov) from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 27 December 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["EPS Europhysics Prize"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230916092557/https://www.eps.org/members/group_content_view.asp?group=85187&id=554142). *www.eps.org*. Archived from [the original](https://www.eps.org/members/group_content_view.asp?group=85187&id=554142) on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["Nick Holonyak, Jr. Award"](https://www.optica.org/get_involved/awards_and_honors/awards/award_descriptions/nickholonyak/). *www.optica.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250627054155/https://www.optica.org/get_involved/awards_and_honors/awards/award_descriptions/nickholonyak/) from the original on 27 June 2025. Retrieved 27 December 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["Zhores Ivanovich Alferov"](https://www.kyotoprize.org/en/laureates/zhores_ivanovich_alferov/). *www.kyotoprize.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250116182607/https://www.kyotoprize.org/en/laureates/zhores_ivanovich_alferov/) from the original on 16 January 2025. Retrieved 15 October 2016.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["Laureates"](https://globalenergyprize.org/en/laureaty-3/). *globalenergyprize.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250906191950/https://globalenergyprize.org/en/laureaty-3/) from the original on 6 September 2025. Retrieved 8 December 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** [Лауреаты Демидовской премии](https://web.archive.org/web/20120919220141/http://uran.ru/ru/about/laureaty-demidovskoi-premii) (in Russian). [Russian Academy of Sciences](/source/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences). Archived from [the original](http://www.uran.ru/ru/about/laureaty-demidovskoi-premii) on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** [Указ Президента РФ от 05.08.2002 № 831](http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/18374) (in Russian). [Government of the Russian Federation](/source/Government_of_the_Russian_Federation). Retrieved 28 December 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["Zhores I. Alfërov"](https://www.nasonline.org/directory-entry/zhores-i-alferov-xn5gfq/). *www.nasonline.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250720100122/https://www.nasonline.org/directory-entry/zhores-i-alferov-xn5gfq/) from the original on 20 July 2025. Retrieved 27 December 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** ["Dr. Zhores I. Alfërov"](https://www.nae.edu/27581/Dr-Zhores-I-Alfrov). *www.nae.edu*. Retrieved 27 December 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** ["Zhores Ivanovich Alferov"](https://www.optica.org/history/biographies/bios/zhores_ivanovich_alferov/). *www.optica.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221222071628/https://www.optica.org/history/biographies/bios/zhores_ivanovich_alferov/) from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2025.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Zhores Alfyorov](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zhores_Alfyorov).

- (in Russian) [Zhores Alferov website at the Communist Party of the Russian Federation](https://web.archive.org/web/20090506025640/http://kprf.ru/personal/alferov/)

- [Biography](http://www.ioffe.rssi.ru/pti00002.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141003103249/http://www.ioffe.rssi.ru/pti00002.html) 3 October 2014 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), on the website of [Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute](/source/Ioffe_Physico-Technical_Institute)

- [Zhores Alferov](https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/726) on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2000 *Double Heterostructure Concept and its Applications in Physics, Electronics and Technology*

- [Open letter to the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir V. Putin](http://scepsis.ru/eng/articles/id_8.php)

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics 1901–1925 1901: Röntgen 1902: Lorentz / Zeeman 1903: Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie 1904: Rayleigh 1905: Lenard 1906: J. J. Thomson 1907: Michelson 1908: Lippmann 1909: Marconi / Braun 1910: Van der Waals 1911: Wien 1912: Dalén 1913: Kamerlingh Onnes 1914: Laue 1915: W. L. Bragg / W. H. Bragg 1916 1917: Barkla 1918: Planck 1919: Stark 1920: Guillaume 1921: Einstein 1922: N. Bohr 1923: Millikan 1924: M. Siegbahn 1925: Franck / Hertz 1926–1950 1926: Perrin 1927: Compton / C. Wilson 1928: O. Richardson 1929: De Broglie 1930: Raman 1931 1932: Heisenberg 1933: Schrödinger / Dirac 1934 1935: Chadwick 1936: Hess / C. D. Anderson 1937: Davisson / G. P. Thomson 1938: Fermi 1939: Lawrence 1940 1941 1942 1943: Stern 1944: Rabi 1945: Pauli 1946: Bridgman 1947: Appleton 1948: Blackett 1949: Yukawa 1950: Powell 1951–1975 1951: Cockcroft / Walton 1952: Bloch / Purcell 1953: Zernike 1954: Born / Bothe 1955: Lamb / Kusch 1956: Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain 1957: C. N. Yang / T. D. Lee 1958: Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm 1959: Segrè / Chamberlain 1960: Glaser 1961: Hofstadter / Mössbauer 1962: Landau 1963: Wigner / Goeppert Mayer / Jensen 1964: Townes / Basov / Prokhorov 1965: Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman 1966: Kastler 1967: Bethe 1968: Alvarez 1969: Gell-Mann 1970: Alfvén / Néel 1971: Gabor 1972: Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer 1973: Esaki / Giaever / Josephson 1974: Ryle / Hewish 1975: A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater 1976–2000 1976: Richter / Ting 1977: P. W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck 1978: Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson 1979: Glashow / Salam / Weinberg 1980: Cronin / Fitch 1981: Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn 1982: K. Wilson 1983: Chandrasekhar / Fowler 1984: Rubbia / Van der Meer 1985: von Klitzing 1986: Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer 1987: Bednorz / Müller 1988: Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger 1989: Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul 1990: Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor 1991: de Gennes 1992: Charpak 1993: Hulse / J. Taylor 1994: Brockhouse / Shull 1995: Perl / Reines 1996: D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson 1997: Chu / Cohen-Tannoudji / Phillips 1998: Laughlin / Störmer / Tsui 1999: 't Hooft / Veltman 2000: Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby 2001– present 2001: Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman 2002: Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi 2003: Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett 2004: Gross / Politzer / Wilczek 2005: Glauber / Hall / Hänsch 2006: Mather / Smoot 2007: Fert / Grünberg 2008: Nambu / Makoto Kobayashi / Maskawa 2009: Kao / Boyle / Smith 2010: Geim / Novoselov 2011: Perlmutter / Schmidt / Riess 2012: Wineland / Haroche 2013: Englert / Higgs 2014: Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura 2015: Kajita / McDonald 2016: Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz 2017: Weiss / Barish / Thorne 2018: Ashkin / Mourou / Strickland 2019: Peebles / Mayor / Queloz 2020: Penrose / Genzel / Ghez 2021: Parisi / Hasselmann / Manabe 2022: Aspect / Clauser / Zeilinger 2023: Agostini / Krausz / L'Huillier 2024: Hopfield / Hinton 2025: Clarke / Devoret / Martinis

v t e 2000 Nobel Prize laureates Chemistry Alan J. Heeger (United States) Alan G. MacDiarmid (United States/New Zealand) Hideki Shirakawa (Japan) Literature (2000) Gao Xingjian (China/France) Peace Kim Dae-jung (South Korea) Physics Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (Russia) Herbert Kroemer (Germany) Jack St. Clair Kilby (United States) Physiology or Medicine Arvid Carlsson (Sweden) Paul Greengard (United States) Eric R. Kandel (United States) Economic Sciences James Heckman (United States) Daniel McFadden (United States) Nobel Prize recipients 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Zhores Alferov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Alferov) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Alferov?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.