# Zabol

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City in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran

This article is about the city in Iran. For the administrative division of Sistan and Baluchestan province, see [Zabol County](/source/Zabol_County). For the province in Afghanistan, see [Zabul Province](/source/Zabul_Province). For other places with a similar name, see [Zaboli](/source/Zaboli_(disambiguation)).

City in Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran

Zabol Persian: زابل Zābul City Zabol Show map of Iran Zabol Show map of West and Central Asia Coordinates: 31°02′02″N 61°29′16″E / 31.03389°N 61.48778°E / 31.03389; 61.48778[1] Country Iran Province Sistan and Baluchestan County Zabol District Central Population (2016)[2] • Urban 134,950 Time zone UTC+3:30 (IRST)

**Zabol** ([Persian](/source/Persian_language): *[زابل](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Zabol.ogg/Zabol.ogg.mp3)[ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zabol.ogg)*)[a] is a city in the [Central District](/source/Central_District_(Zabol_County)) of [Zabol County](/source/Zabol_County), [Sistan and Baluchestan](/source/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province) province, [Iran](/source/Iran), serving as capital of both the county and the district.[5] Zabol is near the [border](/source/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Iran_border) with [Afghanistan](/source/Afghanistan).

## Demographics

### Language and ethnicity

The people of Zabol are a mix of [Persians](/source/Persian_people) who speak a variant of the [Persian language](/source/Persian_language) known as *[Sistani](/source/Sistani_dialect)* or Seistani, and a small minority of [Baloch](/source/Baloch_people) who speak [Balochi](/source/Balochi_language), a Northwestern Iranian language.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 130,642 in 27,867 households.[6] The 2011 census counted 137,722 people in 33,957 households.[7] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 134,950 people in 35,401 households.[2]

## Geography

### Location

Zabol is located near [Lake Hamun](/source/Lake_Hamun), in the [endorheic](/source/Endorheic_basin) [Sīstān Basin](/source/Sistan_Basin), and the region is irrigated by the [Helmand River](/source/Helmand_River). Lake Hamun is a [seasonal lake](/source/Hamuns) that is often dry.

Zabol is connected by road to Milak and [Zaranj](/source/Zaranj) (across the border in Afghanistan). The [Delaram-Zaranj Highway](/source/Delaram-Zaranj_Highway) provides road connectivity to the rest of Afghanistan. Zabol thus provides Afghanistan access to the [Arabian Sea](/source/Arabian_Sea) and [Persian Gulf](/source/Persian_Gulf) via the [Port of Chabahar](/source/Port_of_Chabahar). Zabol has [a regional airport](/source/Zabol_Airport).

### Air pollution

Trucks wait to cross into Iran at the Zaranj border crossing.

The Zabol area is well known for its "[120-day wind](/source/Wind_of_120_days)" (*bād-e sad-o-bist-roz*), a highly persistent dust storm in the summer which blows from north to south. The disappearance in the 2000s of the nearby [Hamoun wetlands](/source/Hamun_Lake) has exacerbated the dusty conditions in Zabol,[8] leading the [World Health Organization](/source/World_Health_Organization) to name Zabol the most polluted city in the world in 2016.[9] A 2017 study in the [journal](/source/Medical_literature) *Preventive Medicine* suggested that the harm from 30 minutes of cycling outdoors in Zabol's [polluted air](/source/Air_pollution) would outweigh the benefits of the exercise.[10]

### Climate

Zabol has a [hot desert climate](/source/Desert_climate#Hot_desert_climates) ([Köppen climate classification](/source/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification) *BWh*).

Climate data for Zabol (normals 1991-2020, extremes 1962–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 29.0 (84.2) 32.8 (91.0) 42.3 (108.1) 45.9 (114.6) 48.0 (118.4) 50.8 (123.4) 49.8 (121.6) 51.0 (123.8) 46.8 (116.2) 42.6 (108.7) 37.6 (99.7) 29.0 (84.2) 51.0 (123.8) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15.9 (60.6) 19.4 (66.9) 25.4 (77.7) 32.3 (90.1) 37.5 (99.5) 41.3 (106.3) 42.5 (108.5) 40.8 (105.4) 36.9 (98.4) 31.0 (87.8) 23.4 (74.1) 17.6 (63.7) 30.3 (86.6) Daily mean °C (°F) 8.5 (47.3) 11.6 (52.9) 17.3 (63.1) 23.9 (75.0) 29.5 (85.1) 33.6 (92.5) 35.3 (95.5) 33.6 (92.5) 28.9 (84.0) 22.3 (72.1) 15.0 (59.0) 9.7 (49.5) 22.4 (72.4) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.1 (35.8) 4.8 (40.6) 9.9 (49.8) 16.1 (61.0) 21.7 (71.1) 26.2 (79.2) 28.7 (83.7) 27.2 (81.0) 21.7 (71.1) 14.7 (58.5) 7.9 (46.2) 3.0 (37.4) 15.3 (59.6) Record low °C (°F) −12.0 (10.4) −9.0 (15.8) −2.2 (28.0) 3.0 (37.4) 7.2 (45.0) 14.0 (57.2) 19.0 (66.2) 12.0 (53.6) 6.0 (42.8) 0.0 (32.0) −4.0 (24.8) −10.0 (14.0) −12.0 (10.4) Average precipitation mm (inches) 12.5 (0.49) 9.9 (0.39) 14.8 (0.58) 4.6 (0.18) 1.2 (0.05) 0.1 (0.00) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.3 (0.01) 2.2 (0.09) 5.7 (0.22) 51.3 (2.01) Average snowfall cm (inches) 0.4 (0.2) 0.1 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.5 (0.2) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 2.2 2.0 2.8 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 1.1 10.5 Average snowy days 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 Average relative humidity (%) 50 45 42 35 27 22 19 19 20 27 39 47 33 Average dew point °C (°F) −1.5 (29.3) −0.2 (31.6) 3.4 (38.1) 6.9 (44.4) 7.7 (45.9) 8.3 (46.9) 8.4 (47.1) 6.3 (43.3) 2.9 (37.2) 1.9 (35.4) 0.6 (33.1) −1.5 (29.3) 3.6 (38.5) Mean monthly sunshine hours 211 209 232 265 314 327 334 326 303 291 240 218 3,270 Mean daily daylight hours 10.4 11.1 12 12.9 13.7 14.1 13.9 13.2 12.3 11.4 10.6 10.2 12.1 Average ultraviolet index 4 5 6 7 9 9 9 8 7 6 5 3 7 Source 1: NOAA NCEI[11] (snowfall and snow/sleet days for 1981-2010)[12] Source 2: Iran Meteorological Organization (records)[13] Weather Atlas (UV index and daylight hours),[14] Ogimet (April record high)[15]

## Colleges and universities

Presidential Building of [Zabol University](/source/Zabol_University)

The city is home to [Zabol University](/source/Zabol_University), the largest university in the city, as well as the [Zabol Medical Science University](/source/Zabol_Medical_Science_University) and the Sistan Museum of Anthropology.

- Islamic Azad university, Zabol Branch

- Payame-noor university of Zabol

## See also

Media related to [Zabol](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zabol) at Wikimedia Commons

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Also [romanized](/source/Romanize) as **Zâbol**; also known as **Zābul**. Referred to as **Sistan** until the late 1920s, the city was renamed Zabol by [Reza Shah Pahlavi](/source/Reza_Shah_Pahlavi)[3][4]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** OpenStreetMap contributors (14 January 2025). ["Zabol, Zabol County"](https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=31.033889&mlon=61.487778&zoom=14#map=14/31.03389/61.48778) (Map). *[OpenStreetMap](/source/OpenStreetMap)* (in Persian). Retrieved 14 January 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-2016_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-2016_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province_2-1) [Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Sistan and Baluchestan Province](https://web.archive.org/web/20211223104011/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_11.xlsx). *amar.org.ir* (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from [the original](https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_11.xlsx) (Excel) on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Skrine, Clarmont (1962). *World War In Iran*. Constable & Company. p. 68.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [Zabol](https://geonames.nga.mil/geon-ags/rest/services/RESEARCH/GIS_OUTPUT/MapServer/0/query?where=ufi+=+-3781433&outFields=*) at [GEOnet Names Server](/source/GEOnet_Names_Server)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province_Structure_6-0)** Habibi, Hassan (5 March 2013) [Approved 21 June 1369]. [Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Sistan and Baluchestan province, centered in the city of Zahedan](https://web.archive.org/web/20130724212413/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113038). *rc.majlis.ir* (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Proposal 3233.1.5.53; Letter 907-93808; Notification 82822/T129. Archived from [the original](https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113038) on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2023 – via Research Center of the System of Laws of the Islamic Council of the Farabi Library of Mobile Users.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2006_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province_7-0)** [Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Sistan and Baluchestan Province](https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083538/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls). *amar.org.ir* (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from [the original](http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls) (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2011_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province_8-0)** [Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Sistan and Baluchestan Province](https://web.archive.org/web/20221125114706/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Sistan-and-Baluchestan.xls). *irandataportal.syr.edu* (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from [the original](https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Sistan-and-Baluchestan.xls) (Excel) on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-vidal_9-0)** Vidal, John; Kamali, Saeed (12 May 2016). ["Which are the world's two most polluted cities – and why?"](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/12/which-are-the-worlds-two-most-polluted-cities-and-why). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. London. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-miles_10-0)** Miles, Tom (12 May 2016). ["Iranian, Indian cities ranked worst for air pollution"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160513125231/http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-health-airpollution-idUKKCN0Y30AZ). *[Reuters](/source/Reuters)*. Archived from [the original](http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-health-airpollution-idUKKCN0Y30AZ) on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-van_mead_11-0)** Van Mead, Nick (13 February 2017). ["Tipping point: revealing the cities where exercise does more harm than good"](https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/feb/13/tipping-point-cities-exercise-more-harm-than-good). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NCEI_12-0)** ["World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Zabol-40829"](https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Iran/CSV/Zabol_40829.csv) (CSV). *ncei.noaa.gov* (Excel). [National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration](/source/NOAA). Retrieved 28 April 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Clino81_13-0)** ["World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981-2010: Zabol-40829"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221120051914/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-II/Iran/WMO_Normals_Excel_IRAN_060719.xls). *ncei.noaa.gov* (Excel). [National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration](/source/NOAA). p. 21. Archived from [the original](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-II/Iran/WMO_Normals_Excel_IRAN_060719.xls) (XLS) on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-records_14-0)** *["Highest record temperature in Zabol by Month 1962–2010"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181018101602/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/sis/ZABOL/7.asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from [the original](http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/sis/ZABOL/7.asp) on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2015. - ["Lowest record temperature in Zabol by Month 1962–2010"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181018142348/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/sis/ZABOL/6.asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from [the original](http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/sis/ZABOL/6.asp) on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Monthly weather forecast and climate in Zabol, Iran"](https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/iran/zabol-climate). Weather Atlas. March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["40829: Zabol (Iran, Islamic Republic of)"](https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ind=40829&ano=2025&mes=4&day=29&hora=9&min=0&ndays=30). *ogimet.com*. OGIMET. 29 April 2025. Retrieved 18 August 2025.

Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Israel Other IdRef

v t e Sistan and Baluchestan province Capital city Zahedan Counties and cities Bampur County Bampur Chabahar County Chabahar Dalgan County Galmurti Dashtiari County Negur Golshan County Jaleq Fanuj County Fanuj Hamun County Mohammadabad Hirmand County Dust Mohammad Iranshahr County Iranshahr Bazman Khash County Khash Konarak County Konarak Mehrestan County Zaboli Mirjaveh County Mirjaveh Nik Shahr County Nik Shahr Bent Espakeh Nimruz County Adimi Qasr-e Qand County Qasr-e Qand Rask County Rask Saravan County Saravan Sirkan Sarbaz County Pishin Sarbaz Sib and Suran County Suran Hiduj Taftan County Nukabad Zabol County Zabol Bonjar Zahedan County Zahedan Nosratabad Zehak County Zehak Sights Mount Khajeh Hamun Lake Shahr-e Sukhteh Bazman Taftan Populated places List of cities, towns and villages in Sistan and Baluchestan Province

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Zabol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabol) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabol?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.