# Yellowtail amberjack

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Species of fish

See also: [Menticirrhus americanus](/source/Menticirrhus_americanus)

"Yellowtail kingfish" redirects here. For the trevally, see [Blacktip trevally](/source/Blacktip_trevally).

Yellowtail amberjack Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Carangiformes Suborder: Carangoidei Family: Carangidae Genus: Seriola Species: S. lalandi Binomial name Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833 Synonyms[2] Seriola aureovittata Temminck & Schlegel, 1845 Lichia pappei Bleeker,1859 Seriola pappei (Bleeker, 1859) Halatractus dorsalis Gill, 1863 Seriola dorsalis (Gill, 1863) Seriola grandis Castelnau, 1872 Seriola mazatlana Steindachner, 1876 Seriola foncki Delfin, 1903 Seriola banisteri J.L.B. Smith, 1959

The **yellowtail amberjack**, **yellowtail kingfish, hiramasa** or **great amberjack** (***Seriola lalandi***) is a large fish found in the oceans of the [Southern Hemisphere](/source/Southern_Hemisphere). Although previously thought to be found in all oceans and seas, recent genetic analysis restricts *S. lalandi* proper to the Southern Hemisphere waters.[3] However, they are found in Northern Hemisphere waters during certain times of the year.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The fish was given its name by Monsieur [de Lalande](/source/Pierre_Antoine_Delalande), a naturalist who first informed zoologist [Achille Valenciennes](/source/Achille_Valenciennes) of the existence of this species. His reason for the use of the word *Seriola* (feminine diminutive form of *seria*, a large earthenware pot) to name the fish is uncertain, but the second word *lalandi* was derived from his surname.[4]

## Taxonomy

The yellowtail amberjack was formally [described](/source/Species_description) in 1833 by [French](/source/French_people) [zoologist](/source/Zoologist) [Achille Valenciennes](/source/Achille_Valenciennes) from [type specimens](/source/Type_(biology)) sent to him[5] by [naturalist](/source/Naturalist) and [explorer](/source/Explorer) [Pierre Antoine Delalande](/source/Pierre_Antoine_Delalande), who is honoured in its [specific name](/source/Specific_name_(zoology)).[6] [FishBase](/source/FishBase) includes populations of similar fish in the Northern Hemisphere within this species,[2] but other authorities regard *S. aureovittata* from the North Pacific Ocean around Japan and *S. dorsalis* of the northeastern Pacific as separate species.[7]

## Distribution and habitat

Yellowtail amberjack, painting by [Kawahara Keiga](/source/Kawahara_Keiga) (川原慶賀), 1823–1829

Yellowtail amberjack (*hiramasa*) being sold at a market in [Shimane Prefecture](/source/Shimane_Prefecture), [Japan](/source/Japan)

The yellowtail amberjack occurs in tropical and temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere and the northern Pacific. In Australia, it is recorded from [North Reef, Queensland](/source/North_Reef%2C_Queensland), (23° 11′ S) to [Trigg Island](/source/Trigg_Island), Western Australia, (31° 52′ S), and as far south as [Tasmania](/source/Tasmania).[8]

The yellowtail amberjack (or yellowtail kingfish as it is known in Australia) is a highly mobile pelagic species, and tends to either form single-species schools, or combine with southern bluefin tuna (*[Thunnus maccoyii](/source/Thunnus_maccoyii)*) and silver trevally (*[Pseudocaranx dentex](/source/Pseudocaranx_dentex)*). They prefer water temperatures of 17‒24 °C.[9]

In general, they inhabit rocky reefs and adjacent sandy areas in coastal waters and occasionally enter estuaries. They are found from shallow water down to depths around 50 m, although have been caught from over 300 m.

Young fish up to 7 kg are known to form shoals of several hundred fish. They are generally found close to the coast, while larger fish are more common around deep reefs and offshore islands. Juvenile yellowtail amberjack are rarely seen, as they are often found far from land associated with floating debris or weed which provide camouflage. Juveniles are yellow with black bands. This colouration fades as the fish ages, and by about 30 cm in length, the fish has assumed its adult colouration.

## Biology

Very little is known of the yellowtail amberjack's biology, including its habitat preferences throughout juvenile life stages, migration patterns, and wild reproductive behaviour. Adults live around rocky [reefs](/source/Reefs), rocky outcrops, and drop-offs in coastal waters, and around pinnacles and offshore islands.[10] Maximum length is often reported to reach up to 180 cm. Large kingfish caught near Port Augusta in South Australia have been recorded at weights of between 40 and 50 kilograms. Recreational fishers have reported that kingfish catches near [Port Augusta](/source/Port_Augusta) were more reliable when the [Playford Power Stations](/source/Playford_A_Power_Station) were discharging hot water into the upper Spencer Gulf. The power stations have been decommissioned, but kingfish still migrate to upper Spencer Gulf as the southern gulf water cools.[11]

### Sydney Harbour

Before the introduction of kingfish traps (for commercial fishing) in the 1970s, huge numbers of yellowtail amberjack were in [Sydney Harbour](/source/Sydney_Harbour). These traps were so effective that some studies suggested the traps may have wiped out as much as 60% of the larger amberjack population.[12] In the mid-1990s under heavy pressure from recreational anglers, [Bob Martin](/source/Bob_Martin_(Australian_politician)), the minister for fisheries, prohibited the use of these traps in Sydney Harbour.

## Behaviour

Yellowtail amberjacks are known for their curiosity around human vessels. The fish often accompany [stingrays](/source/Stingray) in [harbours](/source/Harbor) and [estuaries](/source/Estuaries), making use of the stingrays ability to sense fish through [electroreception](/source/Electroreception_and_electrogenesis#Cartilaginous_fish).[13]

### Diet

Being a [pelagic fish](/source/Pelagic_fish), yellowtail amberjack are highly active [predators](/source/Predatory_fish), usually in [schools or in pairs](/source/Social_behavior). Their main diet consists of [baitfish](/source/Forage_fish) including yellowtail [mackerel](/source/Mackerel), [squid](/source/Squid), [prawns](/source/Prawn), [garfish](/source/Needlefish), [pilchards](/source/Pilchards) and [kahawai](/source/Kahawai).[14] Yellowtail amberjacks are one of the major predator species in [New Zealand waters](/source/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_New_Zealand), and have been recorded eating [seabirds](/source/Seabird).[13]

## In a human context

Yellowtail amberjack [sashimi](/source/Sashimi)

In New Zealand, yellowtail amberjacks are a traditional food of [Māori](/source/M%C4%81ori_people), who call the fish *haku*. The fish was often caught using hooks that incorporated iridescent [pāua](/source/P%C4%81ua) shell, or by capturing schools of fish in large nets. The fish is traditionally associated with qualities of warriors and leaders, and some [iwi](/source/Iwi) associate the fish with the end of life. Early European settlers to New Zealand disliked the fish (known as kingfish), believing the taste to be flavourless and coarse. However, this perception changed over time and it has since become one of the most popular sporting species of fish.[13]

### Uses and aquaculture

*S. lalandi* has been established as a suitable candidate for marine [aquaculture](/source/Aquaculture). In contrast to the culture of the [Japanese amberjack](/source/Japanese_amberjack) (*S. quinqueradiata*), which has long been cultured extensively in [Japan](/source/Japan), juveniles of *S. lalandi* are not easily available from the wild, and juveniles are produced in [hatcheries](/source/Hatchery) from captive-breeding stock. In 2010, the [Stehr Group](/source/Clean_Seas) in [South Australia](/source/South_Australia) was the largest producer of cultured *S. lalandi* in the world. Trials elsewhere in Australia have been undertaken and in some cases abandoned after stock losses.[15][16] Water quality concerns were raised following farmed kingfish mortalities in upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia, in 2011.[17] In the late 2010s, yellowtail kingfish farms were established near [Geraldton](/source/Geraldton) and the [Abrolhos Islands](/source/Houtman_Abrolhos) in Western Australia by [Indian Ocean Fresh Australia](/source/Indian_Ocean_Fresh_Australia) and [Huon Aquaculture](/source/Huon_Aquaculture), respectively.[18]

Some attempts have been made to culture the species in [New Zealand](/source/New_Zealand), both in sea cages and a large land-based system at [Parengarenga Harbour](/source/Parengarenga_Harbour) (northern New Zealand). [Chile](/source/Chile) is currently testing sea-cage and land-based farming methods. In Germany, *S. lalandi* is being cultivated in the first land-based seafish-culture.[19] A Dutch company, The Kingfish Company, is planning to open a land-based aquaculture operation in Maine, U.S.A., in 2022. Most cultured *S. lalandi* is sold to the Japanese restaurant market for consumption as [*sashimi*](/source/Hamachi_(fish)). Amberjack can be eaten in a variety of ways, including [grilling](/source/Grilling) and [drying](/source/Dried_fish).

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0)** Smith-Vaniz, W.F.; Williams, I. (2015). ["*Seriola lalandi*"](https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/195097/43155921). *[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species](/source/IUCN_Red_List)*. **2015** e.T195097A43155921. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T195097A43155921.en](https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T195097A43155921.en). Retrieved 12 November 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Fishbase_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Fishbase_2-1) [Froese, Rainer](/source/Rainer_Froese); [Pauly, Daniel](/source/Daniel_Pauly) (eds.). ["*Seriola lalandi*"](https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Seriola&speciesname=lalandi). *[FishBase](/source/FishBase)*. August 2019 version.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Martinez-Takeshita, N.; Purcell, D. M.; Chabot, C. L.; Craig, M. T.; Paterson, C. N.; Hyde, J. R.; Allen, L. G. (2015). "A tale of three tails: cryptic speciation in a globally distributed marine fish of the genus *Seriola*". *Copeia*. **103** (2): 357–368. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1643/CI-124-224](https://doi.org/10.1643%2FCI-124-224).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [Australian Museum](/source/Australian_Museum) (9 March 2020). ["Yellowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1833"](http://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/animals/fishes/yellowtail-kingfish-seriola-lalandi/). *The Australian Museum*. Retrieved 9 March 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CofF_5-0)** Fricke, Ron; [Eschmeyer, William N.](/source/William_N._Eschmeyer) & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). ["*Seriola lalandi*"](http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?spid=15456). *[Catalog of Fishes](/source/Catalog_of_Fishes)*. [California Academy of Sciences](/source/California_Academy_of_Sciences). Retrieved 22 November 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ETYFish_6-0)** Christopher Scharpf; Kenneth J. Lazara (10 August 2019). ["Order CARANGIFORMES (Jacks)"](http://www.etyfish.org/carangiformes/). *The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database*. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 23 November 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-COFG_7-0)** Fricke, Ron; [Eschmeyer, William N.](/source/William_N._Eschmeyer) & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). [*Seriola* "Species in the genus '**Seriola'**"](http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=species&genus=). *[Catalog of Fishes](/source/Catalog_of_Fishes)*. [California Academy of Sciences](/source/California_Academy_of_Sciences). Retrieved 23 November 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Australian Museum (9 March 2020). ["Yellowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1833"](http://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/animals/fishes/yellowtail-kingfish-seriola-lalandi/). *The Australian Museum*. Retrieved 9 March 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Roelofs, Anthony; Lewis, Paul; Rogers, Paul; Georgeson, Lee; Tracey, Sean; Victorian Fisheries, Authority. ["Yellowtail Kingfish 2020"](https://www.fish.gov.au/report/348-Yellowtail-Kingfish-2020). *Fisheries Research and Development Corporation*. Retrieved 2 August 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Dianne J Bray, 2011, Yellowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, in Fishes of Australia, accessed 26 Aug 2014, [https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1662](https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1662) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191218231306/http://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1662) 18 December 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Pittaway, Daniel (2017). "Port Augusta winter warriors". *FishingSA*. **53**: 62–66.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["How to catch Sydney harbour kingfish"](https://www.fishaboutsydney.com.au/how-to-catch-sydney-harbour-kingfish/). *Fishabout Fishing Charters Sydney Harbour With Craig McGill*. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Secrets_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Secrets_13-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Secrets_13-2) Vennell, Robert (5 October 2022). *Secrets of the Sea: The Story of New Zealand's Native Sea Creatures*. HarperCollins UK. pp. 176–181. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-77554-179-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77554-179-0). [LCCN](/source/LCCN_(identifier)) [2021388548](https://lccn.loc.gov/2021388548). [Wikidata](/source/WDQ_(identifier)) [Q114871191](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114871191).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["How to catch kingfish"](https://www.fishing.net.nz/how-to-catch/kingfish/). *The fishing website*. Retrieved 19 July 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Page, Donna (5 February 2019). ["Controversial Port Stephens kingfish farm scrapped"](https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/5888530/controversial-port-stephens-kingfish-farm-scrapped/). *Newcastle Herald*. Retrieved 4 May 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Yellowtail kingfish farmed at Geraldton die"](https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2016-08-31/kingfish-die-in-geraldton-trial/7801756). *www.abc.net.au*. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Concerns about kingfish deaths in upper spencer gulf"](https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2011-09-23/concerns-about-kingfish-deaths-in-upper-spencer/6318206). *www.abc.net.au*. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["Jobs to be created after aquaculture zone approved"](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-03/wa-aquaculture-zone-gets-environmental-approval/8772272). *www.abc.net.au*. 3 August 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["FRESH Kingfisch Filet, ca. 750-770g - KÜCHENFERTIG - FRESHMERCATO.COM"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200113215816/https://www.freshmercato.com/pi/EINKAUFEN/Verarbeitet/fresh-kingfisch-3000-4000g-filet-kg.html). Archived from [the original](https://www.freshmercato.com/pi/EINKAUFEN/Verarbeitet/fresh-kingfisch-3000-4000g-filet-kg.html) on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.

## Further reading

- Ayling, Tony; Cox, Geoffrey (1982). *Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand*. Auckland, New Zealand: William Collins Publishers Ltd. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-00-216987-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-216987-8).

- ["Yellowtail kingfish biology"](http://www.microcosmofscience.com/).

- ["Cape yellowtail (Giant yellowtail"](https://www.aquarium.co.za/animals/giant-yellowtail-cape-yellowtail).

- ["SERIOLA LALANDI from New Caledonia (En/Fr)"](http://www.picture-worl.org/actinopterygien-nouvelle-caledonie-3-seriola-lalandi-valenciennes-1833.html).

- ["How to catch Sydney Harbour Kingfish"](https://www.fishaboutsydney.com.au/how-to-catch-sydney-harbour-kingfish/). *www.fishaboutsydney.com.au*. Australia.

## External links

- Photos of [Yellowtail amberjack](https://sealifecollection.org/taxon/218436) in the Sealife Collection

Taxon identifiers Seriola lalandi Wikidata: Q2157453 Wikispecies: Seriola lalandi ADW: Seriola_lalandi AFD: Seriola_lalandi BOLD: 11519 CoL: 8VCDR EUNIS: 126479 FishBase: 382 GBIF: 5961708 iNaturalist: 51550 IRMNG: 10890313 ITIS: 168695 IUCN: 195097 NCBI: 302047 NZOR: 5c41025f-f7b6-4dc1-91c1-19b8c3a08763 Observation.org: 796494 OBIS: 218436 Open Tree of Life: 597848 WoRMS: 218436

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Yellowtail amberjack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowtail_amberjack) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowtail_amberjack?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.