# YKK
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{{Short description|Japanese publicly traded manufacturing group (founded 1934)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox company
|name = YKK Group
|former_name = San-es Shokai, {{Nihongo||吉田工業株式会社|Yoshida Kōgyō Kabushikigaisha}}
|logo = YKK Group Logo.svg
|logo_size = 250px
|native_name = YKKグループ
|native_name_lang = ja
|type = [Private](/source/private_company) [KK](/source/Kabushiki_kaisha)
|ISIN =
|industry = [Manufacturing](/source/Manufacturing)
|founded = [Nihonbashi](/source/Nihonbashi), [Tokyo](/source/Tokyo)
({{Start date and age|1934|01|01}})
|founder = Tadao Yoshida
|hq_location_city = [Kanda Izumi-cho](/source/Izumich%C5%8D%2C_Chiyoda%2C_Tokyo), [Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo](/source/Chiyoda%2C_Tokyo) 101-8642
|hq_location_country = Japan
|area_served = Worldwide
|key_people = Tadahiro Yoshida
([Chairman](/source/Chairman) and [CEO](/source/CEO))
Hiroaki Ōtani
([President](/source/President_(corporate_title)))
|products = {{unbulleted list|[Fastening products](/source/Fastener)|[Window](/source/Window)s and [door](/source/door)s|[Building facades](/source/Facade_engineering)|[Production machinery](/source/Machine_(mechanical))}}
|revenue = {{increase}} [JPY](/source/Japanese_yen) 920.2 billion ([FY](/source/Fiscal_year) 2023)
([US$](/source/US_dollar) 6.1 billion) (FY 2023)
|net_income = {{increase}} JPY 42.4 billion (FY 2023)
(US$ 279 million) (FY 2023)
|num_employees = 45,363 (consolidated as of March 31, 2024)
|footnotes = [{{cite web |url=http://www.ykk.com/english/corporate/group/index.html |title=Corporate Profile |publisher=YKK Corporation |access-date=December 22, 2015}}][{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=5476579 |title=Company Overview |publisher=[Bloomberg L.P.](/source/Bloomberg_L.P.) |access-date=December 22, 2015}}][{{cite web |title=Financial Highlights |url=http://www.ykk.com/english/corporate/financial/highlights/consolidated.html |publisher=YKK Corporation |access-date=February 19, 2025}}]
|website = {{Official website|http://www.ykk.com/english/}}
}}
[[File:Macro YKK Zipper.jpg|thumb|Closeup of a YKK zipper on blue [jeans](/source/jeans)]]
The {{nihongo|'''YKK Group'''|YKKグループ|Waikeikei Gurūpu}} is a Japanese group of manufacturing companies. It is the world's largest [zipper](/source/zipper) manufacturer, also producing other fastening products, architectural products, plastic hardware and industrial machinery.
The initials '''YKK''' stand for {{nihongo|''Yoshida Kōgyō [Kabushiki gaisha](/source/Kabushiki_gaisha)''|吉田工業株式会社|extra= lit. "Yoshida Manufacturing Corporation"}}, which was the name of the company from 1945 until 1994. YKK produces fasteners and architectural products at 112 YKK facilities in 70 countries worldwide.[{{cite web|title=YKK Corporate Profile |url=http://www.ykk.com/english/corporate/group/index.html |publisher=YKK Corporation |access-date=April 18, 2013}}]
==History==
===Before World War II===
What would later become YKK operated initially as San-es Shokai and was founded by Tadao Yoshida in Higashi Nihonbashi, Tokyo in January 1934. The company specialized in marketing of fastening products. In February 1938, San-es Shokai was renamed to Yoshida Kogyosho. WWII was underway by 1939, and the next major corporate event would not take place until February 1942 when the company reorganized as a limited corporation.[{{cite web|url=http://www.ykk.com/english/corporate/g_outline.html|title=HISTORY : YKK GROUP|publisher=Ykk Corporation|access-date=November 25, 2014}}]
===After World War II===
In January 1946, the company registered the YKK [trademark](/source/trademark). A major technological change came in 1950, when the company purchased a chain machine from the [U.S.](/source/United_States) that allowed the automation of the zipper making process. Previously, YKK zippers were made by hand, and hence had an inferior quality compared to automated zippers from abroad.
In March 1951, YKK relocated its headquarters to [Chūō, Tokyo](/source/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D%2C_Tokyo). In May 1955, a new plant was opened in [Kurobe, Toyama](/source/Kurobe%2C_Toyama). In August 1958, the headquarters was again relocated to [Taitō, Tokyo](/source/Tait%C5%8D%2C_Tokyo). In this year, the company also introduced its new ''Conceal'' brand that does not show the teeth of the zippers. Another major step came in November 1959, with the opening of its first overseas location, producing YKK zippers in [New Zealand](/source/New_Zealand). YKK's first US office opened in [New York City](/source/New_York_City) in 1960 and is now the country's top supplier of zippers and other fastening devices such as [snaps](/source/Snap_fastener) and [button](/source/Button_(clothing))s. As the company grew, it brought every step of manufacturing in-house, including smelting brass and dyeing cloth.[{{Cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/business/branded/2012/04/ykk_zippers_why_so_many_designers_use_them_.html | title=Why YKK? The mysterious Japanese company behind the world's best zippers. |last=Stevenson |first=Seth |date=April 30, 2012 |work=[Slate](/source/Slate_(magazine))|access-date=November 25, 2014}}]
===Diversification===
In November 1961, the product line was diversified to include aluminium products for buildings. In June 1963, the company relocated its headquarters again to [Chiyoda, Tokyo](/source/Chiyoda%2C_Tokyo), the current location of the company. In 1966, a new product ''YZip'' was introduced, an extra strong and durable zipper for [jeans](/source/jeans). The development of a machine that automatically included the ''YZip'' zipper into the stitching process of jeans further increased sales, especially in the USA. In 1968, YKK opened its first branch in Canada. Its Canadian headquarters are currently in [Montreal](/source/Montreal), [Quebec](/source/Quebec). There was further expansion in the 1970s, with the opening of three new plants in [Utazu, Kagawa](/source/Utazu%2C_Kagawa) in April 1972, in [Sanbongi, Miyagi](/source/Sanbongi%2C_Miyagi) in June 1974, and in [Yatsushiro, Kumamoto](/source/Yatsushiro%2C_Kumamoto) in February 1975. YKK also opened a fastener-making factory in [Eswatini](/source/Eswatini) which has grown to supply the entire sub-Saharan region, including Madagascar and Mauritius.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
More product lines became available with the ''Quicklon'' (sometimes called ''Cosmolon'') fasteners in December 1981. International and product expansion continued during the 1980s, with a [real estate](/source/real_estate) business in [Singapore](/source/Singapore) in December 1984, an [agricultural](/source/agricultural) business in [Brazil](/source/Brazil) in January 1985, and a plant in [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia) in September 1986 producing zippers and aluminium parts for buildings. The company was finally renamed ''YKK'' in August 1994.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
===New millennium===
In July 2000, the company established ''YKK Newmax Co., Ltd'', specializing in the production of snaps and buttons. In December 2002, a machine company was established in [Suzhou](/source/Suzhou%2C_Jiangsu), [China](/source/China). In April 2003, a research and development facility was established in [Hokkaido](/source/Hokkaido), [Japan](/source/Japan). A company specializing in sales, ''YKK Fastening Products Sales Inc.'' was established in February 2003. ''YKK AP Inc.'' was founded in October 2003, specializing in architectural products.
Overall, the organization operates 111 affiliated companies in 71 countries, with 42,154 employees.[{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/consumerproducts-SP/idUSL1926941520070919|title=EU fines zipper-makers over 328 mln Euros for cartel|first=William|last=Schomberg|publisher=Reuters|date=September 19, 2007|access-date=November 25, 2014}}] YKK lost its [appeal](/source/appeal) to the [General Court](/source/General_Court_(European_Union)) on June 27, 2012.[[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ%3AC%3A2012%3A243%3A0013%3A0013%3Aen%3APDF Judgment of the General Court of 27 June 2012 — YKK and Others v Commission], [Official Journal of the European Union](/source/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union)][{{cite web|last=White |first=Aoife |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-06-27/coats-and-ykk-lose-eu-court-challenges-over-antitrust-fines |title=Coats and YKK Lose EU Court Challenges Over Antitrust Fines |publisher=Businessweek |date=June 27, 2012 |access-date=November 13, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629231724/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-06-27/coats-and-ykk-lose-eu-court-challenges-over-antitrust-fines |archive-date=June 29, 2012 }}] It then launched an appeal to the [European Court of Justice](/source/European_Court_of_Justice) on September 5, 2012.[[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ%3AC%3A2012%3A343%3A0010%3A0010%3Aen%3APDF Appeal brought on 5 September 2012 by YKK Corp., YKK Holding Europe BV], [Official Journal of the European Union](/source/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union)]
In October 2014, part of the fine was reduced by the European high court from €19.25 million to €2.79 million.[{{Cite web|url=https://be.schindhelm.com/en/news-jusful/news/ecj-defines-limit-of-fines|title=ECJ defines limit of fines|first1=Christina|last1=Hummer|first2=Ori|last2=Kahn|work=be.schindhelm.com|date=8 September 2014}}][{{cite web |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62012CJ0408 |title=Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) |website=EUR-Lex |access-date=October 16, 2018 |date=September 4, 2014 }}]
==Products==
===Fastening products===
Fastening products are the first and still the most important product of YKK. Within YKK, the company distinguishes between the Slide Fastener Division, the Textile and Plastic Products Division, and the Snap Fastener and Button Division.
*Zippers
**Standard Metal
**YZiP: Metal zipper, extra durable for jeans
**EverBright: Metal zipper, polished for visual appeal, corrosion resistant
**Excella: [Metal zipper](/source/Metal_zipper), polished and plated for visual appeal, also in different colours (silver, gold, and "antique" finish)
**Standard Coil
**Conceal: Plastic [coil zipper](/source/coil_zipper) with concealed elements (no visible teeth)
**Vislon: Standard – rugged plastic zipper
*[Hook and loop](/source/Hook-and-loop_fastener) products
*Plastic parts, including various types of clips and [buckle](/source/buckle)s
*Snaps and buttons, including [snap fastener](/source/snap_fastener)s and jeans buttons
On August 26, 2013, YKK Corporation filed a patent infringement complaint in the Middle District of Georgia against [Velcro USA Inc.](/source/Velcro_Companies) of Manchester, New Hampshire, relating to a fastener strip used in foam moulded products like a cushion body used for an automobile seat.[{{cite journal|last=Womble Carlyle Sandridge & Rice, PLLC|title=YKK Corporation Files Patent Infringement Action Against Competitor Velcro USA|journal=The National Law Review|date=October 10, 2013|url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/ykk-corporation-files-patent-infringement-action-against-competitor-velcro-usa|access-date=November 25, 2014}}]
===Architectural products===
Architectural Aluminium products include fenestration systems for glass exteriors; entrances for commercial and institutional structures; Aluminium sunshades and residential windows. It is based in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.[{{cite web | title=YKK AP America Celebrates Opening of Newly Expanded Commercial and Residential Design Center – News & Events – YKK AP Commercial Aluminum Building Products | work=YKK AP Commercial Aluminum Building Products | date=June 27, 2023 | url=https://www.ykkap.com/commercial/2023/06/ykk-ap-america-celebrates-opening-of-newly-expanded-commercial-and-residential-design-center/ }}]
YKK AP America Inc. manufactures entrances, store fronts, curtain wall, window wall, sunshades, windows and sliding doors for office buildings, residential high-rises, schools, stadiums, shopping centres and institutional structures.[{{cite web|url=http://blog.freebairn.com/2009/08/ykk-ap-wins-design-award.html|title=YKK AP Wins Design Award: YKK AP Wins International Design Excellence Award With Aid Of Agency Video|publisher=Freebairn & Company|date=August 21, 2009|access-date=November 25, 2014|archive-date=July 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711024950/http://blog.freebairn.com/2009/08/ykk-ap-wins-design-award.html|url-status=dead}}]
===Machinery and engineering===
The Machinery and Engineering Group focuses on the development and production of machines, equipment, and dyes, serving YKK Group with the Exclusive Machinery Division, Industrial Machinery Division, and Dye Division.
===Facilities===
As of March 31, 2020, YKK has manufacturing facilities in 70 countries.