# Y-train

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{{Short description|Series of diesel multiple units}}
{{Infobox train
| name = Duewag Y
| image = Vestbanen Lynette.jpg
| imagealt = Y-type trainset in Vestbanen livery
| caption = Y-type trainset in Vestbanen livery
| stocktype = [diesel multiple unit](/source/diesel_multiple_unit)
| manufacturer = [Waggonfabrik Uerdingen](/source/Duewag)
| assembly = {{flag|West Germany}}
| yearconstruction = 1965–1988
| numberbuilt = 160
| capacity = 327
| trainlength = {{convert|52500|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|3020|mm|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|3550|mm|abbr=on}}
| wheeldiameter = {{convert|760|mm|abbr=on}}
| maxspeed = {{convert|80|km/h|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|63000|kg|abbr=on}}
| enginetype = [Daimler-Benz](/source/Daimler-Benz)<br />OM407h
| transmission = hydraulic-mechanical
| aarwheels = (1A)'(A1)'+2'2'+2'2'
| brakes = [air](/source/Air_brake_(road_vehicle))
}}
[[File:VL YS259-III.JPG|thumb|Unit in [Vestsjællands Lokalbaner](/source/Vestsj%C3%A6llands_Lokalbaner) livery (2007)]]The '''Duewag Y''' is a series of [diesel multiple units](/source/Diesel_multiple_unit) (DMUs) manufactured between 1965 and 1988 for Danish rail operators by the [West German](/source/West_Germany) company [Waggonfabrik Uerdingen](/source/D%C3%BCwag). A total of 160 cars were built: 76 [motor cars](/source/Motor_coach_(rail)), 23 trailer cars, and 61 [control cars](/source/Control_car).

Introduced in 1965 by Danish private operators and later in 1984 by [DSB](/source/DSB_(railway_company)), the Y-type units began being phased out in the 1990s. DSB ceased operations in 2010, and the last run on Danish rails, by a private operator, occurred in 2012. All units were scrapped except one preserved for museum purposes and another exported to Poland in 2008. In 2010, this unit operated in [Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship](/source/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship) under [Arriva RP](/source/Arriva_RP), but it was later placed in long-term reserve with no plans for reactivation.

== History ==
In the 1960s, Danish private rail operators began retiring [steam locomotives](/source/Steam_locomotive) on local lines, seeking diesel replacements to cut costs.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Graff |first=Marek |date=2013 |title=Spalinowe zespoły trakcyjne serii MR + MRD i Y |trans-title=MR + MRD and Y Series Diesel Multiple Units |journal=Technika Transportu Szynowego |language=pl |location=Łódź |publisher=Emi-Press |volume=5 |pages=30–33 |issn=1232-3829}}</ref> A consortium of private rail companies agreed to jointly fund a bulk order. After testing various models,<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Kroma |first=Robert |title=Normalnotorowe wagony silnikowe kolei polskich 1991–2013 |last2=Sosiński |first2=Janusz |last3=Zintel |first3=Krzysztof |publisher=BWH Kolpress |year=2014 |isbn=978-83-933257-6-4 |edition=1st |location=Poznań |pages=292–296 |language=pl |trans-title=Standard-Gauge Motor Cars of Polish Railways 1991–2013 |chapter=Duńskie zespoły trakcyjne typu Y-tog spółki Arriva PCC |trans-chapter=Danish Y-tog Diesel Multiple Units of Arriva PCC}}</ref> they selected [Waggonfabrik Uerdingen](/source/D%C3%BCwag) in [West Germany](/source/West_Germany) for its superior offer.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Between 1965 and 1988, 160 Y-type cars – 76 [motor cars](/source/Motor_coach_(rail)), 23 trailers, and 61 [control cars](/source/Control_car), including 9 motor and 5 control cars with dual cabs – were delivered in eight batches to 14 private operators and [DSB](/source/DSB_(railway_company)).<ref name=":1" /> Production occurred at Düwag's [Krefeld](/source/Krefeld) plant, with final assembly by [Scandia](/source/Bombardier_Transportation_Denmark) in [Randers](/source/Randers).<ref name=":0" />

Designated ''Y'' to denote private operator stock, the units earned the nickname ''lynette'' ([Danish](/source/Danish_language): ''little lightning'') in colloquial use.<ref name=":0" />

== Design ==
The Y-type [DMUs](/source/Diesel_multiple_unit) consist of [motor cars](/source/Motor_coach_(rail)) (Ym, Danish: ''motorvogn''), intermediate trailer cars (Yp, ''mellemvogn''), and [control cars](/source/Control_car) (Ys, ''styrevogn'').<ref name=":0" /> Configurations range from two to seven cars, with up to five trailers between two cab-equipped cars (at least one motor car). Common setups include two-car (Ym+Ys) and three-car (Ym+Yp+Ys) units.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last=Marciniak |first=Zygmunt |date=2009 |title=Konstrukcja i badania spalinowych zespołów trakcyjnych typu MR/MRD i Y do obsługi ruchu aglomeracyjnego i regionalnego |trans-title=Design and Testing of MR/MRD and Y Diesel Multiple Units for Commuter and Regional Services |journal=Pojazdy Szynowe |language=pl |location=Poznań |publisher=Tabor |volume=2 |pages=21–29 |issn=0138-0370}}</ref>

=== Body ===
The cars feature self-supporting steel bodies with welded rolled and bent profile frames. Exterior walls have ribbed steel panels below windows, with steel sheet roofs and corrugated steel floors spot-welded to the frame. Mineral wool fills the space between steel and wooden floors, while mineral and glass wool mats insulate walls and roofs for thermal and acoustic protection.<ref name=":1" />

=== Interior ===
==== Passenger area ====
thumb|Passenger compartment of a control car
Interior layouts vary by operator, affecting seat count, door width, and amenities like toilets.<ref name=":0" />

In motor cars, a baggage area behind the [cab](/source/Cab_(locomotive)) houses electrical equipment, a sink, a conductor's seat and table, bike racks, and a wheelchair tie-down space, accessed via double inward-opening doors.<ref name=":1" /> This leads to a passenger compartment with seats along the sides and a central aisle, overhead luggage racks, an optional toilet with a single door, and an entry vestibule with folding doors over steps.<ref name=":1" />

Control cars mirror this layout but replace the baggage area with more passenger space. Trailer cars have vestibules at both ends flanking a similar passenger compartment.<ref name=":1" />

Compartment partitions feature single sliding doors with windows. Inter-car gangways use rubber rollers, transition plates, and double inward-opening glazed doors.<ref name=":1" /> Windows – double-glazed in walls and doors – are fixed in rubber seals, except for two per compartment, which are two-part with tiltable upper sections.<ref name=":1" />

Lighting includes ceiling fluorescent tubes and emergency incandescent lamps, powered at 220 V [AC](/source/Alternating_current), 100 Hz, via two frequency converters per car. Heating comes from underfloor oil-fired units blowing warm air. A PA system allows cab announcements.<ref name=":1" />

==== Driver's cab ====
thumb|Driver's cab
The cab is accessed via a single sliding door without a window. It features a control desk and an adjustable driver's seat. Front windows use 10 mm (0.39 in) triple-layer glass, while side windows are 6 mm (0.24 in) double-layer curved glass.<ref name=":1" />

=== Powertrain ===
Each motor car's two middle axles are driven by diesel engines<ref name=":0" /> suspended from the underframe via rubber-metal joint hangers.<ref name=":1" />

Power comes from two [diesel](/source/Diesel_engine), [four-stroke](/source/Four-stroke_engine), [inline-six](/source/Straight-six_engine), liquid-cooled engines in a horizontal layout.<ref name=":1" /> Early units used Büssing U11-200D engines (143 kW), while later batches had [Daimler-Benz](/source/Daimler-Benz)<ref name=":0" /> OM407h engines (162 kW).<ref name=":2" /> A [hydro](/source/Fluid_coupling)-[mechanical](/source/Manual_transmission) [Voith](/source/Voith) Diwa 506 transmission integrates a hydraulic torque converter with a differential, splitting power between hydraulic and mechanical systems at low to mid speeds, shifting fully to mechanical at higher speeds. Power reaches the [driving wheels](/source/Driving_wheel) via a [universal joint](/source/universal_joint) to a Voith V13 axle gearbox.<ref name=":1" />

Direction changes use a reversing mechanism in the transmission.<ref name=":1" />

=== Bogies ===
thumb|Wheelsets and suspension of a control car bogie
Each car rides on two twin-axle [bogies](/source/Bogie) with welded H-shaped box frames, supported by metal-rubber leaf springs between the wheels. The bolster rests on coil and rubber springs, with vibrations damped by [anti-roll bars](/source/Anti-roll_bar) and hydraulic dampers.<ref name=":1" />

[Wheelsets](/source/Wheelset_(rail_transport)) feature 760 mm (29.9 in) diameter wheels with wavy discs and [disc brakes](/source/Disc_brake). All cars have Knorr [air](/source/Air_brake_(road_vehicle)) and hand brakes, with motor and control cars adding an auxiliary air brakes.<ref name=":1" />

== Operations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Country
!Operator
!Number of cars
!Years of operation
!Sources
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |{{flag|Denmark}}
|14 private companies
| rowspan="2" |0 (160)
|1965–2026
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|[Danske Statsbaner](/source/DSB_(railway_company))
|1984–2010
|-
| align="left" |{{flag|Poland}}
|[Arriva PCC](/source/Arriva_RP) <small>(until 25 June 2010)</small>
[Arriva RP](/source/Arriva_RP) <small>(from 25 June 2010)</small>
|0 (3)
|2010
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2010 |title=Zmiana nazwy Spółki Arriva PCC na Arriva RP |trans-title=Change of the Company Name from Arriva PCC to Arriva RP |url=http://www.arriva.pl/art/163/zmiana-nazwy-spolki-arriva-pcc-na-arriva-rp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823094728/http://www.arriva.pl/art/163/zmiana-nazwy-spolki-arriva-pcc-na-arriva-rp.html |archive-date=2015-08-23 |website=www.arriva.pl |language=pl}}</ref>
|}

=== Denmark ===
==== Private operators ====
Y-type trainsets were delivered to 14 Danish private operators.<ref name=":1" /> These units were operated by companies such as [Odderbanen](/source/Odderbanen), [Varde-Nørre Nebel Jernbane](/source/Varde%E2%80%93N%C3%B8rre_Nebel_railway_line), [Lemvigbanen](/source/Lemvig_Line), [Østbanen](/source/East_Line_(Denmark)), [Gribskovbanen](/source/Gribskov_Line), [Frederiksværkbanen](/source/Frederiksv%C3%A6rk_Line), [Hornbækbanen](/source/Hornb%C3%A6k_Line), [Nærumbanen](/source/N%C3%A6rum_Line), [Vestsjællands Lokalbaner](/source/Vestsj%C3%A6llands_Lokalbaner), and [Nordjyske Jernbaner](/source/Nordjyske_Jernbaner).<ref name=":0" />

The carriages were generally painted orange with a white stripe along the sides, although there were also liveries featuring red, gray, and white, as well as various patterns, as each operator had its own established color scheme.<ref name=":0" />

Initially fitted with [screw couplers and buffers](/source/Buffers_and_chain_coupler) for mixed passenger-freight trains, they later received automatic couplers when this practice ended. Some units added air conditioning.<ref name=":0" />

The final private operator run occurred in late June 2012 by Varde-Nørre Nebel Jernbane, from [Varde](/source/Varde_railway_station) to {{rws|Nørre Nebel}}. Units were scrapped at {{rws|Helsingør}}.<ref name=":0" />

In 2025, the Y-train has operated on the [VLTJ](/source/VLTJ) for more than 40 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kollektivtrafik.dk/batteritog-er-paa-vej-til-vestjylland/3444|title=Batteritog er på vej til Vestjylland|lang=da|publisher=Kollektiv Trafik Forum}}</ref>

==== Danske Statsbaner ====
[[File:DSB 4902.JPG|thumb|DSB unit at [Helsingør](/source/Helsing%C3%B8r_railway_station) (2007)]]
DSB began using Y-type units in 1984.<ref name=":0" /> Their three- or four-car sets used ''ML''-series motor cars at both ends with one or two ''FL''-series trailers, while nine dual-cab motor cars ran solo,<ref name=":1" /> all on the [Hillerød](/source/Hiller%C3%B8d_railway_station)–[Helsingør](/source/Helsing%C3%B8r_railway_station) route.<ref name=":0" />

In the 1990s, replacement by IC2 and [Desiro](/source/Siemens_Desiro) units began, retiring most Y-types except 1983–1988 models, which were refurbished between 1997 and 1999 at [Hundested](/source/Hundested), including new interiors.<ref name=":0" />

In 2001, DSB transferred all units to its subsidiary [Hovedstadens Lokalbaner](/source/Hovedstadens_Lokalbaner), which ran them until 2006 when [Lokalbanen](/source/Lokalbanen) took over with [LINT](/source/Alstom_Coradia_LINT) units. Returned to DSB, they were decommissioned in 2010 and scrapped at Helsingør, except for one museum unit and one sent to [Arriva](/source/Arriva)'s Polish branch.<ref name=":0" />

=== Poland ===
[[File:YmA 5.jpg|thumb|Ym5+Yp25+Ys47 at the [Tabor Railway Vehicle Institute](/source/Tabor_Railway_Vehicle_Institute) (2009)]]
On 19 June 2007, a [PCC Rail Jaworzno](/source/DB_Cargo_Polska) and [Arriva Polska](/source/Arriva_RP) consortium won a contract to operate non-electrified lines in [Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship](/source/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship) from 9 December 2007 to 11 December 2010.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wach |first=Karol |date=26 June 2007 |title=Zarząd województwa kujawsko-pomorskiego wybrał operatora przewozów regionalnych |trans-title=Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Board Selects Regional Transport Operator |url=https://transinfo.pl/x/inforail/zarzad-wojewodztwa-kujawsko-pomorskiego-wybral-operatora-przewozow-regionalnych/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=inforail.pl |language=pl}}</ref> Even before the winner of this process was announced, the newly established company Arriva PCC,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Piech |first=Ryszard |date=18 February 2008 |title=Zespoły MR MRD ArrivaPCC z dopuszczeniem do ruchu |trans-title=MR and MRD Trainsets of Arriva PCC Approved for Operation |url=https://transinfo.pl/x/inforail/zespoly-mr-mrd-arrivapcc-z-dopuszczeniem-do-ruchu/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=TransInfo Archiwum |language=pl-PL}}</ref> due to a shortage of rolling stock,<ref name=":2" /> decided to purchase used [MR/MRD](/source/DSB_class_MR) trainsets from Denmark as well as one Y-type trainset.<ref name=":1" />

In 2008, Arriva acquired a Y-type unit from DSB<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last=Graff |first=Marek |date=2014 |title=Pojazdy z napędem spalinowym dla ruchu regionalnego w Polsce |trans-title=Diesel-Powered Vehicles for Regional Traffic in Poland |journal=Technika Transportu Szynowego |language=pl |location=Łódź |publisher=Emi-Press |volume=4 |pages=25–34 |issn=1232-3829}}</ref> – motor car Ym5 (1965), trailer Yp25 (1970), and control car Ys47 (1970)<ref name=":1" /> – which underwent a technical review and test runs in Denmark, repairs at Arriva Werke Nord in [Neustrelitz](/source/Neustrelitz), [Germany](/source/Germany), and modernization at the [Tabor Railway Vehicle Institute](/source/Tabor_Railway_Vehicle_Institute) in Poland. Upgrades included [SHP](/source/Automatic_train_stop), vigilance systems, Radio-Stop, fire sensors, new exterior lighting, seats, and flame-retardant materials, plus a new livery and Polish signage.<ref name=":2" />

Approved for service on 19 February 2010,<ref name=":1" /> it began test runs on 12 March<ref>{{cite book |last=Kroma |first=Robert |title=Normalnotorowe wagony silnikowe kolei polskich 1991–2013 |last2=Sosiński |first2=Janusz |last3=Zintel |first3=Krzysztof |publisher=BWH Kolpress |year=2014 |isbn=978-83-933257-6-4 |edition=1st |location=Poznań |pages=324–330 |language=pl |trans-title=Standard-Gauge Motor Cars of Polish Railways 1991–2013 |chapter=Dane techniczne autobusów szynowych i spalinowych zespołów trakcyjnych |trans-chapter=Technical Data of Railbuses and Diesel Multiple Units}}</ref> and regular service on 31 March after driver training in Denmark. The trailer Yp25 was removed in June due to frequent faults, leaving a Ym5+Ys47 configuration.<ref name=":1" /> On 27 November, it was showcased at [Bydgoszcz Główna](/source/Bydgoszcz_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_railway_station) for Railwaymen's Day.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=1 December 2010 |title=Y atrakcją na wystawie taboru w Bydgoszczy |trans-title=Y as an Attraction at the Bydgoszcz Rolling Stock Exhibition |url=http://arriva.pl/art/179/y-atrakcja-na-wystawie-taboru-w-bydgoszczy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208015357/http://arriva.pl/art/179/y-atrakcja-na-wystawie-taboru-w-bydgoszczy.html |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date= |website=arriva.pl |language=pl}}</ref> Retired by late 2010, it entered long-term reserve.<ref name=":1" />

Its 80 km/h (50 mph) top speed couldn't meet timetable demands<ref name=":3" /> or join Arriva Ekspress cycles. With newer domestic [railbuses](/source/Railbus) acquired, no reactivation is planned.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Category:DSB multiple units
Category:Diesel multiple units of Poland

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Y-train](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-train) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-train?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.