# Wyvern

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{{short description|Legendary bipedal creature}}
{{other uses}}
[[File:Y Draig Aur Owain Glyndŵr.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Y Ddraig Aur, artist's interpretation of a flag that was carried by [Owain Glyndŵr](/source/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r) at the [Battle of Tuthill](/source/Battle_of_Tuthill). The interpretation as a wyvern is based on his privy seal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seal impression: Owain Glyn Dwr Privy seal |url=https://museum.wales/collections/online/object/5867350b-87f9-365c-b02c-5a371ec9e4f4/Seal-impression-Owain-Glyn-Dwr-Privy-seal/ |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=Museum Wales |language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:Flag of Wessex.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|[Wessex](/source/Wessex) is often, in modern times, symbolised by a wyvern or [dragon](/source/dragon).  While there is little to no evidence that it explicitly identified Wessex at the time of the kingdom, the association was popularised in the 19th century.<ref>[J. S. P. Tatlock](/source/John_Strong_Perry_Tatlock), ''The Dragons of Wessex and Wales'' in ''Speculum'', Vol. 8, No. 2. (Apr., 1933), pp. 223–235.</ref> The above flag was created by [William Crampton](/source/William_Crampton), an advocate for English regional flags, in 1974.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wessex (England) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb-wessx.html |website=www.crwflags.com |access-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>]]
The '''wyvern''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|aɪ|v|əɹ|n}} {{Respell|WY|vərn}}), sometimes spelled '''wivern''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɪ|v|əɹ|n}} {{Respell|WIV|ərn}}), is a type of mythical  [dragon](/source/dragon) with [two legs](/source/bipedalism), two [wing](/source/wing)s, and often a pointed [tail](/source/tail).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/wyvern|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012018/https://www.lexico.com/definition/wyvern|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 12, 2020|title=Wyvern &#124; Definition of Wyvern by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Wyvern|website=Lexico Dictionaries &#124; English}}</ref>

The wyvern in its various forms is important in [heraldry](/source/heraldry), frequently appearing as a mascot of schools and athletic teams (chiefly in the [United States](/source/United_States), [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom), and [Canada](/source/Canada)). It is a popular creature in European literature, mythology, and folklore. Today, it is often used in fantasy literature and video games. The wyvern in heraldry and folklore is rarely fire-breathing, unlike other dragons.

== Etymology ==
{{further|Germanic dragon}}
According to the ''[Oxford English Dictionary](/source/Oxford_English_Dictionary)'', the word is a development of [Middle English](/source/Middle_English) ''wyver'' (attested fourteenth century), from [Anglo-French](/source/Anglo-Norman_language) {{lang|xno|wivre}} (compare {{langx|fr|vouivre}} and {{lang|fr|guivre}}), which originate from {{langx|la|vīpera}}, meaning "viper", "adder", or "asp".<ref name="oed">{{OED|wyvern, n.}}</ref><ref name=Hoad>{{Cite book |last=Hoad |first=T. F. |title=English Etymology |year=1993 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-283098-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic00tfho/page/546 546] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic00tfho/page/546 }}</ref> This coincides with earlier Germanic tradition, where dragons are portrayed as large venomous serpents, and so often called "worms" (compare {{langx|ang|wyrm}}, {{langx|gml|worm}}, {{langx|gmh|wurm}}). The wyvern is thus directly related to the French ''[vouivre](/source/vouivre)'' and ''[guivre](/source/guivre)'', then by extension, also, the Central European ''[lindworm](/source/lindworm)''.

The concluding "''–n''" had been added by the beginning of the 17th century, when [John Guillim](/source/John_Guillim) in 1610 describes the "''wiverne''" as a creature that "partake[s] of a Fowle in the Wings and Legs ... and doth resemble a Serpent in the Taile".<ref name="oed"/> [John Gibbon](/source/John_Gibbon_(officer_of_arms)) in 1682 emphasises that it "hath but two Legs".<ref name="oed"/>

Conversely, [medievalist](/source/Medievalism) [William Sayers](/source/William_Sayers) proposes a more complex origin for the term. He notes that the Anglo-French ''guivre'' and its Middle English derivative ceased to retain the original sense of "venomous snake" after the Latin term was re-introduced into medieval Latin, freeing them up to take an alternative meaning.<ref name=sayers>{{cite journal |last=Sayers |first=William |title=The Wyvern |journal=Neuphilologische Mitteilungen |volume=109 |issue=4 |year=2008 |pages=457–465 }}</ref>{{rp|460}} He offered another meaning of ''wiver'', this time [Old English](/source/Old_English) and ''guivre'', "light [javelin](/source/javelin)"<ref name=sayers />{{rp|461}}. By noting physical resemblances between the javelins and snakes,<ref name=sayers />{{rp|462}} he proposed that the images of "venomous snake" and "light javelin" were melded to produce the novel concept of a flying snake.<ref name=sayers />{{rp|463}}

== History ==
[[File:F. 21r. Wyvern.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A wyvern from a fourteenth-century manuscript in the [National Library of Wales](/source/National_Library_of_Wales), [Aberystwyth](/source/Aberystwyth): this example has a second head at the end of its tail.]]
[[File:Chester Cathedral - Chorgestühl 7 Wyvern.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A carved wyvern on the choir stalls of [Chester Cathedral](/source/Chester_Cathedral) in Cheshire, England, c. 1380]]

The concept of [winged snakes](/source/Amphiptere) as mythological creatures appears across numerous ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern cultures, representing a widespread archetypal form that would later influence the development of the wyvern in European tradition. The Egyptian goddess [Wadjet](/source/Wadjet), depicted as a winged [cobra](/source/Egyptian_cobra) or [uraeus](/source/uraeus), exemplifies this tradition and served as a protective deity of Lower Egypt from the [Predynastic period](/source/Prehistoric_Egypt) onwards.<ref>{{cite book |first=Valery |last=Rees |title=From Gabriel to Lucifer: A Cultural History of Angels |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London |year=2013 |isbn=9780857721624}}</ref> Similar winged serpentine creatures appear in Mesopotamian iconography, particularly in Neo-Assyrian palace reliefs from the 9th-7th centuries BCE, where they function as apotropaic guardians.

The earliest Greek literary reference to creatures explicitly described as "winged serpents" and "winged dragons" (πτερωτῶν ὀφίων and πτηνοὶ δράκοντες) appears in [Herodotus](/source/Herodotus)' [Histories](/source/Histories_(Herodotus)) where they come from Arabia to Egypt in spring but are stopped and killed by ibises (sacred Egyptian birds) waiting for them at the pass. Similarly, [Euripides](/source/Euripides)' Medea (431 BCE), where they are identified as the chariot steeds of [Helios](/source/Helios) that transport [Medea](/source/Medea) from [Corinth](/source/Ancient_Corinth). This motif was subsequently adopted by Roman authors, with [Ovid](/source/Ovid)'s [Metamorphoses](/source/Metamorphoses) (8 CE) providing an expanded description of these serpentine creatures possessing both wings and fiery breath. The conflation of serpentine and draconic features in classical literature established a precedent for the morphological ambiguity that would characterize medieval depictions of such creatures.

In medieval British heraldry, the earliest documented use of "wyver" appears in ''The Great, Parliamentary, or Banneret's Roll'' of [1312](/source/1312). The term derives from the Anglo-Norman ''wivre'' and Old French ''guivre'' "poisonous snake", both ultimately descended from the Latin {{lang|la|vipera}} ([viper](/source/viper)), indicating the creature's fundamentally serpentine nature. Throughout the 14th and 15th centuries, heraldic texts demonstrate considerable terminological fluidity, with "dragon," "wyrm," and "wyver" often used interchangeably for two-legged winged serpents. The taxonomic distinction between four-legged dragons and two-legged wyverns emerged gradually during the late medieval period, becoming codified in English heraldry during the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Heraldic Imagination |last=Dennys |first=Rodney |publisher=Clarkson N. Potter |year=1975 |isbn=0517526298 |place=New York |pages=191 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xNdOAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> This distinction was further elaborated in subsequent heraldic manuals, including [Gerard Legh](/source/Gerard_Legh)'s ''The Accedens of Armory'' (1562) and [John Guillim](/source/John_Guillim)'s influential ''Display of Heraldrie'' (1610), which established the iconographic conventions that would persist in British heraldry.

== Distinction from other dragons ==

Since the sixteenth century, in English, Welsh, Scottish, French and Irish heraldry, heraldic wyverns are defined as distinct entities from heraldic dragons. The key difference has been that a wyvern has two legs, whereas a dragon has four. This distinction is not commonly observed in the heraldry of other European countries, where two-legged dragon creatures are simply called dragons.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Heraldic Imagination |last=Dennys |first=Rodney |publisher=Clarkson N. Potter |year=1975 |isbn=0517526298 |place=New York |pages=186–188 |url = https://archive.org/details/heraldicimaginat0000denn/page/186/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref><ref name=Davies>{{cite book |last=Fox-Davies |first=Charles |date=1909 |title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry |url=https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft/page/226/mode/2up?view=theater | location=London |publisher=T.C. & E.C. Jack |pages=226–227 |access-date=31 March 2023}}</ref>

== In modern fiction ==

The wyvern frequently features in modern fantasy fiction, such as ''[Fourth Wing](/source/Fourth_Wing)'', ''[Throne of Glass](/source/Throne_of_Glass)'', and ''[The Black Witch Chronicles](/source/The_Black_Witch)'', though its first literary appearances may have been in medieval [bestiaries](/source/bestiary).<ref>A wyvern and an elephant may be found at ''Harley MS 3244'' (dated 13th century, after c. 1236), [http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=21497 f.39v] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901051600/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=21497 |date=2014-09-01 }}.</ref>

Wyvern also appear in the video games [Ark: Survival Evolved](/source/Ark%3A_Survival_Evolved) and [Ark: Survival Ascended](/source/Ark%3A_Survival_Ascended) on the [Downloadable Content](/source/Downloadable_Content) maps Scorched Earth and Ragnarok.<ref name="j897">{{cite web | last=Callaham | first=John | title=ARK: Survival Evolved adds Scorched Earth expansion as part of big update | website=Windows Central | date=2016-09-01 | url=https://www.windowscentral.com/ark-survival-evolved-adds-scorched-earth-expansion-part-big-update | access-date=2026-03-27}}</ref><ref name="c587">{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=Ratnesh | title=Release Date, New Dinosaurs, Skins, & Gameplay Features | website=GeekChamp | date=2026-01-03 | url=https://geekchamp.com/ark-survival-ascended-scorched-earth-release-date-new-dinosaurs-skins-gameplay-features/ | access-date=2026-03-27}}</ref>

== In heraldry ==
[[File:1st Duke of Marlborough arms.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Wyverns [supporting](/source/supporter_(heraldry)) the arms of [John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough](/source/John_Churchill%2C_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough)]]

The wyvern is a frequent [charge](/source/charge_(heraldry)) in [English heraldry](/source/English_heraldry) and [vexillology](/source/vexillology), also occasionally appearing as a [supporter](/source/supporter) or [crest](/source/crest_(heraldry)). In the context of British heraldry, the four-legged ''dragon'' and the two-legged ''wyvern'' are considered to be two strictly different entities.<ref name=Davies/><ref name="Vinycomb">{{Cite book|last=Vinycomb |first=John |author-link=John Vinycomb |title=Fictitious and Symbolic Creatures in Art, With Special Reference to Their Use in British Heraldry |publisher=Chapman and Hall, Limited |location=London |date=1906 |pages=99-100 |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/lcr/fsca/fsca45.htm}}</ref> This distinction is not typically made in French or German heraldry.<ref name=Davies/>

A wyvern is typically depicted resting upon its legs and tail, but may be depicted with its claws in the air and only supported by its tail.<ref name=Davies/> On occasion, a wyvern may be depicted as wingless and with its tail [nowed](/source/Attitude_(heraldry)).<ref name=Davies/><ref name="Vinycomb"/> A wingless heraldic wyvern is typically referred to as either a wyvern ''sans wings'' or as a ''lindworm''. Legless wyverns, termed ''sans legs'', are also used in some charges.<ref name="Vinycomb"/>

A silver ([argent](/source/Argent_(heraldry))) wyvern formed the crest of the [Borough of Leicester](/source/Leicester) as recorded at the [heraldic visitation](/source/heraldic_visitation) of Leicestershire in 1619: "A wyvern sans legs argent strewed with wounds gules, wings expanded ermine." The term "sans legs" may not imply that the wyvern was "without legs", rather than its legs are not depicted, being hidden or folded under.<ref>Geoffrey Briggs, ''Civic & Corporate Heraldry'', London, 1971</ref><ref>C. W. Scot-Giles, ''Civic Heraldry of England and Wales'', 2nd edition, London, 1953</ref><ref>A. C. Fox-Davies, ''The Book of Public Arms'', London, 1915</ref> This was adopted by the [Midland Railway](/source/Midland_Railway) in 1845 when it became the crest of its unofficial [coat of arms](/source/coat_of_arms).<ref>[Cuthbert Hamilton Ellis](/source/Cuthbert_Hamilton_Ellis), ''The Midland Railway'', 1953</ref> The company asserted that the "wyvern was the standard of the [Kingdom of Mercia](/source/Mercia)", and that it was "a quartering in the town arms of Leicester".<ref>Frederick Smeeton Williams, ''The Midland Railway: Its rise and progress: A narrative of modern enterprise'', 1876<br>''The Railway Magazine'', Vol. 102, 1897.</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Dow | first = George | title = Railway Heraldry: and other insignia | year = 1973 | isbn = 9780715358962  |publisher=David and Charles |location=Newton Abbot  }}</ref><ref>Clement Edwin Stretton, ''History of The Midland Railway'', 1901</ref> However, in 1897 the ''Railway Magazine'' noted that there appeared "to be no foundation that the wyvern was associated with the Kingdom of Mercia".<ref name="railmag">''The Railway Magazine'', Vol. 102, 1897</ref> It has been associated with [Leicester](/source/Leicester) since the time of [Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster and Leicester](/source/Thomas%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Lancaster) (c. 1278–1322), the most powerful lord in the [Midlands](/source/Midlands), who used it as his personal crest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thiswasleicestershire.co.uk/2012/09/what-is-origin-of-leicester-wyvern.html|title=What is the Origin of the Leicester Wyvern?|date=24 September 2012|publisher=Leicestershire History|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826100948/http://www.thiswasleicestershire.co.uk/2012/09/what-is-origin-of-leicester-wyvern.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The arms of the [Worshipful Society of Apothecaries](/source/Worshipful_Society_of_Apothecaries) depict a wyvern, symbolising disease, being overcome by [Apollo](/source/Apollo), symbolising medicine.{{citation need|date=December 2025}}

A green wyvern stands in the emblem of the ancient [Umbria](/source/Umbria)n city of [Terni](/source/Terni); the dragon is called by the name Thyrus by the citizens. A sable wyvern on a white background with endorsed wings forms the coat of arms of the Tilley family.{{citation need|date=December 2025}}

The [royal arms of Portugal](/source/coat_of_arms_of_Portugal) use two wyverns holding banners as supporters, with a further demi-wyvern as a crest.<ref name="Vinycomb"/>

Wyvern [Zilant](/source/Zilant) is depicted on the coat of arms of the city of [Kazan](/source/Kazan), the capital of the [Republic of Tatarstan](/source/Tatarstan).{{citation need|date=December 2025}}

== As a logo or mascot ==

The wyvern is a popular commercial [logo](/source/logo) or [mascot](/source/mascot), especially in [Wales](/source/Wales) and what was once the [West Country](/source/West_Country) Kingdom of [Wessex](/source/Wessex), but also in [Herefordshire](/source/Herefordshire) and [Worcestershire](/source/Worcestershire), as the rivers [Wye](/source/River_Wye) and [Severn](/source/Severn) run through [Hereford](/source/Hereford) and [Worcester](/source/Worcester%2C_England) respectively. A local radio station was formerly called [Wyvern FM](/source/Wyvern_FM). [Vauxhall Motors](/source/Vauxhall_Motors) had a model in its range in the 1950s called the [Wyvern](/source/Vauxhall_Wyvern). The [Westland Wyvern](/source/Westland_Wyvern) was a British single-seat carrier-based multi-role strike aircraft built by Westland Aircraft that served in the 1950s, seeing active service in the 1956 [Suez Crisis](/source/Suez_Crisis).

*The wyvern is a frequent mascot of athletic teams, colleges and universities, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States, and was the mascot of the former [Korea Baseball Organization](/source/Korea_Baseball_Organization) team [SK Wyverns](/source/SK_Wyverns), established in 2000, [King's College, within the University of Queensland](/source/Residential_colleges_of_the_University_of_Queensland), and the Japanese basketball team, the [Passlab Yamagata Wyverns](/source/Passlab_Yamagata_Wyverns) of the [Japanese B.League](/source/B.League).
*The wyvern is also the mascot of the 51st Operations Support Squadron at [Osan Air Base](/source/Osan_Air_Base), with the motto: "breathin' fire!"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osan.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/641932/51st-operations-support-squadron/|title=51ST OPERATIONS SUPPORT SQUADRON > Osan Air Base > Display|website=www.osan.af.mil}}</ref>
*A wyvern is depicted on the unit crest of the [USAF](/source/USAF) [31st Fighter Wing](/source/31st_Fighter_Wing).
*A wyvern is featured on the club crests of both [Leyton Orient F.C.](/source/Leyton_Orient_F.C.) and [Carlisle United F.C.](/source/Carlisle_United_F.C.)
*A wyvern is featured as the team mascot for [Woodbridge College](/source/Woodbridge_College) in [Woodbridge](/source/Woodbridge%2C_Ontario), [Ontario](/source/Ontario), Canada.
*A wyvern is the mascot of [Quinsigamond Community College](/source/Quinsigamond_Community_College) in [Worcester](/source/Worcester%2C_Massachusetts), [Massachusetts](/source/Massachusetts).
*A wyvern is the logo of [LLVM](/source/LLVM), the compiler infrastructure project.
*A wyvern is the logo of the Swiss chocolate manufacturer [Lindt](/source/Lindt).
*A wyvern is the emblem of East London Rugby Football Club.
*Wyvern is the a nickname of a fictional aircraft in the [Ace Combat](/source/Ace_Combat) series: the X-02 Wyvern.
*A wyvern is the emblem of [Old Wesley R.F.C.](/source/Old_Wesley_R.F.C.)
*A wyvern is contained in the emblem of [Ternana Calcio](/source/Ternana_Calcio).
*A wyvern is featured on the crest of [King Alfred School, Plön](/source/King_Alfred_School%2C_Pl%C3%B6n).

== Examples ==

<gallery class="center" mode="packed" heights="180">
File:Coat of Arms of Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh.svg|Arms of [Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh](/source/Sophie%2C_Duchess_of_Edinburgh)
File:Trento-cathedral-relief with wyvern.jpg|A wyvern fighting with a wolf, [relief](/source/relief), [Trento](/source/Trento) Cathedral, Italy
File:Midland arms.jpg|Arms of [Midland Railway](/source/Midland_Railway) at [Derby](/source/Derby) station, bearing in crest a wyvern ''sans legs''
File:Lusitania liberata ab injusto Castellanorum dominio - restituta legitimo principi serenissimo Joanni IV (1645) (14580694507).jpg|Wyvern as a personification of Portugal
File:43 inf div -vector.svg|[43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division](/source/43rd_(Wessex)_Infantry_Division) insignia (World War II)
File:3rd Infantry Division DUI.svg|US Army 3rd Infantry Division has a wyvern on its emblem. The insignia is worn as a unit badge by members of the division's command.
File:Chorągiew Mazowsza.svg|The flag of the former [Duchy of Masovia](/source/Duchy_of_Masovia)
File:Coat of Arms - Dr Thomas Kingsbury 1742.jpg|Wyvern atop the crest of Dr. Thomas Kingsbury, Fellow of the King and Queen's College of Physicians, Ireland (1742).
File:Banniel Bro Dreger 1998.svg|Flag of [Trégor](/source/Tr%C3%A9gor), [Brittany](/source/Brittany)
File:Epworth Hospital General Nursing Badge circa 1987.jpg|General Nursing Badge awarded to graduates of the [Epworth Hospital](/source/Epworth_HealthCare) General Nursing School (1924–1988). This particular design features a wyvern and the motto ''Non ministrari sed ministrare (not to be served but to serve)''. The design was adopted for use by nursing training schools established by the Methodist Church in Adelaide (Memorial Hospital) and Sydney (Waverly War Memorial Hospital).<ref>{{cite book |last=Bomford |first=Janette |title=Epworth: A tradition of Care 1920–2010 |date=2010 |publisher=Epworth Foundation |page=28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://adelaideaz.com/articles/methodists-fund-memorial-hospital-in-north-adelaide-opened-in-1920-as-salute-to-world-war-i-men-and-300-nurses |title=Methodists' Memorial Hospital in North Adelaide opens in 1920 as salute to World War I men and 300 nurses|date=2023 |publisher=Adelaide AZ |access-date=February 17, 2023}}</ref> 
File:141030_KAS_Shield.jpg|Crest of [King Alfred School, Plön](/source/King_Alfred_School%2C_Pl%C3%B6n)
File:Cetro imperiale Brazil.jpg|The [Imperial Sceptre of Brazil](/source/Imperial_Sceptre_(Brazil)). The wyvern is the traditional symbol and [crest](/source/Crest_(heraldry)) of the [House of Braganza](/source/House_of_Braganza)
File:Proposed flag of Cumbria (2025) - Design C.svg|A proposed flag for [Cumbria](/source/Cumbria), England, which was one of the finalists in the 2025 competition to create an official community flag for the region<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hellorayo.co.uk/greatest-hits/cumbria/news/voting-open-cumbria-new-community-flag |title=Voting open to choose Cumbria's new community flag |author=Grace O'Hare |date=20 June 2025 |work=Rayo |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>
</gallery>

== See also ==

{{Commons category|Wyverns}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Wyvern.ogg|date=2005-08-27}}

* [Basilisk](/source/Basilisk)
* [Cockatrice](/source/Cockatrice)
* [Cuélebre](/source/Cu%C3%A9lebre)
* [European dragon](/source/European_dragon)
* [Lindworm](/source/Lindworm)
* [White dragon](/source/White_dragon)

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

{{Dragons}}
{{Heraldic creatures}}
{{Authority control}}

Category:European dragons
Category:Medieval European legendary creatures
Category:Mythological hybrids

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Wyvern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyvern) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyvern?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.