# Wrathful deities

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Enlightened beings in Mahayana Buddhism

[Mahakala](/source/Mahakala) statue, holding a [flaying knife](/source/Kartika_(knife)) (*kartika*) and [skullcup](/source/Kapala) (*kapala*)

In [Buddhism](/source/Buddhism), **wrathful deities** or **fierce deities** are the fierce, wrathful or forceful (Tibetan: *trowo*, Sanskrit: *krodha*) forms (or "aspects", "manifestations") of enlightened [Buddhas](/source/Buddha), [Bodhisattvas](/source/Bodhisattva) or [Devas](/source/Deva_(Buddhism)) (divine beings); normally the same figure has other, peaceful, aspects as well. Because of their power to destroy the obstacles to [enlightenment](/source/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism), they are also termed *krodha-vighnantaka*, "Wrathful onlookers on destroying obstacles".[1] Wrathful deities are a notable feature of the [iconography](/source/Iconography) of [Mahayana](/source/Mahayana) and [Vajrayana Buddhism](/source/Vajrayana), especially in [Tibetan art](/source/Tibetan_art). These types of deities first appeared in India during the late 6th century, with its main source being the [Yaksha](/source/Yaksha) imagery, and became a central feature of Indian [Tantric Buddhism](/source/Tantric_Buddhism) by the late 10th or early 11th century.[2][1]

## Overview

[Vajrayogini](/source/Vajrayogini), a semi-wrathful [dakini](/source/Dakini) who is also known as *sarvabuddhaḍākiṇī*, the all-buddha Dakini.

In non-Tantric traditions of [Mahayana](/source/Mahayana) Buddhism, these beings are protector deities who destroy obstacles to the Buddhas and the Dharma, act as guardians against demons and gather together sentient beings to listen to the teachings of the Buddhas.[3][4] In [Tantric Buddhism](/source/Tantric_Buddhism), they are considered to be fierce and terrifying forms of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas themselves. Enlightened beings may take on these forms in order to protect and aid confused sentient beings.[5] They also represent the energy and power that is needed in order to transform negative mental factors into wisdom and compassion.[6][7] They represent the power and compassion of enlightened activity which uses multiple skillful means ([upaya](/source/Upaya)) to guide sentient beings as well as the transformative element of tantra which uses negative emotions as part of the path. According to [Chögyam Trungpa](/source/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa), "wrathful [yidams](/source/Yidam) work more directly and forcefully with passion, aggression, and delusion — conquering and trampling them on the spot."[8]

In Tantric Buddhist art, fierce deities are presented as terrifying, demonic-looking beings adorned with bone ornaments ([Sanskrit](/source/Sanskrit_language): *aṣṭhimudrā*) such as human skulls and other ornaments associated with the charnel ground, as well as being often depicted with sexually suggestive attributes. According to Rob Linrothe, the sensual and fierce imagery represents "poison as its own antidote, harnessed obstacles as the liberating force" and notes that they are "metaphors for the internal yogic processes to gain enlightenment".[9]

They often carry ritual implements, or some of the *[ashtamangala](/source/Ashtamangala)*, or "Eight Auspicious Symbols", and are depicted trampling on (much smaller) bodies personifying the "obstacles" that the deity defeats.

## Tantric deities

### Yidams

Main article: [Yidam](/source/Yidam)

In Indo-Tibetan [Vajrayana](/source/Vajrayana), Yidams are divine forms of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. The tantric practitioner is initiated into the mandala of a particular meditational deity (Sanskrit: *Iṣṭa-devatā*) and practices complex [sadhanas](/source/Sadhana) (meditations) on the deity for the purpose of personal transformation.[10] This [Deity Yoga](/source/Deity_Yoga) practice is central to tantric forms of Buddhism such as [Tibetan Buddhism](/source/Tibetan_Buddhism) and the [Generation stage](/source/Generation_stage) of the practice is dependent on visualisation based on the vivid iconography associated with their yidam. Yidams can be peaceful, fierce and "semi-fierce" (having both fierce and peaceful aspects), with each category having its own particular set of associated imagery. Fierce deities can be divided into male and female categories.[11]

The [Herukas](/source/Heruka) ([Tb](/source/Standard_Tibetan). *khrag 'thung*, lit. "blood drinker") are enlightened masculine beings who adopt fierce forms to express their detachment from the world of ignorance, such as [Yamantaka](/source/Yamantaka), [Cakrasamvara](/source/Cakrasa%E1%B9%83vara_Tantra), [Mahākāla](/source/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81la), [Hayagriva](/source/Hayagriva_(Buddhism)), or [Vajrakilaya](/source/K%C4%ABla_(Buddhism)).

[Dakinis](/source/Dakini) ([Tb](/source/Standard_Tibetan). *khandroma*, "sky-goer") are their feminine counterparts, sometimes depicted with a heruka and sometimes as independent deities. The most prevalent wrathful [dakinis](/source/Dakini) are [Vajrayogini](/source/Vajrayogini) and [Vajravārāhī](/source/Vajrav%C4%81r%C4%81h%C4%AB). A common form of imagery is the [yab-yum](/source/Yab-yum) of a Buddha and consort in sexual union.

#### Gallery

		- [Yamantaka](/source/Yamantaka), also known as Vajrabhairava.

		- [Ekajati](/source/Ekajati), also known as Blue Tara or Ugra Tara.

		- [Chakrasamvara](/source/Chakrasamvara), a semi-wrathful deity, depicted in [yab-yum](/source/Yab-yum) with consort

		- [Vajrakilaya](/source/Vajrakilaya)

		- Dancing [Vajravarahi](/source/Vajravarahi) (*Dorje Pagmo*)

		- [Troma Nagmo](/source/Vajrayogini)

		- [Hevajra](/source/Hevajra)

		- The Herukas of the [Guhyagarbha Tantra](/source/Guhyagarbha_Tantra)

		- [Kalachakra](/source/Kalachakra) statue

		- [Kurukullā](/source/Kurukull%C4%81)

		- [Rakta Yamari](/source/Rakta_Yamari)

### Wisdom Kings

In [East Asian Buddhism](/source/East_Asian_Buddhism), [Wisdom Kings](/source/Wisdom_King) ([Sanskrit](/source/Sanskrit) *vidyarāja*), are seen as divine manifestations of the Buddhas, who act as protectors, messengers, and defenders of the Buddhist Dharma.[12] In East Asian [Vajrayana](/source/Vajrayana) and [Chinese Esoteric Buddhism](/source/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism) the Five Wisdom Kings are regarded as manifestations of the [Five Tathagatas](/source/Five_Tathagatas). In [Chinese Buddhism](/source/Chinese_Buddhism), the Eight Wisdom Kings and Ten Wisdom Kings are regarded as manifestations of different bodhisattvas and buddhas.[13][14][15]

		- [Acala](/source/Acala), "The Immovable One"—manifestation of [Buddha Mahavairocana](/source/Vairocana)

		- [Vajrayaksa](/source/Vajrayak%E1%B9%A3a), "The Devourer of Demons"—manifestation of [Buddha Amoghasiddhi](/source/Amoghasiddhi)

		- [Vajrabhairava](/source/Yamantaka), "The Defeater of Death"—manifestation of [Buddha Amitābha](/source/Amit%C4%81bha)

		- The Wisdom king [Kundali](/source/Ku%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dali), "The Dispenser of Heavenly Nectar"—manifestation of [Buddha Ratnasambhava](/source/Ratnasambhava)

		- [Trailokyavijaya](/source/Trailokyavijaya), "The Conqueror of The Three Planes"—manifestation of [Buddha Akshobhya](/source/Akshobhya)

## Protectors

The Protectors ([Sanskrit](/source/Sanskrit) *pāla*) or [Dharmapāla](/source/Dharmapala) (Dharma protectors), are powerful beings, often [Devas](/source/Deva_(Buddhism)) or [Bodhisattvas](/source/Bodhisattva) who protect the Buddhist religion and community from inner and outer threats and obstacles to their practice.[16] A Dharmapala can also be a [Garuda](/source/Garuda), [Nāga](/source/N%C4%81ga), [Yaksha](/source/Yaksha), [Gandharva](/source/Gandharva), or [Asura](/source/Asura).[17] Other categories of Protectors include the [Lokapālas](/source/Four_Heavenly_Kings) or "Four Heavenly Kings" and [*Kṣetrapālas*](/source/Kshetrapala) or "Protectors of the Region".

### Eight Dharmapalas

A common Tibetan grouping of Dharmapāla is 'The Eight [Dharmapalas](/source/Dharmapala)' ([Tibetan](/source/Tibetan_script): དྲག་གཤེད, [Wylie](/source/Wylie_transliteration): drag gshed), who are understood to be the defenders of [Buddhism](/source/Buddhism). They are [supernatural](/source/Supernatural) beings with the rank of [bodhisattva](/source/Bodhisattva) who "are supposed to wage war without any mercy against the demons and enemies of Buddhism".[18] The Eight Dharmapala are:[19]

- [Yama](/source/Yama_(East_Asia)), the god of death

- [Mahakala](/source/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81la), the Great Black One

- [Yamantaka](/source/Yamantaka), the conqueror of death

- [Vaiśravaṇa](/source/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a) or [Kubera](/source/Kubera), the god of wealth

- [Hayagriva](/source/Hayagriva_(Buddhism)), the Horse-necked one

- [Palden Lhamo](/source/Palden_Lhamo), female protectress of Tibet

- White [Brahma](/source/Brahma_(Buddhism)) or *Tshangs pa*

- [Begtse](/source/Begtse), a war god from Mongolia.

### Gallery

		- [Vajrapani](/source/Vajrapani)

		- [Palden Lhamo](/source/Palden_Lhamo)

		- [Vaiśravaṇa](/source/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a) (Bishamonten), one of the four Heavenly Kings, at [Todaiji](/source/Todaiji)

		- A thai depiction of [Vaiśravaṇa](/source/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a) (Vessavana).

		- [Ganapati](/source/Ganesha_in_Buddhism)

		- [Citipati](/source/Citipati_(Buddhism))

		- [Yama](/source/Yama), lord of death

		- [Hayagriva](/source/Hayagriva), the "horse-necked"

		- Rahula, an oath-bound protector of [Dzogchen](/source/Dzogchen)

		- Virūpāksa—King of the West, one of the Four Heavenly Kings at Wolijeongsa, Korea

		- Dharmapala (Hộ pháp in Vietnamese) statue at [Bút Tháp Temple](/source/B%C3%BAt_Th%C3%A1p_Temple), Vietnam

## See also

- [Buddhist deities](/source/Buddhist_deities)

- [Chinese mythology](/source/Chinese_mythology)

- [Hindu mythology](/source/Hindu_mythology)

- [Japanese mythology](/source/Japanese_mythology)

- [Korean mythology](/source/Korean_mythology)

- [Vietnamese mythology](/source/Vietnamese_mythology)

- [Tibetan art](/source/Tibetan_art)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinrothe199912_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinrothe199912_1-1) [Linrothe 1999](#CITEREFLinrothe1999), p. 12.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinrothe1999x_2-0)** [Linrothe 1999](#CITEREFLinrothe1999), p. x.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinrothe199913_3-0)** [Linrothe 1999](#CITEREFLinrothe1999), p. 13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinrothe199925_4-0)** [Linrothe 1999](#CITEREFLinrothe1999), p. 25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Thurman, Robert (2011). *The Tibetan Book of the Dead: Liberation Through Understanding in the Between*. Random House Publishing Group. p. 149. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-307-78402-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-78402-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Berzin, Alexander; Making Sense of Tantra"](https://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/vajrayana/tantra-theory/making-sense-of-tantra/tantric-imagery#peaceful-and-forceful-figures). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200517080157/https://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/vajrayana/tantra-theory/making-sense-of-tantra/tantric-imagery#peaceful-and-forceful-figures) from the original on 2020-05-17. Retrieved 2018-01-12.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinrothe1999xi_7-0)** [Linrothe 1999](#CITEREFLinrothe1999), p. xi.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Chögyam Trungpa. The Collected Works of Chögyam Trungpa: Volume 3, Shambala, 2003, page 438.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinrothe1999xi–xii_9-0)** [Linrothe 1999](#CITEREFLinrothe1999), pp. xi–xii.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [Buswell, Robert E.](/source/Robert_Buswell_Jr.); [Lopez, Donald S.](/source/Donald_S._Lopez%2C_Jr.) (2013). *The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism*. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-691-15786-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Wrathful Deities"](http://www.khandro.net/deities_wrathful.htm). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200517094639/http://www.khandro.net/deities_wrathful.htm) from the original on 2020-05-17. Retrieved 2007-06-30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Baroni, Helen Josephine (2002). *The illustrated encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism*. New York: Rosen Pub. Group. p. 100. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8239-2240-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2240-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Hong, Tsai-Hsia (2007). [*The Water-Land Dharma Function Platform Ritual and the Great Compassion Repentance Ritual*](https://www.proquest.com/openview/1e7f2eadff4d9baec078f55f48fd3dc7/1) (Thesis). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [64281400](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64281400). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230311182146/https://www.proquest.com/openview/1e7f2eadff4d9baec078f55f48fd3dc7/1) from the original on 2023-03-11. Retrieved 2021-08-27.[*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Howard, Angela F. (March 1999). "The Eight Brilliant Kings of Wisdom of Southwest China". *Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics*. **35**: 92–107. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/RESv35n1ms20167019](https://doi.org/10.1086%2FRESv35n1ms20167019). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [164236937](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164236937).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Bloom, Phillip Emmanual (2013). *Descent of the Deities: The Water-Land Retreat and the Transformation of the Visual Culture of Song-Dynasty (960-1279) Buddhism* (Thesis). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [864907811](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864907811). [ProQuest](/source/ProQuest) [1422026705](https://www.proquest.com/docview/1422026705).[*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** *Heart Jewel*: The Essential Practices of Kadampa Buddhism, pages 71-3, Tharpa Publications (2nd. ed., 1997) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-948006-56-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948006-56-2)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. (2013). *The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism*. Princeton University Press. pp. 249–250. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4008-4805-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["Wrathful Guardians of Buddhism: Aesthetics and Mythology"](http://www.exoticindiaart.com/wrathful.htm). February 2001. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200602114207/https://www.exoticindiaart.com/article/wrathful/) from the original on 2020-06-02. Retrieved 2008-08-31.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Pearlman, Ellen (2002). *Tibetan Sacred Dance: A Journey Into the Religious and Folk Traditions*. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-89281-918-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-918-8).[*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources)*]

## Sources

- Linrothe, Robert N. (1999). *Ruthless Compassion: Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art*. Serindia. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-906026-51-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906026-51-9).

## External links

- [Wrathful Guardians of Buddhism—Aesthetics and Mythology](http://www.exoticindiaart.com/wrathful.htm)

- [Wrathful Deities](http://www.khandro.net/deities_wrathful.htm)

- [*Sacred visions : early paintings from central Tibet*](http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/101557), fully digitized text from The Metropolitan Museum of Art libraries

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