# Wood industry

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Wood_industry
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Wood_industry.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_industry
> Source revision: 1351624166
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Group of economic activities related to the production of wood and forest products

Kotka Mill in [Finland](/source/Finland)

The **wood industry** or **timber industry** (sometimes **lumber industry** – when referring mainly to sawed boards) is the [industry](/source/Industry_(economics)) concerned with [forestry](/source/Forestry), [logging](/source/Logging), [timber trade](/source/Timber_trade), and the production of primary [forest products](/source/Forest_product) and [wood products](/source/Wood_product) (e.g. furniture) and secondary products like [wood pulp](/source/Wood_pulp) for the [pulp and paper industry](/source/Pulp_and_paper_industry). Some of the largest producers are also among the biggest owners of [forest](/source/Forest). The wood industry has historically been and continues to be an important sector in many economies.

## Distinction

In the narrow sense of the terms, wood, forest, forestry and timber/lumber industry appear to point to different sectors, in the industrialized, [internationalized](/source/Multinational_company) world, there is a tendency toward huge integrated businesses that cover the complete spectrum from [silviculture](/source/Silviculture) and forestry in private [primary](/source/Old-growth_forest) or [secondary forests](/source/Secondary_forest) or [plantations](/source/Plantation) via the logging process up to [wood processing](/source/Wood_processing) and [trading](/source/Timber_trade) and transport (e.g. [timber rafting](/source/Timber_rafting), [forest railways](/source/Forest_railway), [logging roads](/source/Logging_road)).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Processing and products differs especially with regard to the distinction between [softwood](/source/Softwood) and [hardwood](/source/Hardwood).[1][2][3][4][5] While softwood primarily goes into the production of wood fuel and pulp and paper, hardwood is used mainly for furniture, [floors](/source/Wood_flooring), etc.. Both types can be of use for building and (residential) construction purposes (e.g. [log houses](/source/Log_house), [log cabins](/source/Log_cabin), [timber framing](/source/Timber_framing)).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Production chain

[Lumber](/source/Lumber) and [wood](/source/Wood) products, including [timber for framing](/source/Timber_framing), [plywood](/source/Plywood), and [woodworking](/source/Woodworking), are created in the wood industry from the trunks and branches of [trees](/source/Tree) through several processes, commencing with the selection of appropriate logging sites and concluding with the milling and treatment processes of the harvested material. In order to determine which logging sites and milling sites are responsibly producing environmental, social and economic benefits, they must be certified under the Forest Stewardship Council Forests For All Forever (FSC) Certification that ensures these qualities.[6]

### Harvesting

Mature trees are harvested from both plantations and native forests. Trees harvested at a younger age produce smaller logs, and these can be turned into lower-value products. Factors such as location, climate conditions, species, growth rate, and [silviculture](/source/Silviculture) can affect the size of a mature tree.[7]

### Timber mills

The native hardwood saw-milling industry originally consisted of small family-owned mills, but has recently changed to include a small number of larger mills. Mills produce large volumes of material and aim to ensure delivery of a high quality standard of product. Their goal is to do this efficiently and safely, at low cost, with rapid production time and high output.[7]

### Production and use

Once the timber has been manipulated in the required fashion, it can be shipped out for usage. There are many different purposes for wood including [plywood](/source/Plywood), veneer, pulp, [paper](/source/Paper), particleboard, pallets, craft items, toys, instrument-making, furniture production, packing cases, wine barrels, cardboard, firewood, garden mulch, fibre adhesives, packaging and pet litter. Western Australia has a unique substance called ‘[biochar](/source/Biochar)’, which is made from [jarrah](/source/Jarrah) and [pine](/source/Pine) and sometimes from [crop](/source/Crop) and [forestry](/source/Forestry) residues, along with the former materials. Biochar can be used to manufacture [silicone](/source/Silicone) and as a soil additive.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

[Softwoods](/source/Softwoods), such as the Australian [eucalyptus](/source/Eucalyptus), are highly valued, and are used mainly for [construction](/source/Wood#Construction), [paper making](/source/Pulpwood), and [cladding](/source/Cladding_(construction)). The term 'round wood' describes all the wood removed from forests in log form and used for purposes other than fuel. Wood manufacturing residues, such as sawdust and chippings, are collectively known as "pulp".[7] The [United States](/source/United_States) industrial production index hit a 13-year high during the COVID-19 pandemic, according to a report from the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.[8][9]

### Transport

Originally, trees were felled from native forests using axes and hand-held [cross-cut saws](/source/Crosscut_saw) – a slow process involving significant manual labor. Since sawmills were traditionally located within forests, milled timber had to be transported over long distances via rough terrain or waterways to reach its destination. Logs were later transported via train and tram lines, first by steam-powered log haulers then by [steam-powered locomotives](/source/Steam_locomotive), and finally diesel and petrol-powered locomotives. Even in the modern era, timber is dried in [kilns](/source/Kiln). When the [first steam railway in Australia](/source/Rail_transport_in_Australia) opened in Melbourne in 1854, timber transportation changed dramatically. Trains made the transportation of lumber quicker and more affordable, making it possible for the Australian sawmill industry to move inland.[7]

Wood is transported by a variety of methods, typically by road vehicle and [log driving](/source/Log_driving) over shorter distances. For longer journeys, wood is transported by sea on timber carriers, subject to the [IMO TDC Code](/source/Code_of_Safe_Practice_for_Ships_Carrying_Timber_Deck_Cargoes).[10]

## Top producers

See also: [Category:Forest products companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Forest_products_companies)

The main industrial roundwood producers are all countries with a large forest area and a well established logging industry. In the case of coniferous industrial roundwood, the top producers in 2023 were the United States of America, with a production of 274 million m3 (26% of the total production), followed by the Russian Federation with 142 million m3 (13%) and Canada with 105 million m3 (10%). China led the production of non-coniferous industrial roundwood in 2023, with 141 million m3 (17% of the global production), followed by Brazil (138 million m3, 16%) and Indonesia (74 million m3, 9%).[11]

As of 2019, the top [timberland](/source/Forest) owners in the US were structured as [real-estate investment trusts](/source/Real_estate_investment_trust) and include:[12]

- [Weyerhaeuser](/source/Weyerhaeuser) Co.

- [Rayonier](/source/Rayonier)

- [PotlatchDeltic](/source/PotlatchDeltic)

In 2008 the largest lumber and wood producers in the US were[13]

- [Boise Cascade](/source/Boise_Cascade)

- [North Pacific Group](/source/North_Pacific_Group)[14]

- [Sierra Pacific Industries](/source/Sierra_Pacific_Industries)

As these companies are often publicly traded, their ultimate owners are a diversified group of investors. There are also timber-oriented [real-estate investment trusts](/source/Real_estate_investment_trust).

According to sawmilldatabase, the world top producers of sawn wood in 2007 were:[15]

Company Production or Capacity in m3/yr West Fraser Timber Co Ltd 8,460,000 Canfor 6,900,000 Weyerhaeuser 6,449,000 Stora Enso 4,646,000 Georgia Pacific 4,300,000 Resolute Forest Products 3,760,000 Interfor 3,550,000 Sierra Pacific Industries 3,200,000 Hampton Affiliates[16] 3,100,000 Arauco 2,800,000 Tolko Industries Ltd 2,500,000 Pfeifer Group[17] 2,200,000

## Issues

### Safety

#### Noise

Workers within the forestry and logging industry sub-sector fall within the agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting (AFFH) industry sector as characterized by the [North American Industry Classification System](/source/North_American_Industry_Classification_System) (NAICS).[18] The [National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health](/source/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health) (NIOSH) has taken a closer look at the AFFH industry's noise exposures and prevalence of hearing loss. While the overall industry sector had a prevalence of hearing loss lower than the overall prevalence of noise-exposed industries (15% v. 19%), workers within forestry and logging exceeded 21%.[19] Thirty-six percent of workers within forest nurseries and gathering of forest products, a sub-sector within forestry and logging, experienced hearing loss, the most of any AFFH sub-sector. Workers within forest nurseries and gathering of forest products are tasked with growing trees for [reforestation](/source/Reforestation) and gathering products such as [rhizomes](/source/Rhizome) and barks. Comparatively, non-noise-exposed workers have only a 7% prevalence of hearing loss.[20]

Worker noise exposures in the forestry and logging industry have been found to be up to 102 dBA.[21] NIOSH recommends that a worker have an 8-hour time-weighted average of noise exposure of 85 dBA.[22] Excessive noise puts workers at an increased risk of developing hearing loss. If a worker were to develop a hearing loss as a result of occupational noise exposures, it would be classified as [occupational hearing loss](/source/Occupational_hearing_loss). Noise exposures within the forestry and logging industry can be reduced by enclosing engines and heavy equipment, installing mufflers and silencers, and performing routine maintenance on equipment.[21] Noise exposures can also be reduced through the [hierarchy of hazard controls](/source/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls) where removal or replacement of noisy equipment serves as the best method of noise reduction.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

#### Injury

The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

The [Bureau of Labor Statistics](/source/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics) (BLS) has found that fatalities of forestry and logging workers have increased from 2013 to 2016, up from 81 to 106 per year. In 2016, there were 3.6 cases of injury and illness per 100 workers within this industry.[23]

### Illegal logging

This section is an excerpt from [Illegal logging](/source/Illegal_logging).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illegal_logging&action=edit)]

Stockpile and export of [rosewood](/source/Rosewood) from [illegal logging in Madagascar](/source/Illegal_logging_in_Madagascar)

Part of a series on Environmental law Pollution control law Environmental impact assessment Air quality law Water quality law Waste management law Environmental cleanup law Natural resources law Species protection Water resources law Mining law Forestry law Fisheries law Game law Reference materials Environmental journals International environmental agreements Environmental laws by country Environmental lawsuits Environmental ministries Supranational environmental agencies Related topics Administrative law Bankruptcy law Climate change litigation Earth jurisprudence Earth law Ecocide Energy law Environmental crime poaching Environmental personhood Environmental justice Insurance law International law Land law Land use Law of the sea Property law Public trust doctrine Rights of nature Right to a healthy environment War and environmental law Wild law v t e

[Illegal logging](/source/Illegal_logging) is the harvest, transportation, purchase, or sale of [timber](/source/Timber) in violation of [laws](/source/Law). The harvesting procedure itself may be illegal, including using corrupt means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission, or from a protected area; the cutting down of [protected species](/source/Protected_species); or the extraction of timber in excess of agreed limits. Illegal logging is a driving force for a number of environmental issues such as [deforestation](/source/Deforestation), [soil erosion](/source/Soil_erosion) and [biodiversity loss](/source/Biodiversity_loss) which can drive larger-scale environmental crises such as [climate change](/source/Climate_change) and other forms of [environmental degradation](/source/Environmental_degradation).

Illegality may also occur during transport, such as illegal processing and export (through [fraudulent declaration to customs](/source/Smuggling)); the [avoidance of taxes](/source/Tax_avoidance) and other charges, and fraudulent certification.[24] These acts are often referred to as "wood laundering".[25]

Illegal logging is driven by a number of economic forces, such as demand for raw materials, [land grabbing](/source/Land_grabbing) and demand for [pasture](/source/Pasture) for cattle. Regulation and prevention can happen at both the supply side, with better enforcement of environmental protections, and at the demand side, such as an increasing regulation of trade as part of the international [lumber industry](/source/Lumber_industry).

## Economy

The existence of a **wood economy**, or more broadly, a **forest economy** (in many countries a [bamboo economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bamboo_economy&action=edit&redlink=1) predominates), is a prominent matter in many [developing countries](/source/Developing_countries) as well as in many other nations with a temperate climate and especially in those with [low temperatures](/source/Boreal_climate). These are generally the countries with greater forested areas so conditions allow for development of local [forestry](/source/Forestry) to harvest wood for local uses. The uses of wood in furniture, buildings, bridges, and as a source of energy are widely known. Additionally, wood from trees and [bushes](/source/Shrub), can be used in a variety of products, such as [wood pulp](/source/Wood_pulp), [cellulose](/source/Cellulose) in paper, [celluloid](/source/Celluloid) in early photographic film, [cellophane](/source/Cellophane), and [rayon](/source/Rayon) (a substitute for silk).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

At the end of their normal usage, wood products can be burnt to obtain [thermal energy](/source/Thermal_energy) or can be used as a [fertilizer](/source/Fertilizer). The potential environmental damage that a wood economy could occasion include a reduction of [biodiversity](/source/Biodiversity) due to [monoculture](/source/Monoculture) [forestry](/source/Forestry) (the intensive cultivation of very few trees types); and CO2 emissions. However, forests can aid in the reduction of atmospheric [carbon dioxide](/source/Carbon_dioxide) and thus [limit climate change](/source/Climate_change_mitigation).[26]

The wood industry relied heavily on hard and at times dangerous manual labor for centuries. Two Swedish workers sawing a trunk in 1905.

A massive [log raft](/source/Timber_rafting) headed down the [Columbia River](/source/Columbia_River) in 1902, containing an entire year's worth of logs from one timber camp.

Paper is today the most used wood product.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### History of use of wood

The wood economy was the starting point of the [civilizations](/source/Civilization) worldwide, since eras preceding the [Paleolithic](/source/Paleolithic)[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] and the [Neolithic](/source/Neolithic). It necessarily preceded [ages of metals](/source/Bronze_Age) by many millennia, as the melting of metals was possible only through the discovery of techniques to light fire (usually obtained by the scraping of two very dry wooden rods) and the building of many [simple machines](/source/Simple_machine) and rudimentary tools, as canes, club handles, [bows](/source/Bow_(weapon)), [arrows](/source/Arrow), [lances](/source/Lance). One of the most ancient handmade articles ever found is a polished wooden spear tip ([Clacton Spear](/source/Clacton_Spear)) 250,000 years old (third interglacial period), that was buried under sediments in England, at [Clacton-on-Sea](/source/Clacton-on-Sea).[27][28]

### Dimensions and geography

The main source of the lumber used in the world is forests, which can be classified as [virgin](/source/Virgin_forest), [semivirgin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semivirgin_forests&action=edit&redlink=1) and [plantations](/source/Plantation#Forestry). Much timber is removed for [firewood](/source/Firewood) by local populations in many countries, especially in the [third world](/source/Third_world), but this amount can only be estimated, with wide margins of uncertainty.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In 1998, the worldwide production of "Roundwood" (officially counted wood not used as firewood), was about 1,500,000,000 cubic metres (2.0×109 cu yd), amounting to around 45% of the wood cultivated in the world. Cut logs and branches destined to become elements for building construction accounted for approximately 55% of the world's industrial [wood production](/source/Wood_production). 25% became [wood pulp](/source/Wood_pulp) (including wood powder and broccoli) mainly destined for the production of paper and [paperboard](/source/Paperboard), and approximately 20% became panels in [plywood](/source/Plywood) and valuable wood for furniture and objects of common use (FAO 1998).[29]

By 2001 the [rainforest](/source/Rainforest) areas of Brazil were [reduced by a fifth](/source/Deforestation_in_Brazil) (respect of 1970), to around 4,000,000 km2; the ground cleared was mainly destined for cattle [pasture](/source/Pasture)—Brazil is the world's largest exporter of beef with almost 200,000,000 head of cattle.[30] The booming Brazilian [ethanol economy](/source/Ethanol_economy) based upon [sugar cane](/source/Sugar_cane) cultivation, is likewise reducing forests area.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Canadian forest was reduced by almost 30% to 3,101,340 km2 over the same period.[31]

### Importance in limiting climate change

See also: [Land use, land-use change, and forestry](/source/Land_use%2C_land-use_change%2C_and_forestry) and [Deforestation and climate change](/source/Deforestation_and_climate_change)

Regarding the problem of climate change, it is known that burning forests increase CO2 in the atmosphere, while intact virgin forest or plantations act as sinks for CO2, for these reasons wood economy fights [greenhouse effect](/source/Greenhouse_effect). The amount of CO2 absorbed depends on the type of trees, lands and the climate of the place where trees naturally grow or are planted. Moreover, by night plants do not [photosynthesize](/source/Photosynthesis), and produce CO2, eliminated the successive day. Paradoxically in summer [oxygen](/source/Oxygen) created by photosynthesis in forests near to cities and urban parks, interacts with urban air pollution (from cars, etc.) and is transformed by solar beams in [ozone](/source/Ozone) (molecule of three oxygen atoms), that while in high atmosphere constitutes a filter against [ultraviolet](/source/Ultraviolet) beams, in the low atmosphere is a pollutant, able to provoke respiratory disturbances.[32][33]

In a [low-carbon economy](/source/Low-carbon_economy), forestry operations will be focused on low-impact practices and regrowth. Forest managers will make sure that they do not disturb soil-based carbon reserves too much. Specialized [tree farms](/source/Tree_farm) will be the main source of material for many products. Quick maturing tree varieties will be grown on short rotations to maximize output.[34]

## Production by country

### In Brazil

Brazil has a long tradition in the harvesting of several types of trees with specific uses. Since the 1960s, imported species of pine tree and eucalyptus have been grown mostly for the [plywood](/source/Plywood) and [paper pulp industries](/source/Pulp_and_paper_industry). Currently high-level research is being conducted, to apply the enzymes of [sugar cane](/source/Sugar_cane) fermentation to cellulose in wood, to obtain [methanol](/source/Methanol), but the cost is much higher when compared with ethanol derived from [corn](/source/Maize) costs.[35]

- [Brazilwood](/source/Brazilwood): has a dense, orange-red heartwood that takes a high red shine (brasa=ember), and it is the premier wood used for making bows for string instruments from the violin family. These trees soon became the biggest source of red [dye](/source/Dye), and they were such a large part of the economy and export of that country, that slowly it was known as Brazil.[36]

### In Canada and the US

There is a close relation in the forestry economy between these countries; they have many tree genera in common, and Canada is the main producer of wood and wooden items destined to the US, the biggest consumer of wood and its byproducts in the world. The water systems of the [Great Lakes](/source/Great_Lakes), [Erie Canal](/source/Erie_Canal), [Hudson River](/source/Hudson_River) and [Saint Lawrence Seaway](/source/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway) to the east coast and the [Mississippi River](/source/Mississippi_River) to the central plains and [Louisiana](/source/Louisiana) allows transportation of logs at very low costs. On the [west coast](/source/West_Coast_of_the_United_States), the basin of the [Columbia River](/source/Columbia_River) has plenty of forests with excellent timber.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

#### Canada

The agency Canada Wood Council calculates that in the year 2005 in Canada, the forest sector employed 930,000 workers (1 job in every 17), making around $108 billion of value in goods and services. For many years products derived from trees in Canadian forests had been the most important export items of the country. In 2011, exports around the world totaled some $64.3 billion – the single largest contributor to Canadian trade balance.[31][37][*[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources)*]

Canada is the world leader in [sustainable forest management](/source/Sustainable_forest_management) practices. Only 120,000,000 hectares (1,200,000 km2; 463,320 sq mi) (28% of Canadian forests) are currently managed for timber production while an estimated 32,000,000 hectares (320,000 km2; 123,550 sq mi) are protected from harvesting by the current legislation.[38][*[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources)*]

The Canadian timber industry has led to [environmental conflict](/source/Environmental_conflict) with [Indigenous people](/source/First_Nations_in_Canada) protecting their land from logging. For example, the [Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation](/source/Asubpeeschoseewagong_First_Nation) set up the [Grassy Narrows road blockade](/source/Grassy_Narrows_road_blockade) for twenty years beginning in 2002 to prevent clearcutting of their land.[39][40]

#### United States

Further information: [History of the lumber industry in the United States](/source/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States) and [Forestry § United_States](/source/Forestry#United_States)

Logging in [Oregon](/source/Oregon)

- [Cherry](/source/Cherry): a [hardwood](/source/Hardwood) prized for its high quality in grain, width, color, and rich warm glow.[41] The first trees were carried to the lands surrounding [Rome](/source/Rome) ([Latium](/source/Latium)) from [Armenia](/source/Armenia).[42] In the United States, most cherry trees are grown in [Washington](/source/Washington_(state)), [Pennsylvania](/source/Pennsylvania), [West Virginia](/source/West_Virginia), California and [Oregon](/source/Oregon).[43]

- [Cedar](/source/Cedrus): this genus is a group of [conifers](/source/Conifer) of the family [Pinaceae](/source/Pinaceae), originating from high mountain areas from the [Carpathians](/source/Carpathians), [Lebanon](/source/Lebanon) and [Turkey](/source/Turkey) to the [Himalayas](/source/Himalayas). Their scented wood make them suitable for chests and closet lining. Cedar oil and wood is known to be a natural repellent to moths.[44] Actually are planted in western and southern US, mostly for ornamental purposes, but also for the production of [pencils](/source/Pencil) (specially [incense-cedar](/source/Incense-cedar)).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

- [Douglas fir](/source/Douglas_fir): a native tree of the United States [west coast](/source/West_Coast_of_the_United_States) and [Mountain States](/source/Mountain_States), with records in fast growth and high statures in brief time. The [coast Douglas fir](/source/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._menziesii) grows in coastal regions up to altitudes of about 1,800 meters; the [Rocky Mountain Douglas fir](/source/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._glauca) grows farther inland, at altitudes ranging from 800 m to 3,000 m or higher. The wood is used for construction, for [homebuilt aircraft](/source/Homebuilt_aircraft), for paper pulp, and also as [firewood](/source/Firewood).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

- [Hybrid poplar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_poplar&action=edit&redlink=1) is being investigated by [Oak Ridge National Laboratory](/source/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory) in [Tennessee](/source/Tennessee)[45][46] for [genetic engineering](/source/Genetic_engineering) to obtain a tree with a higher content of [cellulose](/source/Cellulose) and a lower content in [lignin](/source/Lignin), in such a way that the extraction of [bioethanol](/source/Bioethanol) (useful as a fuel) could be easier and less expensive.

- [Walnut](/source/Walnut): a prized furniture and carving hardwood because of its colour, hardness, grain and durability. Walnut wood has been the timber of choice for gun makers for centuries. It remains one of the most popular choices for rifle and shotgun stocks.[47]

### Nigeria

Main article: [Wood industry in Nigeria](/source/Wood_industry_in_Nigeria)

Wood obtained from [Nigeria's wood industry](/source/Wood_industry_in_Nigeria) undergoes processing in various wood processing sectors, including furniture manufacturing, sawmill operations, plywood mills, pulp and paper facilities, and particleboard mills. As of 2010, workers are typically not given any safety training.[48]

### In the Caribbean and Central America

- [Mahogany](/source/Mahogany): has a straight grain, usually free of voids and pockets. The most prized species come from [Cuba](/source/Cuba) and [Honduras](/source/Honduras). It has a reddish-brown color, which darkens over time, and displays a beautiful reddish sheen when polished. It has excellent workability, is available in big boards, and is very durable. Mahogany is used in the making of many musical instruments, as drums, acoustic and electric guitars' back and side, and luxury [headphones](/source/Headphone).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### In Europe

#### Italy

[Poplar](/source/Populus): in Italy is the most important species for tree plantations, is used for several purposes as [plywood](/source/Plywood) manufacture, packing boxes, paper, [matches](/source/Match), etc. It needs good quality grounds with good drainage, but can be used to protect the cultivations if disposed in [windbreak](/source/Windbreak) lines. More than 70% of Italian poplar cultivations are located in the [pianura Padana](/source/Pianura_Padana). Constantly the extension of the cultivation is being reduced, from 650 km2 in the 1980s to current 350 km2. The yield of poplars is about 1,500 t/km2 of wood every year.[49] The production from poplars is around 45–50% of the total Italian wood production.[50]

#### Portugal

- [Oak](/source/Cork_oak) for [cork](/source/Cork_(material)): are trees with a slow growth, but long life, are cultivated in warm hill areas (min. temp. > −5 °C) in all the west area of [Mediterranean](/source/Mediterranean) shores. Cork is popular as a material for [bulletin boards](/source/Bulletin_board). Even if the production as [stoppers](/source/Stopper_(plug)) for wine bottles is diminishing in favor of nylon stoppers, in the sake of energy saving granules of cork can be mixed into concrete. These composites have low thermal conductivity, low density and good energy absorption (earthquake resistant). Some of the property ranges of the composites are density (400–1500 kg/m3), compressive strength (1–26 MPa) and flexural strength (0.5–4.0 MPa).[51]

### In Fennoscandia and Russia

A [sawmill](/source/Sawmill) with [floating logs](/source/Log_driving) in [Kotka](/source/Kotka), [Finland](/source/Finland)

Source:[52]

In Sweden, Finland and to an extent Norway, much of the land area is forested, and the pulp and paper industry is one of the most significant industrial sectors. Chemical pulping produces an excess of energy, since the organic matter in [black liquor](/source/Black_liquor), mostly [lignin](/source/Lignin) and [hemicellulose](/source/Hemicellulose) breakdown products, is burned in the [recovery boiler](/source/Recovery_boiler). Thus, these countries have high proportions of renewable energy use (25% in Finland, for instance). Considerable effort is directed towards increasing the value and usage of forest products by companies and by government projects.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

- [Scots pine](/source/Scots_pine) and [Norway spruce](/source/Norway_spruce): These species comprise most of the boreal forest, and together as a softwood mixture they are converted into chemical pulp for paper.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

- [Birch](/source/Birch) is a genus with many species of trees in [Scandinavia](/source/Scandinavia) and Russia, excellent for acid soils. These act as [pioneer species](/source/Pioneer_species) in the frozen border between [taiga](/source/Taiga) and [tundra](/source/Tundra), and are very resistant to periods of drought and [icy conditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Icy_condition&action=edit&redlink=1). The species [Betula nana](/source/Betula_nana) has been identified as the ideal tree for the acid, nutrient-poor soils of mountain slopes, where these trees can be used to restrain [landslides](/source/Landslide), including in southern Europe. [Dissolving pulp](/source/Dissolving_pulp) is produced from birch. [Xylitol](/source/Xylitol) can be produced by the hydrogenation of [xylose](/source/Xylose), which is a byproduct of chemical birch pulping.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Outputs

This section is an excerpt from [Forest product](/source/Forest_product).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forest_product&action=edit)]

A [forest product](/source/Forest_product) is any material derived from [forestry](/source/Forestry) for direct consumption or commercial use, such as [lumber](/source/Lumber), [paper](/source/Paper), or [fodder](/source/Fodder) for [livestock](/source/Livestock). [Wood](/source/Wood), by far the dominant [product](/source/Product_(business)) of [forests](/source/Forest), is used for many purposes, such as [wood fuel](/source/Wood_fuel) (e.g. in form of [firewood](/source/Firewood) or [charcoal](/source/Charcoal)) or the finished structural materials used for the [construction](/source/Construction) of [buildings](/source/Building), or as a raw material, in the form of [wood pulp](/source/Wood_pulp), that is used in the production of [paper](/source/Paper). All other non-wood products derived from forest resources, comprising a broad variety of other forest products, are collectively described as [non-timber forest products](/source/Non-timber_forest_product) (NTFP).[53][54][55] Non-timber forest products are viewed to have fewer negative effects on forest ecosystem when providing income sources for local community.[56]

Production of five non-wood forest products, 2000–2022.

Globally, about 1,150,000,000 ha (2.8×109 acres) of forest is managed primarily for the [production of wood](/source/Production_of_wood) and non-wood forest products. In addition, 749,000,000 ha (1.85×109 acres) is designated for multiple use, which often includes production.[57]

Worldwide, the area of forest designated primarily for production has been relatively stable since 1990, but the area of multiple-use forest has decreased by about 71,000,000 ha (180,000,000 acres).[57]

In 2023, the global export value of wood and paper products reached US$482 billion. Industrial roundwood removals amounted to 1.92 billion cubic meters. Global sawnwood production totaled 445 million cubic meters.[58]

Forest Log Piles

### Combustion

Main article: [Wood fuel](/source/Wood_fuel)

Combustion of wood is linked to the production of micro-environmental pollutants, as [carbon dioxide](/source/Carbon_dioxide) (CO2), [carbon monoxide](/source/Carbon_monoxide) (CO) (an invisible gas able to provoke irreversible saturation of blood's [hemoglobine](/source/Hemoglobine)), as well as [nanoparticles](/source/Nanoparticles).[59]

#### Charcoal

Main article: [Charcoal](/source/Charcoal)

Charcoal is the dark grey residue consisting of impure [carbon](/source/Carbon) obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow [pyrolysis](/source/Pyrolysis), the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of [oxygen](/source/Oxygen). Charcoal can then be used as a fuel with a higher combustion temperature.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

#### Wood gasogen

[Wood gas generator](/source/Wood_gas_generator) (gasogen): is a bulky and heavy device (but technically simple) that transforms burning wood in a mix of molecular [hydrogen](/source/Hydrogen) (H2), [carbon monoxide](/source/Carbon_monoxide) (CO), [carbon dioxide](/source/Carbon_dioxide) (CO2), molecular [nitrogen](/source/Nitrogen) (N2) and water vapor (H2O). This gas mixture, known as "[wood gas](/source/Wood_gas)", "poor gas" or "[syngas](/source/Syngas)" is obtained after the [combustion](/source/Combustion) of dry wood in a [reductive environment](/source/Redox) (low in [oxygen](/source/Oxygen)) with a limited amount of atmospheric air, at temperatures of 900 °C, and can fuel an [internal combustion engine](/source/Internal_combustion_engine).[60]

A car built in the 1940s by [Ilario Bandini](/source/Ilario_Bandini), with a wood gas generator device.

### Construction

Main article: [Lumber](/source/Lumber)

Wood is relatively light in weight, because its [specific weight](/source/Specific_weight) is less than 500 kg/m3, this is an advantage, when compared against 2,000–2,500 kg/m3 for [reinforced concrete](/source/Reinforced_concrete) or 7,800 kg/m3 for steel.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Wood is strong, because the efficiency of wood for structural purposes has qualities that are similar to steel.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Material E/f Concrete (Rck300, fck 25 M-Pascal) 1250 Structural steel Fe430 (ft = 430 MPa) 480 Glued laminated timber (BS 11 ÷ BS 18) 470 Aluminium (alloy 7020, ft 355 MPa) 200

#### Bridges, levees, microhydro, piers

Wood is used to build bridges (as the [Magere bridge](/source/Magere_Brug) in Amsterdam), as well as water and air mills, and [microhydro](/source/Microhydro) generators for electricity.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

#### Housing

[Hardwood](/source/Hardwood) is used as a material in [wooden](/source/Lumber) houses, and other structures with a broad range of dimensions. In traditional homes wood is preferred for ceilings, [doors](/source/Door), [floorings](/source/Flooring) and [windows](/source/Window). Wooden [frames](/source/Framing_(construction)) were traditionally used for home ceilings, but they risk collapse during fires.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The development of [energy efficient](/source/Efficient_energy_use) houses including the "[passive house](/source/Passive_house)" has revamped the importance of wood in construction, because wood provides acoustic and thermal [insulation](/source/Building_insulation), with much better results than concrete.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

#### Earthquake resistant buildings

In Japan, ancient buildings, of relatively high elevation, like [pagodas](/source/Pagoda), historically had shown to be able to resist earthquakes of high [intensity](/source/Seismic_scale), thanks to the traditional building techniques, employing elastic [joints](/source/Kinematic_pair), and to the excellent ability of wooden frames to elastically deform and absorb severe [accelerations](/source/Peak_ground_acceleration) and [compressive](/source/Compression_(physical)) shocks.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In 2006, Italian scientists from [CNR](/source/Consiglio_Nazionale_delle_Ricerche) patented[61] a building system that they called "[SOFIE](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SOFIE&action=edit&redlink=1)",[62] a seven-storey wooden building, 24 meters high, built by the "Istituto per la valorizzazione del legno e delle specie arboree" (Ivalsa) of [San Michele all'Adige](/source/San_Michele_all'Adige). In 2007 it was tested with the hardest Japanese [antiseismic](/source/Earthquake_engineering) test for civil structures: the simulation of [Kobe's earthquake](/source/Great_Hanshin_earthquake) (7.2 [Richter scale](/source/Richter_scale)), with the building placed over an enormous oscillating platform belonging to the NIED-Institute, located in [Tsukuba](/source/Tsukuba) science park, near the city of [Miki](/source/Miki%2C_Hyogo) in Japan. This Italian project, employed very thin and flexible panels in [glued laminated timber](/source/Glued_laminated_timber), and according to CNR researchers could lead to the construction of much more safe houses in seismic areas.[63]

#### Shipbuilding

One of the most enduring materials is the lumber from [virginian](/source/Virginia) [southern live oak](/source/Quercus_virginiana) and [white oak](/source/White_oak), specially live oak is 60% stronger than white oak and more resistant to moisture. As an example, the main component in the structure of battle ship [USS *Constitution*](/source/USS_Constitution), the world's oldest commissioned naval vessel afloat (launched in 1797) is white oak.[64]

**Woodworking**

[Woodworking](/source/Woodworking) is the activity or skill of making items from wood, and includes cabinet making ([cabinetry](/source/Cabinetry) and furniture), [wood carving](/source/Wood_carving), [joinery](/source/Woodworking_joints), carpentry, and [woodturning](/source/Woodturning). Millions of people make a livelihood on woodworking projects.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## See also

- [Forestry](/source/Forestry)

- [Lumber](/source/Lumber)

- [Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute](/source/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_softwood_lumber_dispute)

- [Forest Stewardship Council](/source/Forest_Stewardship_Council)

- [Low-carbon economy](/source/Low-carbon_economy)

## Sources

This article incorporates text from a [free content](/source/Free_content) work. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 ([license statement/permission](https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/8871cfb8-396d-4e24-be8e-4f4a3debe7e2)). Text taken from [*World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2025​*](https://openknowledge.fao.org/bitstreams/1c056d73-8b8a-40a8-b988-0a0809a14fba/download), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

## Notes and references

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Hardwood Industries – The Pacific Northwest's Source for Hardwood Lumber"](http://hardwoodind.com/hardwood-lumber/). *Hardwoodind.com*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada (3 November 2008). ["Softwood Lumber"](http://www.international.gc.ca/controls-controles/softwood-bois_oeuvre/index.aspx?lang=eng). *GAC*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Scott Bowe (6 June 2012). ["Industry Trends and Marketing Strategies for the Hardwood Lumber Industry : Great Lakes Forest, Industry Products, and Resources Summit"](http://sustainabledevelopmentinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Bowe-Marketing-Tools-and-Industry-Trends.pdf) (PDF). *Sustainabledevelopmentinstitute.org*. Retrieved 14 September 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Softwood Lumber, Binational Softwood Lumber Council"](http://www.softwoodlumber.org/). *Softwoodlumber.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Roos, Anders; Flinkman, Matti; Jäppinen, Armas; Lönner, Göran; Warensjö, Mats (2001). "Production strategies in the Swedish softwood sawmilling industry". *Forest Policy and Economics*. **3** (3–4): 189–197. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2001ForPE...3..189R](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ForPE...3..189R). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S1389-9341(01)00063-6](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1389-9341%2801%2900063-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["FCS"](https://us.fsc.org/en-us/certification). *Forests For All Forever*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-auto_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-auto_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-auto_7-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-auto_7-3) ["Forestry Sustainability School Activities, Lesson Plans & Resources | Forest Learning"](https://www.forestlearning.edu.au/). *www.forestlearning.edu.au*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US) (1 January 1972). ["Industrial Production: Manufacturing: Durable Goods: Wood Product (NAICS = 321)"](https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/IPG321S). *FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis*. Retrieved 25 August 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Wood production hits 13-year high—but lumber prices are still up 171% since COVID started"](https://www.yahoo.com/now/wood-production-hits-13-high-153539574.html). *www.yahoo.com*. 31 March 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-WitherbyC2C_10-0)** *Carefully to Carry*. [Witherby Publishing Group](/source/Witherby_Publishing_Group). 2022. p. 131-158. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781914993121](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781914993121).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** FAO (2025). [*World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2025*](https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd4313en). FAO. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4060/cd4313en](https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcd4313en). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-92-5-140174-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-140174-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Timberland REITs | Nareit"](https://www.reit.com/what-reit/reit-sectors/timberland-reits). *www.reit.com*. Retrieved 2 September 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["America's Largest Private Companies – Industry is Lumber, Wood Production sorted by Rank"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100104060324/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/21/privates08_Americas-Largest-Private-Companies-Lumber-Wood-Production_4Rank.html). *Forbes.com*. Archived from [the original](https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/21/privates08_Americas-Largest-Private-Companies-Lumber-Wood-Production_4Rank.html) on 4 January 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["America's Largest Private Companies: #425 North Pacific Group"](https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/21/privates08_North-Pacific-Group_5365.html). *Forbes.com*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["The World's Top Producers – The Sawmill Database"](http://www.sawmilldatabase.com/productiontoplist.php). *Sawmilldatabase.com*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Home – Hampton Lumber"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160123135322/http://www.hamptonaffiliates.com/). *Hampton Lumber*. Archived from [the original](http://hamptonaffiliates.com/) on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Pfeifer Group • Holzverarbeitung • Export in 90 Länder"](http://www.pfeifergroup.com/). *Pfeifergroup.com*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ESMD, US Census Bureau Classification Development Branch. ["US Census Bureau Site North American Industry Classification System main page"](https://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/sssd/naics/naicsrch?chart_code=11&search=2012%20NAICS%20Search). *Census.gov*. Retrieved 12 August 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Masterson, Elizabeth A.; Themann, Christa L.; Calvert, Geoffrey M. (January 2018). ["Prevalence of hearing loss among noise-exposed workers within the agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting sector, 2003–2012"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5905332). *American Journal of Industrial Medicine*. **61** (1): 42–50. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/ajim.22792](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajim.22792). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1097-0274](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-0274). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5905332](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5905332). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [29152771](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29152771).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Masterson, Elizabeth A.; Themann, Christa L.; Luckhaupt, Sara E.; Li, Jia; Calvert, Geoffrey M. (28 January 2016). ["Hearing difficulty and tinnitus among U.S. workers and non-workers in 2007"](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajim.22565). *American Journal of Industrial Medicine*. **59** (4): 290–300. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/ajim.22565](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajim.22565). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0271-3586](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0271-3586). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [26818136](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26818136).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-auto1_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-auto1_21-1) [Pyykkö, I.](/source/Ilmari_Pyykk%C3%B6); Koskimies, K.; Starck, J.; Pekkarinen, J.; Färkkilä, M.; Inaba, R. (July 1989). ["Risk factors in the genesis of sensorineural hearing loss in Finnish forestry workers"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1009807). *British Journal of Industrial Medicine*. **46** (7): 439–446. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1136/oem.46.7.439](https://doi.org/10.1136%2Foem.46.7.439). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0007-1072](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1072). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [1009807](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1009807). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [2765417](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2765417).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["NIOSHTIC-2 Publications Search - 20000050 - Criteria for a recommended standard... occupational noise exposure, revised criteria 1998"](https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20000050.html). *Cdc.gov*. Retrieved 12 August 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Industries at a Glance: Forestry and Logging: NAICS 113"](https://www.bls.gov/iag/tgs/iag113.htm). *Bls.gov*. Retrieved 12 August 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Illegal_logging_Guardian82415_24-0)** Jonathan Watts (24 August 2015). ["Dawn timber-laundering raids cast doubt on 'sustainable' Brazilian wood"](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/aug/24/dawn-raids-brazil-illegal-timber-laundering-operation). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 24 August 2015. Most of the laundering was reportedly done through the creation of fake or inflated creditos florestais, a document that defines how much timber a landowner is entitled to extract from his property.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["Wood laundering brings illegal Amazon timber to Europe — report | DW | 21.03.2018"](https://www.dw.com/en/wood-laundering-brings-illegal-amazon-timber-to-europe-report/a-43065620). *DW.COM*. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 11 May 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Adaptation of Forests and Forest Management to Changing Climate with Emphasis on Forest Health: a Review of Science, Policies, and Practices. Umeå, Sweden. August 25–28, 2008"](http://www.forestadaptation2008.net/home/en/). Retrieved 13 May 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Tecnologia Dalle Origini al 2000, pag. 18

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["The Clacton Spear"](https://web.archive.org/web/20141028210420/http://piclib.nhm.ac.uk/results.asp?image=001066). [Natural History Museum](/source/Natural_History_Museum%2C_London). Archived from [the original](http://piclib.nhm.ac.uk/results.asp?image=001066) on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** [FAO 1998](http://www.unece.org/trade/timber/mis/energy/output.htm#2007) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080724193223/http://www.unece.org/trade/timber/mis/energy/output.htm#2007) 24 July 2008 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** ["Brazil seizes cattle illegally grazing on Amazon forest lands"](http://news.mongabay.com/2008/0625-amazon_beef.html). Retrieved 13 May 2017.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Canadian_Forests_-_Quick_Facts_31-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Canadian_Forests_-_Quick_Facts_31-1) ["Canadian Forests – Quick Facts"](http://www.canadian-forests.com/canadian_forests_quick_facts.htm). Retrieved 13 May 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["Air quality levels in Europe — European Environment Agency"](http://www.eea.europa.eu/maps/ozone/welcome). 9 January 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["YourLungHealth.org – The Effects of Ozone Pollution"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190404053655/http://www.yourlunghealth.org/healthy_living/pollution/outdoor/effects/). Archived from [the original](http://www.yourlunghealth.org/healthy_living/pollution/outdoor/effects) on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** [Trees and their role in carbon management for land and business](http://www.woodland-trust.org.uk/campaigns/briefingsmore/carbonmgt.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190041/http://www.woodland-trust.org.uk/campaigns/briefingsmore/carbonmgt.htm) 27 September 2007 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), The Woodland Trust.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** ["Brazzil Mag – Trying to understand Brazil since 1989"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090822052938/http://www.brazzilmag.com/content/view/8280/54/). Archived from [the original](http://www.brazzilmag.com/content/view/8280/54) on 22 August 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** ["Harvesting wood in Brazil"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090124161514/http://forestryencyclopedia.jot.com/WikiHome/Harvesting%20Wood%20in%20Brazil). Archived from [the original](http://forestryencyclopedia.jot.com/WikiHome/Harvesting%20Wood%20in%20Brazil) on 24 January 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["Wood-Works – Program of the Canadian Wood Council"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080112002653/http://www.wood-works.org/). Archived from [the original](http://www.wood-works.org/) on 12 January 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** ["Canadian Forests Website – Home Page"](http://www.canadian-forests.com).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Turner, Logan (2023). ["Grassy Narrows marks 20 years of the blockade protecting its land from logging"](https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/grassy-narrows-blockade-20-anniversary-1.6699763). *CBC*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:15_40-0)** ["Resistance recognized: Grassy Narrows' blockade wins award"](http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/grassy-narrows-12-year-blockade-against-clear-cutting-wins-award-1.3085692). *CBC News*. Retrieved 26 November 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["Classic American Furniture for the Home and Office from Green Design Furniture"](http://www.greendesigns.com/index.html?about/cherry_wood).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** A History of the Vegetable Kingdom – Page 334

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NASS_43-0)** [Cherry Production](https://web.archive.org/web/20081002103604/http://www.usda.gov/nass/PUBS/TODAYRPT/cher0608.txt) National Agricultural Statistics Service, USDA, Retrieved on 19 August 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["Cedarwood Oils"](http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~nodice/new/magazine/cedar/cedar.htm).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** ["Biofuels from Trees: Renewable Energy Research Branches Out"](http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/trees.html).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** Graham, R. L.; Walsh, M. E. (1 February 1999). [A National Assessment of Promising Areas for Switchgrass, Hybrid Poplar, or Willow Energy Crop Production](https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc691468/) (Report). [National Technical Information Service](/source/National_Technical_Information_Service). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2172/5051](https://doi.org/10.2172%2F5051). [OSTI](/source/OSTI_(identifier)) [5051](https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5051). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [109090412](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109090412).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** ["Walnut Council—Growing Walnut and Other Fine Hardwoods"](http://www.walnutcouncil.org).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** Mijinyawa, Yahaya; Bello, S.R (2010). ["Assessment of injuries in small scale sawmill industry of south western Nigeria"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268411517). *[Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal](/source/Agricultural_Engineering_International%3A_CIGR_Journal)*. **12** (1). [International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering](/source/International_Commission_of_Agricultural_and_Biosystems_Engineering): 154–157 – via ResearchGate.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** ["Federlegno – Italian federation of wood producers and industry"](http://www.federlegno.it/tool/home.php?s=0,1,29,37,417,1042,1043). Retrieved 13 May 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** Fonte:[http://www.federlegno.it/tool/home.php?s=0,1,29,37,417,1042](http://www.federlegno.it/tool/home.php?s=0,1,29,37,417,1042)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** Karade SR. 2003. An Investigation of Cork Cement Composites. PhD Thesis. BCUC. Brunel University, UK.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** Tomlin, Amanda (24 July 2022). ["What is Fennoscandia, and where is it?"](https://www.routesnorth.com/scandinavia/what-is-fennoscandia-and-where-is-it/). *Routes North*. Retrieved 3 January 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** Belcher, B. M. (1 June 2005). ["Forest product markets, forests and poverty reduction"](https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/124400/files/Belcher%202005.pdf) (PDF). *International Forestry Review*. **7** (2): 82–89. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1505/ifor.2005.7.2.82](https://doi.org/10.1505%2Fifor.2005.7.2.82). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10170/476](https://hdl.handle.net/10170%2F476). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1465-5489](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-5489). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [54083558](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54083558).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** Ticktin, T. (2004). ["The ecological implications of harvesting non-timber forest products"](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2664.2004.00859.x). *Journal of Applied Ecology*. **41** (1): 11–21. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2004JApEc..41...11T](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JApEc..41...11T). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1365-2664.2004.00859.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2664.2004.00859.x). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1365-2664](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2664).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** Belcher, Brian; Schreckenberg, Kathrin (2007). ["Commercialisation of Non-timber Forest Products: A Reality Check"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220120153228/https://rmportal.net/framelib/belcherschreckenberg.pdf) (PDF). *Development Policy Review*. **25** (3): 355–377. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1467-7679.2007.00374.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7679.2007.00374.x). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1467-7679](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-7679). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [154953328](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154953328). Archived from [the original](http://www.rmportal.net/framelib/belcherschreckenberg.pdf) (PDF) on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** Endress, Bryan A.; Gorchov, David L.; Noble, Robert B. (2004). "Non-timber forest product extraction: effects of harvest and browsing on an understory palm". *Ecological Applications*. **14** (4): 1139–1153. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2004EcoAp..14.1139E](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EcoAp..14.1139E). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1890/02-5365](https://doi.org/10.1890%2F02-5365). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [4493611](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4493611).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Forest_product_:0_57-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Forest_product_:0_57-1) *Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings*. Rome: FAO. 2020. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4060/ca8753en](https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fca8753en). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-92-5-132581-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-132581-0). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [130116768](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130116768).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** FAO (2024). "PRODUCTION OF THE FORESTRY SECTOR". [*Global forest products facts and figures 2023*](https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/0a20ca21-ccb0-4db6-a698-9a47460216df/content). FAO. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4060/cd2971en](https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcd2971en). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-92-5-139445-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-139445-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** Olivares G, Ström J, Johansson C, Gidhagen L (June 2008). ["Estimates of black carbon and size-resolved particle number emission factors from residential wood burning based on ambient monitoring and model simulations"](https://doi.org/10.3155%2F1047-3289.58.6.838). *Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association*. **58** (6): 838–48. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2008JAWMA..58..838O](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JAWMA..58..838O). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3155/1047-3289.58.6.838](https://doi.org/10.3155%2F1047-3289.58.6.838). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [18581814](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18581814).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE [Gasogens Report](https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/dspace/bitstream/1957/1569/1/FPL_1463ocr.pdf) (Original report dated 1944): now in the possession of the University of Wisconsin

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** Girodivite.it. ["Girodivite: Terremoti: dal Cnr arriva il palazzo antisismico"](http://www.girodivite.it/Terremoti-dal-Cnr-arriva-il.html).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** ["PROGETTOSOFIE: Edificio Antisismico in Legno"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090925071608/http://www.progettosofie.it/). Archived from [the original](http://www.progettosofie.it/) on 25 September 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-63)** ["Dalla ricerca italiana la casa di legno che resiste al terremoto – Il Sole 24 ORE"](http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/SoleOnLine4/Italia/2009/04/cnr-progetto-casa-legno-anti-sisma.shtml?uuid=222999a2-241a-11de-bdf4-e9c9b14e9445&DocRulesView=Libero).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Victory_64-0)** ["HMS Victory Service Life"](http://www.hms-victory.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=153&Itemid=572). HMS Victory website. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121019165325/http://www.hms-victory.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=153&Itemid=572) from the original on 19 October 2012.

## Bibliography

- Davis, Richard C. *Encyclopedia of American forest and conservation history* (1983) [vol 1 online](https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam01davi) see also [2 online](https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam02davil), 871pp. See [online review of this book](https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/4004699?journalCode=jforehist)

- [Diamond, Jared.](/source/Jared_Diamond) 2005. *[Collapse. How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed.](/source/Collapse_(book))* New York: Viking. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-14-303655-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303655-6).

## External links

- [UNECE green jobs](https://unece.org/forests/green-jobs-forest-sector)

- [WOODGAS: Biomass Energy Foundation (BEF) website](http://www.woodgas.com)

- [http://www.globalwood.org/](http://www.globalwood.org/)

## See also

- [Deforestation](/source/Deforestation)

- [Forest Products Association of Canada](/source/Forest_Products_Association_of_Canada)

- [Forest Stewardship Council](/source/Forest_Stewardship_Council)

- [Hardwood](/source/Hardwood)/[softwood](/source/Softwood)

- [Illegal logging](/source/Illegal_logging)

- [Lumber industry on the Ottawa River](/source/Lumber_industry_on_the_Ottawa_River)

- [National Hardwood Lumber Association](/source/National_Hardwood_Lumber_Association)

- [Pulp and paper industry in the United States](/source/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_the_United_States)

v t e Forestry Index Forest areas Ministries Research institutes Colleges Journals Arbor Day Types Agroforestry dehesa Analog forestry Bamboo forestry Close to nature forestry Community forestry Ecoforestry Energy forestry Mycoforestry Permaforestry Plantation forestry Social forestry Sustainable forestry Urban forest Urban forestry Ecology and management Arboriculture Controlled burn Debris coarse driftwood large log jam slash Dendrology Ecological thinning Even-aged management Fire ecology Forest dynamics informatics IPM inventory governance law Global Forest Information Service old-growth pathology protection restoration secondary stand transition Trillion Tree Campaign Forest certification ATFS CFS FSC PEFC SFI SmartWood Woodland Carbon Code Forestation afforestation reforestation Formally designated Glade Growth and yield modelling Horticulture GM trees i-Tree urban Multipurpose tree Silviculture Sustainable management Tree allometry breeding Tree measurement crown girth height volume Environmental topics Acid rain Carbon sequestration Clearcutting Deforestation Ecosystem services Forest degradation Forest dieback Forest fragmentation Forest reference emission level Ghost forest Great Green Wall (Africa) Great Green Wall (China) High grading Illegal logging timber mafia Invasive species wilding Million Tree Initiative National forest monitoring system REDD+ Shifting cultivation chitemene slash-and-burn slash-and-char svedjebruk Timber recycling Tree hugging Urban forest inequity Wildfire Industries Coppicing Forest farming Forest gardening Logging Manufacturing lumber plywood pulp and paper sawmilling Products biochar biomass charcoal non-timber palm oil rayon rubber tanbark Rail transport Tree farm Christmas trees Wood engineered fuel mahogany spruce-pine-fir teak Woodworking green woodworking Occupations Forester Arborist Bucker Choker setter Ecologist Feller Firefighter handcrew hotshot lookout smokejumper River driver Truck driver Log scaler Lumberjack Ranger Resin tapper Rubber tapper Shingle weaver Timber cruiser Tree planter Wood process engineer WikiProject Trees portal Category Outline

v t e Major industries by economic sector Primary sector or ′Natural sector′ (raw materials) Biotic Agriculture Arable farming Cereals Legumes Vegetables Fiber crops Oilseeds Sugar Tobacco Permanent crops Apples et al. Berries Citrus Stone fruits Tropical fruit Viticulture Cocoa Coffee Tea Nuts Olives Medicinal plants Spices Horticulture Flowers Seeds Animal husbandry Beef cattle Dairy farming Fur farming Horses Other livestock Pig Wool Poultry Beekeeping Cochineal Shellac Silk Hunting Fur trapping Forestry Silviculture Bamboo Logging Firewood Rattan Tree tapping Frankincense Gum arabic Gutta-percha Maple syrup Mastic Natural rubber Palm sugar, syrup, & wine Pine resin Wild mushrooms Fungiculture Truffles Aquatic Fishing Anchovies Herring Sardines Cod Haddock Pollock Mackerel Shark Swordfish Tuna Crabs Lobsters Sea urchins Squid Whaling Aquaculture Carp Catfish Tilapia Abalone Mussels Oysters Pearls Microalgae Seaweed Both Clams Sea cucumbers Scallops Salmon Shrimp Geological Fossil fuels Coal Peat Natural gas Oil shale Petroleum Tar sands Mining of ores Aluminum Copper Iron Gold Silver Palladium Platinum Lithium Rare-earth metals Uranium Other minerals Gemstones Phosphorus Potash Salt Sulfur Quarrying Gravel Sand Chalk Clay Gypsum Limestone Dimension stone Granite Marble Secondary sector or ′Industrial sector′ (goods manufacturing) Manufacturing Light industry Food Animal feed Baking Canning Dairy products Flour Meat Prepared Preserved Sweets Vegetable oils Beverages Beer Bottled water Liquor Soft drinks Wine Textiles Carding Dyeing Prints Spinning Weaving Carpets Lace Linens Rope Clothing Accessories Dressmaking Furs Hatmaking Sewing Shoemaking Tailoring Printing Bookbinding Embossing Engraving Secure Typesetting Media reproduction Cassette tapes Phonographs Optical discs Metal fabrication Boilermaking Builders' & household hardware Cutlery Gunsmithing Locksmithing Machining Other smithing Powder metallurgy Prefabrication Surface finishing Other fabrication 3D printing Blow molding Drawing Extrusion Glassblowing Injection moulding Pottery Sintering Stonemasonry Woodworking Furniture Other goods Baggage Bicycles Jewellery Medical supplies Musical instruments Office supplies Outdoors & sports equipment Personal protective equipment Toys Electrical & optical Electronics Components Circuit boards Semiconductors Computers Computer systems Parts & peripherals Blank storage media Communications equipment Mobile phones Network infrastructure Consumer electronics Televisions Video game consoles Instrumentation Clocks and watches GPS devices Scientific instruments Medical imaging systems Optical instruments Cameras Gun & spotting scopes Laser construction Lens grinding Microscopes Telescopes Electrical equipment Batteries Electrical & fiber optic cables Electric lighting Electric motors Home appliances Transformers Chemicals Coal & oil refining Bitumen Coke Diesel fuel Fuel oil Gasoline Jet fuel Kerosene Mineral oil Paraffin wax Petrochemicals Petroleum jelly Propane Synthetic oil Tar Commodity chemicals Fertilizers Industrial gases Pigments Pure elements Speciality chemicals Adhesives Agrochemicals Aroma compounds Cleaning products Cosmetics Explosives Fireworks Paints & inks Perfumes Soap Toiletries Fine chemicals Pharmaceuticals Antibiotics Blood products Chemical & hormonal contraceptives Generic drugs Illegal drugs Supplements Vaccines Materials Leather Liming & deliming Tanning Currying & oiling Wood Drying Sawmilling Engineered Lumber Composite Paper Sizing Cardboard Pulp Tissue Rubber Tires Vulcanized rubber Plastics Commodity Engineered Specialty Pellets Synthetic fibers Thermoplastics & thermosets Glass Borosilicate Fused quartz Soda-lime Float glass Glass fiber Glass wool & fiberglass Safety glass Ceramics Brick Earthenware Porcelain Refractory Tile Cement Mortar Plaster Ready-mix concrete Other mineral Abrasives Carbon fibers & advanced materials Mineral wool Synthetic gems Metal refining Iron Aluminum Copper Alloys Steel Formed metal Rolled Forged Cast metal Heavy industry Machinery Conveyors Heavy Hydraulic Machine tools Power & wind turbines Automobiles Other heavy vehicles Aerospace & space Rail vehicles Ships & offshore platforms Weapons Utilities Power Electric Gas distribution Renewable Water Sewage Waste management Collection Dumping Hazardous Recycling Remediation Telecom networks Cable TV Internet Mobile Satellite Telephone Construction Buildings Commercial Industrial Residential Civil engineering Bridges Railways Roads Tunnels Canals Dams Dredging Harbors Specialty trades Cabinetry Demolition Electrical wiring Elevators HVAC Painting and decorating Plumbing Site preparation Tertiary sector or ′Service sector′ (services) Sales Retail Car dealership Consumer goods General store Grocery store Department store Mail order E-commerce Online shopping Specialty store Wholesale Auction Brokerage Distribution Transport & Storage Cargo Air cargo Intermodal Mail Moving company Rail Trucking Passenger transport Airlines Car rentals Passenger rail Ridesharing Taxis Warehousing Self storage Hospitality Food service Drink service Cafés Catering Fast food Food delivery Restaurants Teahouses Hotels Asset management Financial services Banking Credit Financial advice Holding company Money transfer Payment cards Risk management Securities Insurance Health Life Pension funding Property Reinsurance Real estate Brokerage Property management Professional Accounting Assurance Audit Bookkeeping Tax advice Architecture & engineering Inspection Surveying Physical, product, & system testing Design Fashion Interior Product Legal services Management Consulting Public relations Marketing Advertising Creative Language Research and development Basic research Healthcare Medicine Dentist offices Hospitals Nursing Residential care Veterinary medicine Entertainment & leisure Audio-visual Film Music Video games Broadcasting News Radio Television Sport Travel Business travel Cruise lines Tourism Gambling Online Venues Arcades Amusement parks Fairgrounds Nightclubs Tabletop games Publishing & Mass media Written Books Periodicals Software Internet Hosting Social networks Streaming Websites Education Primary Secondary Tertiary Vocational school University Testing Tutoring Other Administrative Customer service Leasing Renting Staffing Private investigation & security Maintenance Janitors Landscaping Repairs Personal services Beauty Dry cleaning Funeral Maid service Pet care Sex Poverty Related Classification standards Production-based ANZSIC ISIC NACE NAICS SIC UKSIC Market-based GICS ICB TRBC Other Aftermarket Generic OEM Inputs & outputs Externalities Community Crime Culture Pollution Well-being Funding Goods Commodities Final Intermediate Raw material Innovation Primary inputs Labor Natural resources Physical capital Services Technology Organization Centralization Cartel Conglomerate Horizontal integration Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Monopsony Vertical integration Decentralization Enforced breakup Freelancing Homesteading Outsourcing Putting-out system Spinning-off Temporary work Ownership Cooperative Joint-stock company Nationalization Nonprofit organization Partnership Privatization Sole proprietorship State-owned enterprise Category Outline

Authority control databases National Czech Republic 2 Israel Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Wood industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_industry) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_industry?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.