# William Theobald

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Members of the Geological Survey of India in 1870: F. Stoliczka, R. B. Foote, W. Theobald, F. R. Mallet, V. Ball, W. Waagen, W. L. Wilson (standing); A. Tween, W. King, T. Oldham, H. B. Medlicott, C. A. Hackett (sitting)

**William Theobald** (1829 – 31 March 1908) was a [malacologist](/source/Malacologist) and [naturalist](/source/Naturalist) on the staff of the [Geological Survey of India](/source/Geological_Survey_of_India) serving in [Burma](/source/Myanmar), then a part of [British India](/source/British_India).[1]

## Biography

Very little is known of Theobald's early life. Theobald was referred to in official documents as "William Theobald, Junior". He arrived in Calcutta on the ship *Hindostan* via the [Suez](/source/Suez_Canal) in March 1847 and worked as a volunteer in the coal exploration of the upper Damodar and Son valleys under David Williams. During this time [Joseph Hooker](/source/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker) visited him and they spent time together.[2] Later Theobald became an assistant to [John McClelland](/source/John_McClelland_(doctor)) who took over the exploration from David Williams. He went to Burma in 1855 as a staff of the Geological Survey of India and took over the *Pegu survey*. He returned Bengal on completion of the survey in 1873 to be appointed Deputy Superintendent of Bengal in 1876.[2] From 1868 to 1876 he described a dozen new species of reptiles.[3]

Theobald was the first to publish a full catalogue of reptile specimens collected in British India, *Descriptive Catalogue of the Reptiles of British India* (1876),[4] although [Anderson](/source/John_Anderson_(zoologist)) claimed that several new descriptions by [Edward Blyth](/source/Edward_Blyth) were overlooked by this work.[1] Theobald's work on Indian freshwater snails with illustrations was one of the first of its kind.[5] He even made his shell collections available to [Francis Mason](/source/Francis_Mason_(missionary)) for his epic work on the flora and fauna of British [Burma](/source/Myanmar) titled *Burmah, its People and Natural Productions*. The third edition of this work was completely rewritten by Theobald and was published in two volumes under the title *Burma, its people and productions; or notes on the fauna, flora and minerals of Tenasserim, Pegu and Burma* (Hertford, England, 1882 & 1883).[2] The first volume of this work covered geology, mineralogy and zoology and was exclusively written by him while the second volume relied on several important botanical works of his time. The [phanerogamic](/source/Phanerogam) information came from printed works of [Sulpiz Kurz](/source/Sulpiz_Kurz) on the Burmese flora and from the entries in [Edward Balfour](/source/Edward_Balfour#Cyclopaedia_of_India_and_other_works)'s works. He also relied on [Le Maout](/source/Emmanuel_Le_Maout)'s and [Decaisne](/source/Joseph_Decaisne)'s general system of botany translated by Mrs. Hooker and on [Gamble](/source/James_Sykes_Gamble)'s *Manual of Indian Timbers*.[2] However, his efforts at reforming botanical nomenclature conflicted with the British Botanical establishment at that time a majority in British India and his botanical works were largely disregarded.[2]

He retired from the service in June 1881 and died at [Ilfracombe](/source/Ilfracombe), [Devon](/source/Devon), England on 31 March 1908. A photograph of him as member of a group of the Geological Survey of India was published in the Centenary publication of the Geological Survey of India.[2]

## Legacy

Theobald is commemorated in the scientific names of two Asian reptiles: *[Oligodon theobaldi](/source/Oligodon_theobaldi)* and *[Phrynocephalus theobaldi](/source/Phrynocephalus_theobaldi)*.[4]

## Bibliography

- 1860. [*Catalogue of the recent shells in the Museum, Asiatic Society of Bengal*](https://archive.org/details/catalogueofrecen00theo)

- 1868. [*Catalogue of reptiles in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal*](https://archive.org/details/catalogueofrepti00theo)

- 1876. [*Descriptive catalogue of the reptiles of British India*](https://archive.org/details/descriptivecatal00theo)

- 1876. *[Conchologia Indica: Illustrations of the Land and Freshwater Shells of British India](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/120669)* Along with [Sylvanus Charles Thorp Hanley](/source/Sylvanus_Charles_Thorp_Hanley). Malacological Society of London.

- 1889. [*Index of the genera and species of Mollusca in the hand list of the Indian Museum*](https://archive.org/details/indexofgeneraspe1112indi). 1-2. Gastropoda, Calcutta.

- 1896. [*On the authorship of the sonnets attributed to Shakespeare. An inquiry into the respective claims of Bacon, Sir Philip Sidney, and others, to be their author*](https://archive.org/details/onauthorshipofso00theorich)

The standard [author abbreviation](/source/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)) W.Theob. is used to indicate this person as the author when [citing](/source/Author_citation_(botany)) a [botanical name](/source/Botanical_name).[6]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ZSI_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ZSI_1-1) Chandal SK, [Das I](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indraneil_Das), Dubois A (2000). "Catalogue of Amphibian Types in the Collection of the Zoological Survey of India". *Hamadryad* **25** (2): 100–128. [PDF](http://ohler.club.fr/alaindubois/media/blogs/a.dubois/PDF/2000_Chanda_Das_Dubois_Calcutta.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110720212202/http://ohler.club.fr/alaindubois/media/blogs/a.dubois/PDF/2000_Chanda_Das_Dubois_Calcutta.pdf) 2011-07-20 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-mabberley_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-mabberley_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-mabberley_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-mabberley_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-mabberley_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-mabberley_2-5) Mabberley DJ (1985). "William Theobald (1829-1908): Unwitting Reformer of Botanical Nomenclature?". *Taxon* **34** (1): 152-156.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** "Theobald". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-EDR_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-EDR_4-1) Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). *The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles*. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4214-0135-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5). ("Theobald", p. 264).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Hanley SCT, Theobald W (1876). "*Conchologia Indica*: illustrations of the land and fresh-water shells of British India". L. Reeve & Co. p. 65

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [International Plant Names Index](/source/International_Plant_Names_Index). [*W.Theob*](https://www.ipni.org/search?q=author%20std%3AW.Theob.).

## External links

- [Works by or about William Theobald](https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Theobald%2C%20William%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Theobald%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Theobald%2C%20William%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Theobald%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Theobald%2C%20W%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Theobald%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Theobald%2C%20William%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Theobald%22%29%20OR%20%28%221829-1908%22%20AND%20Theobald%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at the [Internet Archive](/source/Internet_Archive)

Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND WorldCat National United States Israel Academics International Plant Names Index Other IdRef Open Library SNAC Yale LUX

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