# William Rothenstein

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British artist and art writer (1872–1945)

Sir William Rothenstein Rothenstein by George Charles Beresford in 1920 Born (1872-01-29)29 January 1872 Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, England Died 14 February 1945(1945-02-14) (aged 73) London, England Education Bradford Grammar School, Slade School of Fine Art Académie Julian Known for Painting Spouse Alice Knewstub Children 4, including John and Michael

**Sir William Rothenstein** (29 January 1872 – 14 February 1945) was an English painter, printmaker, draughtsman, lecturer, and writer on art. Though he covered many subjects – ranging from landscapes in France to representations of Jewish synagogues in London – he is perhaps best known for his work as a war artist in both [world wars](/source/World_war), his portraits, and his popular memoirs, written in the 1930s. More than two hundred of Rothenstein's portraits of famous people can be found in the [National Portrait Gallery](/source/National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London) collection. The [Tate Gallery](/source/Tate_Gallery) also holds a large collection of his paintings, prints and drawings. Rothenstein served as principal at the [Royal College of Art](/source/Royal_College_of_Art) from 1920 to 1935. He was knighted in 1931 for his services to art. In March 2015 'From Bradford to Benares: the Art of Sir William Rothenstein', the first major exhibition of Rothenstein's work for over forty years, opened at Bradford's [Cartwright Hall Gallery](/source/Cartwright_Hall), touring to the [Ben Uri](/source/Ben_Uri_Gallery_%26_Museum) in London later that year.

## Personal life

Sir William Rothenstein, photo by [George Charles Beresford](/source/George_Charles_Beresford), 1902

William Rothenstein was born into a [German](/source/Ethnic_Germans)-[Jewish](/source/Jewish) family in [Bradford](/source/Bradford), [West Riding of Yorkshire](/source/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire), where he was educated at [Bradford Grammar School](/source/Bradford_Grammar_School). His father, Moritz, emigrated from Germany in 1859 to work in Bradford's burgeoning [textile industry](/source/Textile_industry). Soon afterwards he married Bertha Dux and they had six children, of whom William was the fifth.[1]

William's two brothers, Charles and [Albert](/source/Albert_Rutherston), were also heavily involved in the arts. Charles (1866–1927), who followed his father into the wool trade, was an important collector – and left his entire collection to [Manchester Art Gallery](/source/Manchester_Art_Gallery) in 1925.[2] Albert (1881–1953) was a painter, illustrator and costume designer.[3] Both brothers changed their surname to Rutherston during the [First World War](/source/First_World_War).[1]

Alice Kingsley (Knewstub)

In 1899, he married Alice Knewstub, an actress known as Alice Kingsley and the daughter of Walter John Knewstub.[1] The couple had four children: John, Betty, Rachel and Michael. [John Rothenstein](/source/John_Rothenstein) later gained fame as an art historian and art administrator (he was Director of the [Tate Gallery](/source/Tate_Gallery) from 1938 to 1964 and was knighted in 1952).[4] [Michael Rothenstein](/source/Michael_Rothenstein) was a talented printmaker.[5]

## Education

Rothenstein left [Bradford Grammar School](/source/Bradford_Grammar_School) at the age of sixteen to study at the [Slade School of Art](/source/Slade_School_of_Art), London (1888–93), where he was taught by [Alphonse Legros](/source/Alphonse_Legros), and the [Académie Julian](/source/Acad%C3%A9mie_Julian) in Paris (1889–1893), where he met and was encouraged by [James McNeill Whistler](/source/James_McNeill_Whistler), [Edgar Degas](/source/Edgar_Degas) and [Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec](/source/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec).[6] While in Paris he also befriended the Anglo-Australian artist [Charles Conder](/source/Charles_Conder), with whom he shared a studio in Montmartre.[1]

## Career

### Artist

Rothenstein's portrait drawing of [Auguste Rodin](/source/Auguste_Rodin)

Rothenstein's drawing of [Aubrey Beardsley](/source/Aubrey_Beardsley)

In 1893 Rothenstein returned to Britain to work on "Oxford Characters" a series of lithographic portraits, eventually published in 1896[7] Other portrait collections by the artist include *English Portraits* (1898), *Twelve Portraits* (1929) and *Contemporaries* (1937).[1] In Oxford he met and became a close friend of the [caricaturist](/source/Caricature) and [parodist](/source/Parody) [Max Beerbohm](/source/Max_Beerbohm), who later immortalised him in the short story [Enoch Soames](/source/Enoch_Soames) (1919). During the 1890s Rothenstein exhibited with the [New English Art Club](/source/New_English_Art_Club) and contributed drawings to *[The Yellow Book](/source/The_Yellow_Book)* and *[The Savoy](/source/The_Savoy_(periodical))*.

In 1898–99 he co-founded the Carfax Gallery (or Carfax & Co) in St. James' Piccadilly with [John Fothergill](/source/John_Fothergill_(innkeeper)) (later innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame).[8] During its early years the gallery was closely associated with artists [Charles Conder](/source/Charles_Conder), [Philip Wilson Steer](/source/Philip_Wilson_Steer), [Charles Ricketts](/source/Charles_Ricketts) and [Augustus John](/source/Augustus_John). It also exhibited the work of [Auguste Rodin](/source/Auguste_Rodin), whose growing reputation in England owed much to Rothenstein's friendship.[8] Rothenstein's role as artistic manager of the gallery was abandoned in 1901, whereupon the firm came under the management of his close friend [Robert Ross](/source/Robbie_Ross). Ross left in 1908, leaving the gallery in the hands of longtime financial manager Arthur Clifton. Under Clifton the gallery was the home for all three exhibitions of the [Camden Town Group](/source/Camden_Town_Group), led by Rothenstein's friend and close contemporary [Walter Sickert](/source/Walter_Sickert).[9]

In 1900 Rothenstein won a silver medal for his painting *The Doll's House* at the [Exposition Universelle](/source/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)).[8][10] This painting continues to be one of his best-known and most critically acclaimed works, and was the subject of a recent in-depth study published by the Tate Gallery.[11]

The style and subject of Rothenstein's paintings varies, though certain themes reappear, in particular an interest in 'weighty' or 'essential' subjects tackled in a restrained manner. Good examples include *Parting at Morning* (1891), *Mother and Child* (1903) and *Jews Mourning at a Synagogue* (1907) – all of which are owned by the Tate Gallery.[8][12][13][14]

Between 1902 and 1912 Rothenstein lived in [Hampstead](/source/Hampstead), London, where his social circle included [H. G. Wells](/source/H._G._Wells), [Joseph Conrad](/source/Joseph_Conrad) and the artist [Augustus John](/source/Augustus_John). Amongst the young artists to visit Rothenstein in Hampstead were [Wyndham Lewis](/source/Wyndham_Lewis), [Mark Gertler](/source/Mark_Gertler_(artist)) and [Paul Nash](/source/Paul_Nash_(artist)).[8] During this period Rothenstein worked on a series of important paintings in the predominantly Jewish [East End of London](/source/East_End_of_London),[8] some of which were included in the influential 1906 exhibition of Jewish Art and Antiquaries at the [Whitechapel Gallery](/source/Whitechapel_Gallery).[8]

Another feature of this period are the celebrated interiors he painted, the most famous of which is *The Browning Readers* (1900), now owned by [Cartwright Hall](/source/Cartwright_Hall) gallery, Bradford. Most of Rothenstein's interiors feature members of his family, especially his wife Alice. Reminiscent of Dutch painting (particularly Vermeer and Rembrandt), they are similar in style to contemporary works by [William Orpen](/source/William_Orpen), who became Rothenstein's brother-in-law in 1901, marrying Alice's sister Grace.[8][15] Other notable interiors include *Spring, The Morning Room* (c.1910) and *Mother and Child, Candlight* (c. 1909).[16][17]

Rothenstein maintained a lifelong fascination for Indian sculpture and painting, and in 1910 set out on a seminal tour of the subcontinent's major artistic and religious sites. This began with a visit to [the ancient Buddhist caves of Ajanta](/source/Ajanta_Caves), where he observed [Lady Christiana Herringham](/source/Christiana_Herringham) and [Nandalal Bose](/source/Nandalal_Bose) making watercolour copies of the ancient [frescoes](/source/Fresco). He subsequently contributed a chapter on their importance to the published edition. The trip ended with a stay in [Calcutta](/source/Kolkata), where he witnessed the attempts of [Abanindranath Tagore](/source/Abanindranath_Tagore) to revive the techniques and aesthetics of traditional Indian painting.[18]

He was a member of the [International Society of Sculptors, Painters and Gravers](/source/International_Society_of_Sculptors%2C_Painters_and_Gravers).[8]

### Royal College of Art

Chalk drawing of [Francis Derwent Wood](/source/Francis_Derwent_Wood), inscribed 'To F Derwent Wood – Homage from W Rothenstein, 1921'. Wood was Professor of Sculpture at the Royal College of Art when Rothenstein was Principal.[19]

Rothenstein was principal of the [Royal College of Art](/source/Royal_College_of_Art) from 1920 to 1935,[6] where he encouraged figures including [Edward Burra](/source/Edward_Burra), [Evelyn Dunbar](/source/Evelyn_Dunbar), [U Ba Nyan](/source/U_Ba_Nyan) and [Henry Moore](/source/Henry_Moore). Moore was later to write that Rothenstein "gave me the feeling that there was no barrier, no limit to what a young provincial student could get to be and do".[20] Rothenstein was a master of lobbying and advocacy for his students, notably when, thanks to his efforts, [Edward Bawden](/source/Edward_Bawden) and [Eric Ravilious](/source/Eric_Ravilious) were commissioned to paint a mural in the dining room of [Morley College](/source/Morley_College).[21] After being appointed, he introduced greater informality and was permitted to appoint practising artists, including [Paul Nash](/source/Paul_Nash_(artist)) and [Edward Johnston](/source/Edward_Johnston) as visiting lecturers. In due course, those students who built successful careers were invited back to the college to lecture.[21]

### Writer

Rothenstein wrote several critical books and pamphlets, including *Goya* (1900; the first English monograph on the artist), *A Plea for a Wider Use of Artists & Craftsmen* (1916) and *Whither Painting* (1932). During the 1930s he published three volumes of memoirs: *Men and Memories, Vol I and II* and *Since Fifty*.[1] *Men and Memories Volume I* includes anecdotes about [Oscar Wilde](/source/Oscar_Wilde) and many other friends of Rothenstein's, including Max Beerbohm, James Whistler, Paul Verlaine, Edgar Degas, and John Singer Sargent.[22]

## Recognition

Rothenstein was [knighted](/source/Knight) in the [New Year Honours](/source/New_Year_Honours) in 1931.[23] [Rabindranath Tagore](/source/Rabindranath_Tagore), a Nobel Prize winner, dedicated his famous poetry collection *[Gitanjali](/source/Gitanjali)* to William Rothenstein.[24]

In 2011 the BBC and the Public Catalogue Foundation began cataloguing all of his paintings in public ownership online.[25]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Speaight_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Speaight_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Speaight_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Speaight_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Speaight_1-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Speaight_1-5) Robert Speaight (1962). *William Rothenstein: the Portrait of an Artist in his Time*. Eyre & Spottiswoode.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Manchester City Galleries – History of the Collection"](http://www.manchestergalleries.org/the-collections/about-the-collection-2/history-of-the-collection/). Manchestergalleries.org. 22 June 2006. Retrieved 19 January 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Albert Rutherston"](http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/64533). Oxforddnb.com. Retrieved 19 January 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [Edward Chaney](/source/Edward_Chaney), "The Vasari of British Art: Sir John Rothenstein... and the Importance of Wyndham Lewis", *Apollo*, vol. CXXXII, no. 345 (November 1990), pp. 322–26

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Nicholas Usherwood, 'Rothenstein, (William) Michael Francis (1908–1993)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [accessed 30 January 2014](http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/53298,)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-npg_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-npg_6-1) ["National Portrait Gallery – Person- Sir William Rothenstein"](http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp03885). National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 5 February 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Lago, Mary (2004). ["William Rothenstein"](http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35842). *[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography](/source/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography)* (online ed.). Oxford University Press. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/ref:odnb/35842](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F35842). (Subscription, [Wikipedia Library](https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/88/) access or [UK public library membership](https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public) required.)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-etheses.whiterose.ac.uk_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-etheses.whiterose.ac.uk_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-etheses.whiterose.ac.uk_8-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-etheses.whiterose.ac.uk_8-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-etheses.whiterose.ac.uk_8-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-etheses.whiterose.ac.uk_8-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-etheses.whiterose.ac.uk_8-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-etheses.whiterose.ac.uk_8-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-etheses.whiterose.ac.uk_8-8) Samual Shaw (August 2010). ["'Equivocal Positions': The Influence of William Rothenstein, c. 1890–1910"](http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1106/1/EquivocalPositionsWilliamRothenstein.pdf) (PDF). [University of York](/source/University_of_York). Retrieved 25 October 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Samuel_Shaw,_‘The_Carfax_Gallery_and_the_Camden_Town_Group’,_in_Helena_Bonett,_Ysanne_Holt,_Jennifer_Mundy_(eds.),_the_Camden_Town_Group_in_Context,_May_2012_9-0)** "The Carfax Gallery and the Camden Town Group". [*Samuel Shaw, 'The Carfax Gallery and the Camden Town Group' (The Camden Town Group in Context)*](http://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/camden-town-group/samuel-shaw-the-carfax-gallery-and-the-camden-town-group-r1104371). May 2012. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84976-385-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84976-385-1). Retrieved 19 January 2014. {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: |work= ignored ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [*The Doll's House*](http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/rothenstein-the-dolls-house-n03189) *Tate Etc.*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Samuel Shaw (ed.), In Focus: The Doll’s House 1899–1900 by William Rothenstein, Tate Research Publication, 2016, [accessed 13 May 2016](http://www.tate.org.uk/research/publications/in-focus/the-dolls-house-william-rothenstein/the-painting,)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Riggs3_12-0)** Terry Riggs (December 1997). ["*Parting at Morning* (1891)"](http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999961&workid=22133&searchid=14554). *[Tate Etc.](/source/Tate_Etc.)* Retrieved 25 October 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Riggs2_13-0)** Terry Riggs (January 1998). ["*Mother and Child* (1903)"](http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999961&workid=16590&searchid=14554). *[Tate Etc.](/source/Tate_Etc.)* Retrieved 25 October 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Riggs1_14-0)** Terry Riggs (1998). ["*Jews Mourning at a Synagogue* (1907)"](http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999961&workid=12923&searchid=14554&currow=22&maxrows=43). *[Tate Etc.](/source/Tate_Etc.)* Retrieved 25 October 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** [*The Browning Readers* (1900)](https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/the-browning-readers-23319). Your Paintings. BBC.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [*Spring, The Morning Room*](https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/spring-the-morning-room-17954) (c. 1910). Your Paintings. BBC.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** [*Mother and Child, Candlight*](https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/mother-and-child-candlelight-62003) (c. 1909) Your Paintings. BBC.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [Rupert Richard Arrowsmith, "An Indian Renascence and the rise of global modernism: William Rothenstein in India, 1910–11"](http://www.burlington.org.uk/magazine/back-issues/2010/201004/), *[The Burlington Magazine](/source/The_Burlington_Magazine)*, vol.152 no.1285 (April 2010), pp.228–235.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-A+H_19-0)** ["The List"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201122193921/https://www.abbottandholder-thelist.co.uk/). [Abbott and Holder](/source/Abbott_and_Holder). Archived from [the original](https://www.abbottandholder-thelist.co.uk/) on 22 November 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Alan Wilkinson, ed. *Henry Moore: Writings and Conversation* University of California Press, 2002. p. 47

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-AFriend_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-AFriend_21-1) Andy Friend (2017). *Ravillious & Co*. Thames &Hudson. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-500-23955-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23955-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** *Oscar Wilde Selected Letters*, ed. Hart-Davis, R. Oxford, 1979, p105

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** [*'The KING has been graciously pleased to signify His Majesty's intention of conferring the Honour of Knighthood on the following ...Professor William Rothenstein, M.A., Hon., A.R.C.A. Principal, Royal College of Art. For several years Professor of Civic Art, Sheffield University'*](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/14719/page/13). [Edinburgh Gazette](/source/Edinburgh_Gazette). 6 January 1931. p. 13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** *Gitanjali* by Rabindranath Tagore published by Macmillan

1. **[^](#cite_ref-William_Rothenstein_at_Your_Paintings_25-0)** [William Rothenstein](https://artuk.org/search/search/search/keyword:william-rothenstein). Your Paintings. BBC.

## Further reading

- Lago, Mary, and Karl Beckson, eds. *Max and Will: Max Beerbohm and William Rothenstein, their friendship and letters, 1893–1945.* (1975).

- Lago, Mary. *Imperfect Encounter: Letters of William Rothenstein and Rabindranath Tagore* (1972)

- Rothenstein, John. *Summer's Lease: Autobiography 1901–1938* (1965)

- Rothenstein, William. *Men and Memories: Recollections, Vol. I (1872-1900) and Vol. II (1900-1922)* (1931 and 1932, respectively)

- Rothenstein, William. *Since Fifty: Men and Memories, 1922-1938* (1939)

- Rothenstein, William. *Men and Memories: Recollections, 1872-1938, Abridged with Introduction and Notes* by Mary Lago (1978)

- Rothenstein, William, *Twenty-Four Portraits: With Critical Appreciations by Various Hands*, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., (1920)

- Speaight, R., *William Rothenstein: The Portrait of an Artist in his Time* (1962)

- Shaw, Samuel, *From Bradford to Benares. The Art of Sir William Rothenstein* (Bradford Museums and Galleries, 2015) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978 0 9466 5767 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978_0_9466_5767_4)

- MacDougall, Sarah, ed., *William Rothenstein and His Circle*, Ben Uri Gallery and Museum (2016)

## External links

- [111 artworks by or after William Rothenstein](https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/search/actor:rothenstein-william-18721945) at the [Art UK](/source/Art_UK) site

- [William Rothenstein – Short Biography at Yellow Nineties Online](http://www.1890s.ca/HTML.aspx?s=rothenstein_bio.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131220005538/http://www.1890s.ca/HTML.aspx?s=rothenstein_bio.html) 20 December 2013 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [Mary Lago Collection](http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcollections/lago.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130719212129/http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcollections/lago.htm) 19 July 2013 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) at the [University of Missouri](/source/University_of_Missouri) Libraries. Personal papers of a Rothenstein scholar.

- [The William Rothenstein Papers](http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hou00491), [Houghton Library](/source/Houghton_Library), Harvard University

- [UNCG American Publishers' Trade Bindings: Sir William Rothenstein](http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=exact&CISORESTMP=results.php&CISOVIEWTMP=item_viewer.php&CISOMODE=grid&CISOGRID=thumbnail%2CA%2C1%3Btitle%2CA%2C1%3Bdescri%2C200%2C0%3Bdate%2CA%2C0%3Bnone%2CA%2C0%3B20%3Brelevancy%2Cnone%2Cnone%2Cnone%2Cnone&CISOBIB=title%2CA%2C1%2CN%3Bdate%2CA%2C0%2CN%3Bdescri%2C200%2C0%2CN%3Bnone%2CA%2C0%2CN%3Bnone%2CA%2C0%2CN%3B20%3Brelevancy%2Cnone%2Cnone%2Cnone%2Cnone&CISOTHUMB=20+%284x5%29%3Brelevancy%2Cnone%2Cnone%2Cnone%2Cnone&CISOTITLE=20%3Btitle%2Cnone%2Cnone%2Cnone%2Cnone&CISOHIERA=20%3Bdate%2Ctitle%2Cnone%2Cnone%2Cnone&CISOSUPPRESS=1&CISOPARM=%2Ftb1+%3Acreato%3ARothenstein%2C+William%2C+Sir%2C+1872-1945)

**William Rothenstein** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects):

- [**Media**](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_Rothenstein) from Commons
- [**Texts**](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Will_Rothenstein) from Wikisource
- [**Data**](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2580416) from Wikidata

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