# William J. Hardee > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/William_J._Hardee > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/William_J._Hardee.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Hardee > Source revision: 1355748483 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Confederate general "William Hardee" redirects here. For American football player, see [Billy Hardee](/source/Billy_Hardee). William J. Hardee Hardee in uniform, c. 1862 Nickname "Old Reliable" Born (1815-10-12)October 12, 1815 Camden County, Georgia, U.S. Died November 6, 1873(1873-11-06) (aged 58) Wytheville, Virginia, U.S. Allegiance United States Confederate States Branch United States Army Confederate States Army Service years 1838–1861 (U.S.) 1861–1865 (C.S.) Rank Lieutenant Colonel (U.S.) Lieutenant-General (C.S.) Commands First Corps, Army of Tennessee Conflicts See battles Second Seminole War Mexican–American War Thornton Affair Battle of Monterrey Siege of Veracruz Battle for Mexico City American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Perryville Battle of Stones River Third Battle of Chattanooga Battle of Peachtree Creek Battle of Atlanta Siege of Savannah Battle of Averasborough Battle of Bentonville Signature [Lieutenant-General](/source/Lieutenant_general) **William Joseph Hardee** (October 12, 1815 – November 6, 1873) was an American military officer. He served in the [United States Army](/source/United_States_Army) in both the [Second Seminole War](/source/Second_Seminole_War) and in the [Mexican–American War](/source/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War). He was later commissioned as a general in the [Confederate States Army](/source/Confederate_States_Army) in 1861. Hardee saw combat in the [Western Theater of the American Civil War](/source/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War) and was known to quarrel sharply with two of his commanding officers, [Braxton Bragg](/source/Braxton_Bragg) and [John Bell Hood](/source/John_Bell_Hood). He later served in the [Atlanta campaign](/source/Atlanta_campaign) of 1864 and the [Carolinas campaign](/source/Carolinas_campaign) of 1865, where he surrendered with [Joseph E. Johnston](/source/Joseph_E._Johnston) to the Union side led by [William Tecumseh Sherman](/source/William_Tecumseh_Sherman) in April. Hardee's writings about [military tactics](/source/Military_tactics) were widely used on both sides in the conflict. ## Early life and career Hardee was born to Sarah Ellis and Major John Hais Hardee Jr. at the [Rural Felicity Plantation](/source/Rural_Felicity_Plantation) in [Camden County, Georgia](/source/Camden_County%2C_Georgia).[1] One of his brothers was noted Savannah merchant [Noble Hardee](/source/Noble_Hardee).[2] He graduated from the [United States Military Academy](/source/United_States_Military_Academy) at [West Point](/source/West_Point%2C_New_York) in 1838 (26th in a class of 45) and was commissioned a [second lieutenant](/source/Second_lieutenant) in the [2nd U.S. Dragoons](/source/2nd_U.S._Dragoons).[3] During the Seminole Wars (1835–42), he was stricken with illness, and while hospitalized he met and married Elizabeth Dummett. After he recovered, the Army sent him to France to study military tactics in 1840.[4] He was promoted to [first lieutenant](/source/First_lieutenant) in 1839 and to [captain](/source/Captain_(OF-2)) in 1844. In the [Mexican–American War](/source/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War), Hardee served in the [Army of Occupation](/source/Army_of_Occupation_(Mexico)) under [Zachary Taylor](/source/Zachary_Taylor) and won two [brevet](/source/Brevet_(military)) promotions (to brevet [major](/source/Major_(United_States)) for Medelin and Vera Cruz, and to [lieutenant colonel](/source/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)) for St. Augustin). He served with the 2nd U.S. Dragoons, and was second in command to Seth Thornton, when they were ambushed and surrounded by Mexican troops and subsequently captured on April 25, 1846, at Carricitos Ranch, Texas, during the "[Thornton Affair](/source/Thornton_Affair)". He was exchanged on May 11.[3] Now serving under [Winfield Scott](/source/Winfield_Scott), Hardee was wounded in a skirmish at La Rosia, [Mexico](/source/Mexico) (about 30 miles (48 km) above [Matamoros](/source/Matamoros%2C_Tamaulipas)) in 1847.[4] After the war, he led units of [Texas Rangers](/source/Texas_Ranger_Division) and soldiers in Texas. After his wife died in 1853, he returned to West Point as a tactics instructor and served as commandant of cadets from 1856 to 1860. He served as the senior major in the 2nd U.S. Cavalry (later renumbered as the [5th U.S. Cavalry](/source/5th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States))) when that regiment was formed in 1855 and then as the lieutenant colonel of the [1st U.S. Cavalry](/source/1st_U.S._Cavalry) in 1860.[3] In 1855 at the behest of [Secretary of War](/source/United_States_Secretary_of_War) [Jefferson Davis](/source/Jefferson_Davis), Hardee published [*Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics for the Exercise and Manoeuvres of Troops When Acting as Light Infantry or Riflemen*](/source/Rifle_and_Light_Infantry_Tactics), popularly known as *Hardee's Tactics*, which became the best-known drill manual of the Civil War.[5] He is also said to have designed the so-called [Hardee hat](/source/Hardee_hat) about this time. ## American Civil War This section needs more citations. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "William J. Hardee" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Noble Hardee Mansion, 1860–1869, 3 West Gordon Street, Savannah Hardee resigned his U.S. Army commission on January 31, 1861,[3] after his home state of Georgia [seceded](/source/Secession) from the [Union](/source/Union_(American_Civil_War)). He joined the [Confederate States Army](/source/Confederate_States_Army) as a [colonel](/source/Colonel_(United_States)) on March 7 and was given command of Forts Morgan and Gaines in Alabama. He was subsequently promoted to [brigadier general](/source/Brig._Gen._(CSA)) (June 17) and [major general](/source/Maj._Gen._(CSA)) (October 7). By October 10, 1862, he was one of the first Confederate [lieutenant generals](/source/Lt._Gen._(CSA)).[3] His initial assignment as a general was to organize a brigade of Arkansas regiments and he impressed his men and fellow officers by solving difficult supply problems and for the thorough training he gave his brigade. He received his nickname, "Old Reliable", while with this command. Hardee operated in Arkansas until he was called to join [General](/source/Full_General_(CSA)) [Albert Sidney Johnston](/source/Albert_Sidney_Johnston)'s [Army of Central Kentucky](/source/Army_of_Central_Kentucky) as a [corps](/source/Corps) commander. Johnston would withdraw from Kentucky and Tennessee, into Mississippi, before launching a surprise attack at the [Battle of Shiloh](/source/Battle_of_Shiloh) in the spring of 1862. Hardee was wounded in the arm on April 6, 1862, during the first day of the battle.[3] Johnston was killed at Shiloh and Hardee's corps joined General [Braxton Bragg](/source/Braxton_Bragg)'s [Army of Tennessee](/source/Army_of_Tennessee) prior to the [Siege of Corinth](/source/Siege_of_Corinth), Mississippi, until Department Commander [P.G.T. Beauregard](/source/P.G.T._Beauregard) evacuated the town and withdrew to Tupelo. Beauregard was replaced by Bragg, who subsequently moved his army to Chattanooga before embarking on his [Confederate Heartland Offensive](/source/Confederate_Heartland_Offensive) into Kentucky. That campaign concluded with the [Battle of Perryville](/source/Battle_of_Perryville) in October 1862, where Hardee commanded the Left Wing of Bragg's army. Portrait of William J. Hardee, held at Fort McAllister state park in Georgia[6] In arguably his most successful battle, at the [Battle of Stones River](/source/Battle_of_Stones_River) that December, his Second Corps launched a massive surprise assault upon the right flank of [Maj. Gen.](/source/Major_general_(United_States)) [William Rosecrans](/source/William_Rosecrans)'s army, driving it almost to defeat, but again, as had happened at Perryville, Bragg failed to follow up his tactical success, opting instead to withdraw before the arrival of Union reinforcements. After the [Tullahoma Campaign](/source/Tullahoma_Campaign), Hardee lost patience with the irascible, retreating Bragg and briefly commanded the Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana under General [Joseph E. Johnston](/source/Joseph_E._Johnston). During this period, he met Mary Foreman Lewis, an Alabama plantation owner, whom he would later marry in January 1864. Hardee returned to Bragg's army after the [Battle of Chickamauga](/source/Battle_of_Chickamauga), taking over the corps of [Leonidas Polk](/source/Leonidas_Polk) at [Chattanooga, Tennessee](/source/Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee), besieging the Union Army there. During the [Chattanooga campaign](/source/Chattanooga_campaign) in November 1863, Hardee's Corps of the Army of Tennessee was defeated when Union troops under Maj. Gen. [George Henry Thomas](/source/George_Henry_Thomas) assaulted their seemingly impregnable defensive lines at the [Battle of Missionary Ridge](/source/Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge). One of Hardee's white disc on blue pattern battle flags, the flag of the [6th and 7th Arkansas Infantry Regiments](/source/6th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment), bearing the [battle honors](/source/Battle_honors) "[Shiloh](/source/Battle_of_Shiloh)", "[Chickamauga](/source/Battle_of_Chickamauga)", "[Murfreesboro](/source/Battle_of_Stones_River)", "[Perryville](/source/Battle_of_Perryville)", "[Liberty Gap](/source/Battle_of_Liberty_Gap)", "[Ringgold Gap](/source/Battle_of_Ringgold_Gap)", and "[Tunnel Hill](/source/Chattanooga_Campaign)" Hardee renewed his opposition to serving under Bragg and joined a group of officers who finally convinced [Confederate President](/source/President_of_the_Confederate_States) [Jefferson Davis](/source/Jefferson_Davis) to relieve Bragg. Hardee was given temporary command of the Army of Tennessee before Joseph E. Johnston took over command at Dalton, Georgia. In February 1864, Johnston was ordered by the President to dispatch Hardee to Alabama, to reinforce General Polk against General [Sherman's](/source/William_T._Sherman) [Meridian Campaign](/source/Meridian_Campaign). Following Sherman's withdrawal to Vicksburg, Hardee was once again sent back to Georgia, where he joined Johnston's army for the [Atlanta campaign](/source/Atlanta_campaign). As Johnston fought a war of maneuver and retreat against Maj. Gen. [William T. Sherman](/source/William_T._Sherman), the Confederacy eventually lost patience with him and replaced him with the much more aggressive Lt. Gen. [John Bell Hood](/source/John_Bell_Hood). Hardee could not abide Hood's reckless assaults and heavy casualties. After the [Battle of Jonesboro](/source/Battle_of_Jonesborough) that August and September, he requested a transfer and was sent to command the Department of [South Carolina](/source/South_Carolina), [Georgia](/source/Georgia_(U.S._state)), and Florida. He opposed [Sherman's March to the Sea](/source/Sherman's_March_to_the_Sea) as best he could with inadequate forces, eventually evacuating [Savannah, Georgia](/source/Savannah%2C_Georgia) on December 20.[4] As Sherman turned north in the [Carolinas campaign](/source/Carolinas_campaign), Hardee took part in the [Battle of Bentonville](/source/Battle_of_Bentonville), [North Carolina](/source/North_Carolina), in March 1865, where his only son, 16-year-old Willie, was mortally wounded in a cavalry charge.[7] Johnston's plan for Bentonville was for Hardee to engage one of Sherman's wings at [Averasborough](/source/Battle_of_Averasborough) so that Johnston could deal with one wing piecemeal. The plan was unsuccessful. He surrendered along with Johnston to Sherman on April 26 at Durham Station. ## Later life and death After the war, Hardee settled at his wife's Alabama plantation. After returning it to working condition, the family moved to [Selma, Alabama](/source/Selma%2C_Alabama), where Hardee worked in the warehousing and insurance businesses. He eventually became president of the [Selma and Meridian Railroad](/source/Selma_and_Meridian_Railroad). Hardee was the co-author of *The Irish in America*, published in 1868. He fell ill at his family's summer retreat at [White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia](/source/White_Sulphur_Springs%2C_West_Virginia), and died in [Wytheville, Virginia](/source/Wytheville%2C_Virginia) on November 6, 1873. He is buried in Live Oak Cemetery, Selma, Alabama.[3] ## See also - [List of Confederate generals](/source/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Confederate)) ## Notes 1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Mesch, Allen H. (2018). *Preparing for Disunion: West Point Commandants and the Training of Civil War Leaders*. McFarland Publishers. p. 122. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781476674254](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476674254). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-:1_2-0)** Parker, James (July 30, 1975). ["The Life of Noble Andrew Hardee"](https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/sav-bios-lane/229). *Savannah Biographies*. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Eicher279_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Eicher279_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Eicher279_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Eicher279_3-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Eicher279_3-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Eicher279_3-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Eicher279_3-6) Eicher, p. 279. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Dupuy315_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Dupuy315_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Dupuy315_4-2) Dupuy, p. 315. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Dupuy, p. 315: "...his tactical manual was used extensively by both armies in the Civil War." 1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Hal Jespersen's 2013 Civil War Travelogues, Charleston and Savannah"](http://www.posix.com/CW13/CHS-SAV.html). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Bradley, pp. 382–83. ## References - Bradley, Mark L. *Last Stand in the Carolinas: The Battle of Bentonville*. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing Co., 1995. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-882810-02-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-882810-02-3). - Dupuy, Trevor N., Curt Johnson, and David L. Bongard. *[Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography](/source/Harper_Encyclopedia_of_Military_Biography)*. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-06-270015-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-270015-5). - Eicher, John H., and [David J. Eicher](/source/David_J._Eicher). *Civil War High Commands*. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8047-3641-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3). - Warner, Ezra J. *Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders*. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8071-0823-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0823-5). - [*New Georgia Encyclopedia* biography](http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1332) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081204052252/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1332) December 4, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) ## Further reading - Hughes, Nathaniel Cheairs Jr. *General Willam J. Hardee: Old Reliable*. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8071-1802-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1802-8). First published 1965. ## External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to [William Joseph Hardee](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_Joseph_Hardee). - [Military biography of William J. Hardee](http://www.cclibraries.com/local_history/MexicanWar/hardeewj.htm) [from the Cullum biographies](/source/West_Point#Cullum_number) - ["Hardee, William Joseph"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hardee,_William_Joseph). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition)*. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 941. - ["Hardee, William Joseph"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Hardee,_William_Joseph). *[Encyclopedia Americana](/source/Encyclopedia_Americana)*. 1920. - [Hardee Hall](http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/clayton/hardee-hall) historical marker - [William J. Hardee](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8762) at [Find a Grave](/source/Find_a_Grave) [Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals): - [American Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War) - [Biography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography) - [Georgia (U.S. state)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States Israel Belgium Other Open Library NARA SNAC Yale LUX --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [William J. Hardee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Hardee) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Hardee?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.