# William B. Cushing

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United States Navy officer (1842–1874)

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William B. Cushing Born William Barker Cushing (1842-11-04)4 November 1842 Delafield, Territory of Wisconsin, U.S. Died 17 December 1874(1874-12-17) (aged 32) Government Hospital for the Insane, Washington D.C., U.S. Buried Naval Academy Cemetery Branch United States Navy (Union) Service years 1861–1874 Rank Commander Unit U.S. Picket Boat No. 1 Commands USS Maumee USS Wyoming Wars American Civil War Awards Thanks of Congress Relations Alonzo H. Cushing (brother) Howard B. Cushing (brother)

**William Barker Cushing** (4 November 1842 – 17 December 1874) was an officer in the [United States Navy](/source/United_States_Navy), best known for sinking the [CSS *Albemarle*](/source/CSS_Albemarle) during a nighttime raid on 27 October 1864, for which he received the [Thanks of Congress](/source/Thanks_of_Congress). Accounts of the raid made Cushing famous in the United States and gave him the nickname **Albemarle Cushing**.[1]

Cushing was the younger brother of [Medal of Honor](/source/Medal_of_Honor) recipient [Alonzo Cushing](/source/Alonzo_Cushing). As a result, the Cushing family is the only family in American history to have a member buried at more than one of the [United States Service Academies](/source/United_States_Service_Academies).

## Biography

### Early life

Cushing was born in [Delafield](/source/Delafield%2C_Wisconsin) in the [Territory of Wisconsin](/source/Territory_of_Wisconsin), and was the youngest of four brothers and had two sisters. After his father died from [pneumonia](/source/Pneumonia) when he was still a young child, the family relocated to [Fredonia, New York](/source/Fredonia%2C_New_York). He was expelled from the [United States Naval Academy](/source/United_States_Naval_Academy), just before graduation, for pranks and poor scholarship. In particular, he received a failing grade in Spanish after drawing a picture of the Spanish professor biting a horse. The Spanish professor was offended because, in actuality, the horse had bitten him. [2] At the outbreak of the [American Civil War](/source/American_Civil_War), however, he pleaded his case to [United States Secretary of the Navy](/source/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy) [Gideon Welles](/source/Gideon_Welles) himself, was reinstated and went on to acquire a distinguished record, frequently volunteering for the most hazardous missions.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] "His heroism, good luck and coolness under fire were legendary."[3]

### Civil War

Cushing saw action during the [Battle of Hampton Roads](/source/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads) and at [Fort Fisher](/source/Fort_Fisher),[4] among many others. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1862, and to commander in 1872.[5] Two of his brothers died in uniform, [Alonzo H. Cushing](/source/Alonzo_Cushing) in the [Battle of Gettysburg](/source/Battle_of_Gettysburg), for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor,[6] and [Howard B. Cushing](/source/Howard_B._Cushing), while fighting the [Chiricahua Apaches](/source/Chiricahua_Apache) in 1871.[7] His eldest brother, Milton, served in the Navy as a [paymaster](/source/Paymaster).[8]

Launch and torpedo

It was Cushing's daring plan and its successful execution against the Confederacy's ironclad ram [CSS *Albemarle*](/source/CSS_Albemarle) that defined his military career. The powerful ironclad dominated the [Roanoke River](/source/Roanoke_River) and the approaches to [Plymouth](/source/Plymouth%2C_North_Carolina) through the summer of 1864. By autumn, the U.S. government decided that the situation should be studied to determine if something could be done. The U.S. Navy considered various ways to destroy *Albemarle*, including two plans submitted by Lieutenant Cushing. They finally approved one of his plans and authorized him to locate two small steam launches that might be fitted with [spar torpedoes](/source/Spar_torpedo).

Cushing discovered two 30-foot (9.1 m) picket boats under construction in New York and acquired them for his mission.[9] On each he mounted a 12-pound Dahlgren howitzer and a 14-foot (4.3 m) spar projecting into the water from its bow. One of the boats was lost at sea during the voyage from New York to [Norfolk, Virginia](/source/Norfolk%2C_Virginia), but the other arrived safely with its crew of seven officers and men at the mouth of the Roanoke. There, the steam launch's spar was fitted with a lanyard-detonated torpedo.

Torpedo-strike on *Albemarle*

On the night of 27–28 October 1864, Cushing and his men began working their way upriver. A small cutter accompanied them, its crew having the task of preventing interference by the Confederate sentries stationed on a [schooner](/source/Schooner) anchored to the wreck of the [USS *Southfield*](/source/USS_Southfield). When both boats, under the cover of darkness, slipped past the schooner undetected, Cushing decided to use all 22 of his men and the element of surprise to capture *Albemarle*.[10]

As they approached the [Confederate](/source/Confederate_States_of_America) docks, their luck turned and even though under the cover of darkness they were spotted by a guard dog. They came under heavy sentry fire from both the shore and aboard *Albemarle*. As they closed with *Albemarle*, they quickly discovered she was defended against approach by floating log booms. The logs, however, had been in the water for many months and were covered with heavy slime. The steam launch rode up and then over them without difficulty. When her spar was fully against the ironclad's hull, Cushing stood up in the bow and detonated the torpedo's explosive charge.[11]

The salvaged *Albemarle*

The explosion threw everyone aboard the steam launch into the water. Cushing stripped off his uniform and swam to shore to hide. The next afternoon, having avoided detection by Confederate search parties, Cushing stole a small skiff to rejoin the [Union](/source/Union_Navy) forces at the river's mouth. Of the other men in Cushing's boat, William Houghtman escaped, John Woodman and Richard Higgins were drowned, and 11 were captured.[11]

Cushing's commando raid blew a hole in *Albemarle*'s hull at the waterline "big enough to drive a wagon in." She sank immediately in the six feet of water below her keel, settling into the heavy bottom mud, leaving the upper armored casemate mostly dry and the ironclad's large [Stainless Banner](/source/Stainless_Banner) battle ensign flying from its flag staff, where it was eventually captured as a Union prize.[11][12]

Cushing's team recovered the *Albemarle* and received [prize money](/source/Prize_money). However, there was a dispute over the allocation of this money. The statute allocated one-tenth of the total prize for the boat's commander. After the rest of the money was distributed among the crew in proportion to their respective wages, the commander's share was actually smaller than three of his subordinates' shares. The dispute lasted 20 years. In 1885, the case reached the [United States Supreme Court](/source/United_States_Supreme_Court) in *[United States v. Steever](/source/United_States_v._Steever)*.[13]

Both of Cushing’s brothers were killed in combat. His oldest brother, Alonzo Cushing died at the battle of Gettysburg during Picket’s Charge. Howard Cushing died in 1871 fighting the Apaches.

### After the American Civil War

After the American Civil War, Cushing served in both the [Pacific](/source/Pacific_Squadron) and [Asiatic Squadrons](/source/Asiatic_Squadron); he was the executive officer of the [USS *Lancaster*](/source/USS_Lancaster_(1858)) and commanded the [USS *Maumee*](/source/USS_Maumee_(1863)). He also served as ordnance officer in the [Boston Navy Yard](/source/Boston_Navy_Yard).

Before taking command of USS *Maumee,* while he was on leave at home in Fredonia, Cushing met his sister's friend, Katherine Louise Forbes. 'Kate', as she was known, would sit and listen for hours to William's stories of adventure.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Cushing asked her to marry him on 1 July 1867. Unfortunately, he received orders and was gone before a ceremony could take place. On 22 February 1870, Cushing and Forbes married. Their first daughter, Marie Louise, was born on 1 December 1871.[14]

[USS *Lancaster*](/source/USS_Lancaster_(1858))

On 31 January 1872, he was promoted to the rank of commander, becoming the youngest up to that time to attain that rank in the Navy. Two weeks later he was detached to await orders. Weeks of waiting turned into months, but no word came. He had given up hope of another sea command, when early in June 1873, Cushing had an offer to take command of [USS *Wyoming*](/source/USS_Wyoming_(1859)). He took command of his new ship on 11 July 1873.[15]

He commanded *Wyoming* with his typical flair for being where the action was, performing daring and courageous acts. *Wyoming*'s boilers broke down twice, and in April she was ordered to Norfolk for extensive repairs. On 24 April, Cushing was detached and put on a waiting list for reassignment. He believed that he would be given *Wyoming* again when she was ready for duty, but in truth, his ill-health would not permit him to command another vessel.[15]

Cushing returned to Fredonia to see his new daughter, Katherine Abell, who had been born on 11 October 1873. His wife was shocked to see the condition of her husband. His health was in apparent decline. Kate remarked to William's mother that he looked to be a man of sixty instead of his thirty-one years.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Cushing had begun having severe attacks of pain in his hip as early as just after the sinking of the *Albemarle.*[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

None of the medical doctors he saw were able to make a diagnosis. The term "[sciatica](/source/Sciatica)" was used in those days without regard to cause for any inflammation of the sciatic nerve, or any pain in the region of the hip. Cushing may have had a ruptured [intervertebral disc](/source/Intervertebral_disc). He had suffered enough shocks to dislocate half a dozen vertebrae, and with the passage of time they came to bear more and more heavily upon the nerve. On the other hand, he may have been suffering from tuberculosis of the hip bone, or cancer of the prostate gland. There was nothing to be done and Cushing continued to suffer.[16]

He was given the post of executive officer of the [Washington Navy Yard](/source/Washington_Navy_Yard). He spent the summer of 1874 pretending to be happy with his inactive role. He played with his children and enjoyed their company. On 25 August, he was made senior aide at the yard; in the fall he amused himself by taking an active interest in the upcoming congressional elections.[8]

On [Thanksgiving](/source/Thanksgiving) Day, William, Kate and his mother went to church in the morning.[17] That night, the pain in Cushing's back was worse than it had ever been and he could not sleep. The following Monday he dragged himself to the Navy Yard. Kate sent Lieutenant Hutchins, once of the *Wyoming* crew and now Cushing's aide, to bring his superior home. She feared that he wouldn't last the day. True to his nature, Cushing stayed at the yard until after nightfall, and went right to bed when he got home. He would not rise again. The pain was constant and terrible. He was given injections of [morphine](/source/Morphine), but that only dulled the pain a little.[18] Apparently he also suffered from mental illness.[19]

On 8 December, it became impossible to care for Cushing at home, and he was removed to the [Government Hospital for the Insane](/source/St._Elizabeths_Hospital). His family visited him often, but he seldom recognized them. Cushing died on 17 December 1874, in the presence of his wife and mother. He was buried on 8 January 1875, at Bluff Point, at the [United States Naval Academy Cemetery](/source/United_States_Naval_Academy_Cemetery) in [Annapolis](/source/Annapolis%2C_Maryland).[18]

## Legacy

Cushing's tombstone

Cushing's grave is marked by a large, monumental casket made of marble, on which in relief, are Cushing's hat, sword, and coat. On one side of the stone the word "Albemarle" is cut and on the other side, "Fort Fisher".[20]

Five ships in the U.S. Navy have been named [USS *Cushing*](/source/USS_Cushing) after him.[21][22] The most recent one, the [USS *Cushing* (DD-985)](/source/USS_Cushing_(DD-985)), was decommissioned in September 2005.[23]

Cushing has a portrait of him in full dress uniform hanging in Memorial Hall at the [United States Naval Academy](/source/United_States_Naval_Academy) at Annapolis.[24] Nearly all of the other portraits in the hall are of admirals.[25] A monument that honors Alonzo, William, and Howard Cushing is located at Cushing Memorial Park in [Delafield, Wisconsin](/source/Delafield%2C_Wisconsin).[26]

## See also

- [CSS *Virginia*](/source/CSS_Virginia)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Robert John Schneller, *Cushing: Civil War SEAL* (2004).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2014/december/talent-buffoonery](https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2014/december/talent-buffoonery)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Tsouras2010_3-0)** Tsouras, Peter G. (2010). [*A Rainbow of Blood: The Union in Peril – An Alternate History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=-rT6XjmQe8gC&pg=PT418). Potomac Books, Inc. p. 418. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781597976152](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781597976152).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Edwards 1898, pp. 190–192.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Stempel 2011, p. 211.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Lt. Alonzo Cushing, Hero of Gettysburg, Awarded Medal of Honor"](https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/11/06/362026621/lt-alonzo-cushing-hero-of-gettysburg-awarded-medal-of-honor). *NPR.org*. 6 November 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Utley2012_7-0)** Utley, Robert M. (2012). [*Geronimo*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Ed5KxmJhkoYC&pg=PA1680). Yale University Press. pp. 1680–1681. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780300189001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300189001).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Parker1912_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Parker1912_8-1) Parker, David Bigelow (1912). [*A Chautauqua Boy in '61 and Afterward: Reminiscences*](https://archive.org/details/achautauquaboyi01parkgoog). Small, Maynard. p. [84](https://archive.org/details/achautauquaboyi01parkgoog/page/n148).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Battles and Leaders Vol 4, pp. 634

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Stempel 2011, p. 203.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-stempel204_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-stempel204_11-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-stempel204_11-2) Stempel 2011, p. 204.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Edwards 1898, p. 246.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Arnold W. Knauth, Prize Law Reconsidered, 46 Colum. L. Rev. 69, 72-73 (January 1946).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Cushing, Katherine Louise Forbes"](http://web.archive.org/web/20190913094636/https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/us-people/c/cushing-katherine-louise-forbes.html). *www.history.navy.mil*. Archived from [the original](https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/us-people/c/cushing-katherine-louise-forbes.html) on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2026.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-wyoming_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-wyoming_15-1) Schneller 2004, pp. 98–101.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** McQuiston 2012, pp. 155–156.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** McQuiston 2012, p. 35.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Carter2009_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Carter2009_18-1) Carter, Alden R. (2009). [*The Sea Eagle: The Civil War Memoir of LCdr. William B. Cushing, U.S.N.*](https://books.google.com/books?id=H1vX5pg_0cYC&pg=PA77) Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 77. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780742599963](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742599963).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Steelman, Ben (12 April 2015). ["Book review - 'Daredevil Hero of the Civil War'"](https://www.starnewsonline.com/story/entertainment/books/2015/04/12/book-review-daredevil-hero-of-the-civil-war/30978410007/). *starnewsonline.com*. [Star-News](/source/Star-News). Retrieved 6 June 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Arbuthnot2012_20-0)** Arbuthnot, Nancy (2012). [*Guiding Lights: Monuments and Memorials at the U.S. Naval Academy*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vsKgfLybHFkC&pg=PT72). Naval Institute Press. p. 72. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781612512426](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612512426).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Sizer2009_21-0)** Sizer, Mona D. (2009). [*The Glory Guys: The Story of the U.S. Army Rangers*](https://books.google.com/books?id=33uXmHuAl6gC&pg=PA117). Taylor Trade Publications. pp. 117–118. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781589794764](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589794764).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hughes2015_22-0)** Hughes, Wayne (2015). [*The U.S. Naval Institute on Naval Tactics: The U.S. Naval Institute Wheel Book Series*](https://books.google.com/books?id=s3NaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79). Naval Institute Press. p. 79. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781612518916](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612518916).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-PolmarCavas2009_23-0)** Polmar, Norman; Cavas, Christopher P. (2009). [*Navy's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Admirable Admirals, Sleek Submarines, and Oceanic Oddities*](https://archive.org/details/navysmostwanted00polm). Potomac Books, Inc. p. [76](https://archive.org/details/navysmostwanted00polm/page/76). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781597976558](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781597976558).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["Naval History and Heritage Command"](https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/us-people/c/cushing-william-barker/kn-10890.html/).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["WISNAPACushing Award |"](http://wisconsin.usnaparents.net/administration/cushing-award/). *wisconsin.usnaparents.net*. Retrieved 6 November 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Downs1921_26-0)** Downs, John Phillips (1921). [*History of Chautauqua County New York and its People*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA357). Ripol Classic. p. 357. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9785872000877](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785872000877). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date))

## Bibliography

- Campbell, R. T. (1997). *Rebel Fire: Exploits of the Confederate Navy*. Burd Street Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1572490462](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1572490462).

- Cushing, William B. (1888). ["The Destruction of the "Albemarle""](https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnba03newy). *The Century Magazine*. The Career of the Confederate Ram "Albemarle". Vol. XXXVI. pp. [386](https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnba03newy/page/n1035)–393. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [21247159](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21247159).

- Edwards, E. M. H. (1898). [*Commander William Barker Cushing, of the United States Navy*](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hx4mfu). London & New York: F. Tennyson Neely Publisher. [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2027/hvd.hx4mfu](https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.hx4mfu).

- Elliot, Gilbert (1888), ["Her Construction and Service"](https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnba03newy/page/n391/mode/2up), *The Century Magazine*, The Career of the Confederate Ram "Albemarle", **XXXVI**: 374–380, [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [21247159](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21247159)

- Elliott, Robert G. (1994). [*Ironclad of the Roanoke: Gilbert Elliott's Albemarle*](https://books.google.com/books?id=_TAaAQAAIAAJ). Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-942597-63-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942597-63-X).

- Hinds, John W. (2002). [*The Hunt for the Albemarle: Anatomy of a Gunboat War*](https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=STNO&searchType=1&recCount=25&searchArg=9781572492165). Shippensburg, PA: Burd Street Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781572492165](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781572492165). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [606812824](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/606812824).

- Malanowski, Jamie (2014). *Commander Will Cushing : daredevil hero of the Civil War*. New York, NY: [W. W. Norton & Company](/source/W._W._Norton_%26_Company). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780393245790](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393245790). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [902661366](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/902661366).

- McQuiston, J. R. (2013). *William B. Cushing in the Far East*. Jefferson: [McFarland](/source/McFarland_%26_Company). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780786470556](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786470556).

- Roske, Ralph; Van Doren, Charles (1995). [*Lincoln's Commando: The Biography of Commander W. B. Cushing, USN*](https://books.google.com/books?id=UH6aPwAACAAJ) (Revised and Expanded ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781557507372](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557507372).

- Schneller, R. J. (2004). *Cushing: Civil War SEAL*. Sterling: [Potomac Books](/source/University_of_Nebraska_Press#Potomac_Books). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781574885064](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781574885064).

- Stempel, J. (2011). *The CSS Albemarle and William Cushing*. Jefferson: [McFarland](/source/McFarland_%26_Company). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780786488735](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786488735).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [William Barker Cushing](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_Barker_Cushing).

- "[Cushing, William Barker](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Cushing,_William_Barker)". *[Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography](/source/Appletons'_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography)*. 1900.

- "[Cushing, William Barker](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cushing,_William_Barker)". *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition)*. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 667.

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