# White supremacy

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Belief in the superiority of white people

**White supremacy** is the belief that [white people](/source/White_people) are [superior](/source/Supremacism) to those of other [races](/source/Race_(human_classification)).[1] The belief favors the maintenance and defense of any [power](/source/Power_(social_and_political)) and [privilege held by white people](/source/White_privilege). White supremacy has roots in the now-discredited doctrine of [scientific racism](/source/Scientific_racism) and was a key justification for [European colonialism](/source/European_colonialism).[2][3]

As a [political ideology](/source/Political_ideology), it imposes and maintains cultural, [social](/source/Color_line_(racism)), [political](/source/Racial_segregation), [historical](/source/Pseudohistory) or [institutional](/source/Institutional_racism) domination by white people and non-white supporters. In the past, this ideology had been put into effect through socioeconomic and legal structures such as the [Atlantic slave trade](/source/Atlantic_slave_trade), [European colonial](/source/European_colonialism) labor and social practices, the [Scramble for Africa](/source/Scramble_for_Africa), [Jim Crow laws](/source/Jim_Crow_laws) in the United States, the activities of the [Native Land Court](/source/Native_Lands_Act_1865) in New Zealand,[4] the [White Australia policies](/source/White_Australia_policy) from the 1890s to the mid-1970s, and [apartheid](/source/Apartheid) in South Africa.[5][6] This ideology is also today present among [neo-Confederates](/source/Neo-Confederates).

White supremacy underlies a spectrum of contemporary movements including [white nationalism](/source/White_nationalism), white separatism, [neo-Nazism](/source/Neo-Nazism), and the [Christian Identity](/source/Christian_Identity) movement.[7] In the United States, white supremacy is primarily associated with [Aryan Nations](/source/Aryan_Nations), [White Aryan Resistance](/source/White_Aryan_Resistance), and the [Ku Klux Klan](/source/Ku_Klux_Klan). The [Proud Boys](/source/Proud_Boys) are considered an implicitly white supremacist organization, despite denying their association with white supremacy.[8] In recent years,[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] websites such as [X](/source/X_(social_network)) (formerly Twitter), [Reddit](/source/Reddit), and [Stormfront](/source/Stormfront_(website)) have contributed to an increased activity and interest in white supremacy.[9]

Not all white-supremacist organizations have the same objectives, and while some may uphold a [Nordicist](/source/Nordicist) ideal of whiteness, others are more broadly white supremacist, including members of [Southern European](/source/Southern_European) and [Eastern European](/source/Eastern_European) descent.[10] Different groups of white supremacists identify various racial, ethnic, religious, and other enemies,[10] most commonly those of [Sub-Saharan African](/source/Sub-Saharan_Africa) ancestry, [Indigenous peoples](/source/Indigenous_peoples), people of [Asian](/source/Asia) descent, [multiracial people](/source/Multiracial_people), [MENA](/source/Middle_East_and_North_Africa) people, [Jews](/source/Jews), [Muslims](/source/Muslims), and [LGBTQ+](/source/LGBTQ%2B) people.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

In academic usage, particularly in [critical race theory](/source/Critical_race_theory) or [intersectionality](/source/Intersectionality), "white supremacy" also refers to a social system in which white people enjoy structural advantages ([privilege](/source/Privilege_(social_inequality))) over other ethnic groups, on both a collective and individual level, despite formal legal equality.[19][20][21][22][23]

## History

White supremacy has ideological foundations that date back to 18th-century [scientific racism](/source/Scientific_racism), the predominant paradigm of human variation that shaped international relations and racial policy from the latter part of the [Age of Enlightenment](/source/Age_of_Enlightenment) until the late 20th century.[24]

### United States

Main article: [White supremacy in the United States](/source/White_supremacy_in_the_United_States)

#### Early history

White supremacy was dominant in the United States both before and after the [American Civil War](/source/American_Civil_War), and it persisted for decades after the [Reconstruction era](/source/Reconstruction_era).[25] The [Virginia Slave Codes of 1705](/source/Virginia_Slave_Codes_of_1705) socially segregated white colonists from black enslaved persons, making them disparate groups and hindering their ability to unite. Unity of the commoners was a perceived fear of the Virginian [planter gentry](/source/Planter_class), who wished to prevent repeated events such as [Bacon's Rebellion](/source/Bacon's_Rebellion), occurring 29 years prior.[26] Prior to the Civil War, many wealthy white Southerners [owned slaves](/source/Slavery_in_the_United_States); they tried to justify their economic exploitation of black people by creating a ["scientific" theory of white superiority and black inferiority](/source/Scientific_racism).[27] One such slave owner, future president [Thomas Jefferson](/source/Thomas_Jefferson), wrote in 1785 that blacks were "inferior to the whites in the endowments of body and mind."[28] In the [antebellum South](/source/Antebellum_South), four million slaves were denied freedom.[29] The outbreak of the Civil War saw the desire to uphold white supremacy being cited as a cause for [state secession](/source/Secession_in_the_United_States)[30] and the formation of the [Confederate States of America](/source/Confederate_States_of_America).[31]

*[The Discovery of America](/source/The_Discovery_of_America_(sculpture))* (1844) sculpture, depicting a triumphant Columbus and a "female savage" (Native woman), which stood outside the [U.S. Capitol](/source/U.S._Capitol)

White men pose for a photograph of the [1920 Duluth, Minnesota lynchings](/source/1920_Duluth_lynchings). Two of the black victims are still hanging while the third is on the ground. [Lynchings](/source/Lynching_in_the_United_States) were often public spectacles for the white community to celebrate white supremacy in the U.S., and photos were often sold as postcards.[32]

[Ku Klux Klan](/source/Ku_Klux_Klan) parade in Washington, D.C. in 1926

[Native Americans](/source/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) had been dehumanized as "merciless Indian savages" in the [United States Declaration of Independence](/source/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence),[33] and in [Martin Luther King Jr.](/source/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.)'s 1964 book *[Why We Can't Wait](/source/Why_We_Can't_Wait)* he wrote: "Our nation was born in genocide when it embraced the doctrine that the original American, the Indian, was an inferior race."[34] Two sculptures reflecting the view of the Natives espoused in the declaration were commissioned by the [U.S. government](/source/Federal_government_of_the_United_States) and stood outside the [U.S. Capitol](/source/U.S._Capitol) from 1844 to 1958: *[The Discovery of America](/source/The_Discovery_of_America_(sculpture))*, which depicted a triumphant Columbus and a "female savage" according to the Pennsylvania senator [James Buchanan](/source/James_Buchanan) who proposed the sculpture,[35] and *[The Rescue](/source/The_Rescue_(sculpture))*, whose sculptor [Horatio Greenough](/source/Horatio_Greenough) wrote that it was "to convey the idea of the triumph of the whites over the savage tribes".[36] In an 1890 editorial about the Natives and the [American Indian Wars](/source/American_Indian_Wars), author [L. Frank Baum](/source/L._Frank_Baum) wrote: "The Whites, by [law of conquest](/source/Right_of_conquest), by justice of civilization, are masters of the American continent, and the best safety of the frontier settlements will be secured by the total annihilation of the few remaining Indians."[37]

The [Naturalization Act of 1790](/source/Naturalization_Act_of_1790) limited U.S. citizenship to whites only.[38] In some parts of the United States, many people who were considered non-white were [disenfranchised](/source/Disfranchisement), barred from government office, and prevented from holding most government jobs well into the second half of the 20th century. Professor Leland T. Saito of the [University of Southern California](/source/University_of_Southern_California) writes: "Throughout the history of the United States, race has been used by whites for legitimizing and creating difference and social, economic and political exclusion."[39]

**19th century**

A belief in racial purity and white supremacy were among the reasons for the [anti-miscegenation laws](/source/Anti-miscegenation_law) in the U.S, with [Abraham Lincoln](/source/Abraham_Lincoln) stating in an 1858 speech, "I am not, nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to [intermarry with white people](/source/Interracial_marriage). I as much as any man am in favor of the superior position assigned to the white race."[40] By the late 1800s, 38 [U.S. states](/source/U.S._states) had laws banning interracial marriage.[41]

[Benjamin Tillman](/source/Benjamin_Tillman) was a white supremacist former U.S. governor and senator who participated and boasted about the [lynchings](/source/Lynching_in_the_United_States) of Black Americans, and defended on the floor of the U.S. Senate.[42][43][44] [Rebecca Latimer Felton](/source/Rebecca_Latimer_Felton), a white supremacist and the first woman to serve in the U.S. Senate, gave a speech calling for the lynching of Black men.[45]

#### 20th century

A series of U.S politicians continued to advocate and agitate towards White supremacy. An example being an Elected Governor of Mississippi, [James K. Vardaman](/source/James_K._Vardaman), who used the term White Supremacy verbatim when he said "If it is necessary every Negro in the state will be lynched; it will be done to maintain white supremacy."[46]

[Eugene Talmadge](/source/Eugene_Talmadge) was a white supremacist who was elected four times as the governor of Georgia. His opponent, Ellis Gibbs Arnall, once noted that nobody could beat Talmadge in what he cynically called the "nigger-hating contest".[47] Both were white supremacists and [anti-black](/source/Anti-Black_racism), but Arnall was less crude about it.[48]

The denial of social and political freedom to minorities continued into the mid-20th century, resulting in the [civil rights movement](/source/Civil_rights_movement).[49] The movement was spurred by the lynching of [Emmett Till](/source/Emmett_Till), a 14-year-old boy. David Jackson writes it was the image of the "murdered child's ravaged body, that forced the world to reckon with the brutality of American racism."[50]

Sociologist Stephen Klineberg has stated that U.S. immigration laws prior to 1965 clearly "declared that [Northern Europeans](/source/Northern_European) are a superior subspecies of the white race".[51][a] The [Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965](/source/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965) opened entry to the U.S. to non-Germanic groups, and significantly altered the demographic mix in the U.S. as a result.[51] The last 16 states in which interracial marriage was banned had such laws in place until 1967 when they were invalidated by the [Supreme Court of the United States](/source/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States)' decision in *[Loving v. Virginia](/source/Loving_v._Virginia)*.[52] These mid-century gains had a major impact on white Americans' political views; segregation and white racial superiority, which had been publicly endorsed in the 1940s, became minority views within the white community by the mid-1970s, and continued to decline in 1990s' polls to a single-digit percentage.[53][54] For sociologist [Howard Winant](/source/Howard_Winant), these shifts marked the end of "monolithic white supremacy" in the United States.[55]

After the mid-1960s, white supremacy remained an important ideology to the [American far-right](/source/Radical_right_(United_States)).[56] According to [Kathleen Belew](/source/Kathleen_Belew), a historian of [race](/source/Historical_race_concepts) and [racism in the United States](/source/Racism_in_the_United_States), white militancy shifted after the [Vietnam War](/source/Vietnam_War) from supporting the existing racial order to a more radical position (self-described as "[white power](/source/White_Power)" or "[white nationalism](/source/White_nationalism)") committed to overthrowing the [United States government](/source/Federal_government_of_the_United_States) and establishing a white homeland.[57][58] Such [anti-government militia](/source/Militia_organizations_in_the_United_States#Opposition_to_the_government) organizations are one of three major strands of violent right-wing movements in the United States, with white-supremacist groups (such as the [Ku Klux Klan](/source/Ku_Klux_Klan), [neo-Nazi](/source/Neo-Nazism_in_the_United_States) organizations, and [racist skinheads](/source/White_power_skinhead)) and a [religious fundamentalist](/source/Fundamentalism) movement (such as [Christian Identity](/source/Christian_Identity)) being the other two.[59][60]

#### 21st century

The presidential campaign of [Donald Trump](/source/Donald_Trump) led to a surge of interest in white supremacy and [white nationalism](/source/White_nationalism) in the United States, bringing increased media attention and new members to their movement; his campaign enjoyed their widespread support.[61][62][63][64]

Some academics argue that the outcome of the [2016 United States presidential election](/source/2016_United_States_presidential_election), and the many controversies which surrounded it, reflect the ongoing influence of white supremacy in the United States.[65][66] Educators, literary theorists, and other political experts have raised similar questions, connecting the [scapegoating](/source/Scapegoating) of disenfranchised populations to white superiority.[67][68]

### British Commonwealth

Further information: [Racial views of Winston Churchill](/source/Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill)

There has been debate whether [Winston Churchill](/source/Winston_Churchill), who was voted "the greatest ever Briton" in 2002, was "a racist and white supremacist".[69] In the context of rejecting the Arab wish to stop [Jewish immigration](/source/Aliyah) to [Palestine](/source/Mandatory_Palestine), he said:

I do not admit that the [dog in the manger](/source/The_Dog_in_the_Manger) has the final right to the manger, though he may have lain there for a very long time. I do not admit that right. I do not admit for instance that a great wrong has been done to the Red Indians of America or the black people of Australia. I do not admit that a wrong has been done to those people by the fact that a stronger race, a higher-grade race or at any rate a more worldly-wise race ... has come in and taken their place."[70]

British historian [Richard Toye](/source/Richard_Toye), author of *Churchill's Empire*, concluded that "Churchill did think that white people were superior."[69]

#### South Africa

Further information: [Apartheid](/source/Apartheid) and [Baasskap](/source/Baasskap)

A number of Southern African nations experienced severe racial tension and conflict during global [decolonization](/source/Decolonization), particularly as [white Africans of European ancestry](/source/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry) fought to protect their preferential social and political status. Racial segregation in South Africa began in colonial times under the [Dutch Empire](/source/Dutch_Empire). It continued when the British took over the [Cape of Good Hope](/source/Cape_of_Good_Hope) in 1795. [Apartheid](/source/Apartheid) was introduced as an officially structured policy by the [Afrikaner](/source/Afrikaners)-dominated [National Party](/source/National_Party_(South_Africa)) after the [general election of 1948](/source/South_African_general_election%2C_1948). Apartheid's legislation divided inhabitants into four racial groups – "black", "white", "coloured", and "Indian", with coloured divided into several sub-classifications.[71] In 1970, the Afrikaner-run government [abolished non-white political representation](/source/Separate_Representation_of_Voters_Amendment_Act%2C_1968), and starting that year [black people](/source/Black_people) were deprived of South African citizenship.[72] South Africa abolished apartheid in 1991.[73][74]

#### Rhodesia

In [Rhodesia](/source/Rhodesia) a predominantly white government issued its own [unilateral declaration of independence](/source/Rhodesia's_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence) from the United Kingdom in 1965 during an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to avoid majority rule.[75] Following the [Rhodesian Bush War](/source/Rhodesian_Bush_War) which was fought by [African nationalists](/source/African_nationalism), Rhodesian prime minister [Ian Smith](/source/Ian_Smith) acceded to biracial political representation in 1978 and the state achieved recognition from the United Kingdom as [Zimbabwe](/source/Zimbabwe) in 1980.[76]

### Germany

Further information: [Aryanism](/source/Aryanism)

[Nazism](/source/Nazism) promoted the idea of a superior [Germanic people](/source/Germanic_people) or [Aryan race](/source/Aryan_race) in Germany during the early 20th century. Notions of white supremacy and Aryan racial superiority were combined in the 19th century, with white supremacists maintaining the belief that white people were members of an Aryan "[master race](/source/Master_race)" that was superior to other races, particularly the Jews, who were described as the "Semitic race", [Slavs](/source/Slavs), and [Gypsies](/source/Names_of_the_Romani_people), who they associated with "cultural sterility". [Arthur de Gobineau](/source/Arthur_de_Gobineau), a French racial theorist and aristocrat, blamed the fall of the [*ancien régime*](/source/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime) in France on racial degeneracy caused by racial intermixing, which he argued had destroyed the "purity" of the Nordic or Germanic race. Gobineau's theories, which attracted a strong following in Germany, emphasized the existence of an irreconcilable polarity between Aryan or Germanic peoples and Jewish culture.[77]

As the [Nazi Party](/source/Nazi_Party)'s chief racial theorist, [Alfred Rosenberg](/source/Alfred_Rosenberg) oversaw the construction of a human racial "ladder" that justified [Hitler's racial and ethnic policies](/source/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany). Rosenberg promoted the [Nordic theory](/source/Nordic_theory), which regarded [Nordics](/source/Nordic_race) as the "master race", superior to all others, including other Aryans (Indo-Europeans).[78] Rosenberg got the racial term *[Untermensch](/source/Untermensch)* from the title of [Klansman](/source/Klansman) [Lothrop Stoddard](/source/Lothrop_Stoddard)'s 1922 book *The Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under-man*.[79] It was later adopted by the Nazis from that book's German version *Der Kulturumsturz: Die Drohung des Untermenschen* (1925).[80] Rosenberg was the leading Nazi who attributed the concept of the East-European "under man" to Stoddard.[81] An advocate of the U.S. immigration laws that favored Northern Europeans, Stoddard wrote primarily on the alleged dangers posed by "[colored](/source/Colored)" peoples to white civilization, and wrote *[The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy](/source/The_Rising_Tide_of_Color_Against_White_World-Supremacy)* in 1920. In establishing a restrictive entry system for Germany in 1925, Hitler wrote of his admiration for America's immigration laws: "The American Union categorically refuses the immigration of physically unhealthy elements, and simply excludes the immigration of certain races."[82]

German praise for America's institutional racism, previously found in Hitler's *[Mein Kampf](/source/Mein_Kampf)*, was continuous throughout the early 1930s. Nazi lawyers were advocates of the use of American models.[83] Race-based U.S. citizenship and anti-miscegenation laws directly inspired the Nazis' two principal [Nuremberg racial laws](/source/Nuremberg_Laws)—the Citizenship Law and the Blood Law.[83] To preserve the Aryan or [Nordic race](/source/Nordic_race), the Nazis introduced the Nuremberg Laws in 1935, which forbade sexual relations and marriages between Germans and Jews, and later between Germans and [Romani](/source/Romani_people) and [Slavs](/source/Slavs). The Nazis used the [Mendelian inheritance](/source/Mendelian_inheritance) theory to argue that social traits were innate, claiming that there was a racial nature associated with certain general traits, such as inventiveness or criminal behavior.[84]

According to the 2012 annual report of Germany's interior intelligence service, the [Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution](/source/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution), at the time there were 26,000 right-wing extremists living in Germany, including 6,000 [neo-Nazis](/source/Neo-Nazis).[85]

### Australia and New Zealand

Fifty-one people died from [two consecutive terrorist attacks](/source/Christchurch_mosque_shootings) at the [Al Noor Mosque](/source/Al_Noor_Mosque%2C_Christchurch) and the [Linwood Islamic Centre](/source/Linwood_Islamic_Centre) by an Australian white supremacist carried out on March 15, 2019. The terrorist attacks have been described by Prime Minister [Jacinda Ardern](/source/Jacinda_Ardern) as "One of New Zealand's darkest days". On August 27, 2020, the shooter was sentenced to [life without parole](/source/Life_imprisonment).[86][87][88]

In 2016, there was a rise in debate over the appropriateness of the naming of [Massey University](/source/Massey_University) in [Palmerston North](/source/Palmerston_North) after [William Massey](/source/William_Massey), whom many historians and critics have described as a white supremacist.[89] Lecturer Steve Elers was a leading proponent of the idea that Massey was an avowed white supremacist, given Massey "made several anti-Chinese racist statements in the public domain" and intensified the [New Zealand head tax](/source/New_Zealand_head_tax).[90][91] In 1921, Massey wrote in the *[Evening Post](/source/The_Evening_Post_(New_Zealand)):* "New Zealanders are probably the purest Anglo-Saxon population in the British Empire. Nature intended New Zealand to be a white man's country, and it must be kept as such. The strain of Polynesian will be no detriment". This is one of many quotes attributed to him regarded as being openly racist.[92]

## Ideologies and movements

Supporters of [Nordicism](/source/Nordicism) consider the "Nordic peoples" to be a superior race.[93] By the early 19th century, white supremacy was attached to emerging theories of racial hierarchy. The German philosopher [Arthur Schopenhauer](/source/Arthur_Schopenhauer) attributed cultural primacy to the white race:

The highest civilization and culture, apart from the ancient [Hindus](/source/Hinduism) and [Egyptians](/source/Ancient_Egypt), are found exclusively among the white races; and even with many dark peoples, the ruling caste or race is fairer in colour than the rest and has, therefore, evidently immigrated, for example, the [Brahmins](/source/Brahmin), the [Incas](/source/Inca_Empire), and the rulers of the [South Sea Islands](/source/Polynesia). All this is due to the fact that necessity is the mother of invention because those tribes that emigrated early to the north, and there gradually became white, had to develop all their intellectual powers and invent and perfect all the arts in their struggle with need, want and misery, which in their many forms were brought about by the climate.[94]

*[The Good Citizen](/source/The_Good_Citizen)* 1926, published by [Pillar of Fire Church](/source/Pillar_of_Fire_International)

The [eugenicist](/source/Eugenics) [Madison Grant](/source/Madison_Grant) argued in his 1916 book, *[The Passing of the Great Race](/source/The_Passing_of_the_Great_Race)*, that the Nordic race had been responsible for most of humanity's great achievements, and that [admixture](/source/Miscegenation) was "race suicide".[95] In this book, Europeans who are not of Germanic origin but have Nordic characteristics such as blonde/red hair and blue/green/gray eyes, were considered to be a Nordic admixture and suitable for [Aryanization](/source/Aryanization_(Nazism)).[96]

Members of the second [Ku Klux Klan](/source/Ku_Klux_Klan) at a rally in 1923

In the United States, the groups most associated with the white-supremacist movement are the [Ku Klux Klan](/source/Ku_Klux_Klan) (KKK), [Aryan Nations](/source/Aryan_Nations), and the [White American Resistance](/source/White_American_Resistance) movement, all of which are also considered to be [antisemitic](/source/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States). The [Proud Boys](/source/Proud_Boys), despite claiming non-association with white supremacy, have been described in academic contexts as being such.[8] Many white-supremacist groups are based on the concept of preserving genetic purity, and do not focus solely on discrimination based on skin color. The KKK's reasons for supporting [racial segregation](/source/Racial_segregation) are not primarily based on religious ideals, but some Klan groups are openly [Protestant](/source/Protestant).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The 1915 silent drama film *[The Birth of a Nation](/source/The_Birth_of_a_Nation)* followed the rising racial, economic, political, and geographic tensions leading up to the [Emancipation Proclamation](/source/Emancipation_Proclamation) and the Southern [Reconstruction era](/source/Reconstruction_era) that was the genesis of the Ku Klux Klan.[97]

[Nazi Germany](/source/Nazi_Germany) promulgated white supremacy based on the belief that the [Aryan race](/source/Aryan_race), or the Germans, were the *[master race](/source/Master_race)*. It was combined with a [eugenics programme](/source/Nazi_eugenics) that aimed for [racial hygiene](/source/Racial_hygiene) through compulsory sterilization of sick individuals and extermination of *[Untermenschen](/source/Untermensch)* ("subhumans"): [Slavs](/source/Anti-Slavic_sentiment), Jews and [Romani](/source/Antiziganism), which eventually culminated in [the Holocaust](/source/The_Holocaust).[98][99][100][101][102]

[Christian Identity](/source/Christian_Identity) is another movement closely tied to white supremacy. Some white supremacists identify themselves as [Odinists](/source/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)), although many Odinists reject white supremacy. Some white-supremacist groups, such as the South African [Boeremag](/source/Boeremag), conflate elements of Christianity and Odinism. [Creativity](/source/Creativity_(religion)) is [atheistic](/source/Atheism) and it denounces Christianity and other [theistic religions](/source/Theism).[103][104] Aside from this, its ideology is similar to that of many Christian Identity groups because it believes in the [antisemitic conspiracy theory](/source/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Antisemitic_conspiracy_theories) that there is a "Jewish conspiracy" in control of governments, the banking industry and the media. [Matthew F. Hale](/source/Matthew_F._Hale), founder of the World Church of the Creator, has published articles stating that all races other than white are "mud races", which is what the group's religion teaches.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The white-supremacist ideology has become associated with a racist faction of the [skinhead](/source/Skinhead) [subculture](/source/Subculture), despite the fact that when the skinhead culture first developed in the United Kingdom in the late 1960s, it was heavily influenced by black fashions and [music](/source/Black_music), especially Jamaican [reggae](/source/Reggae) and [ska](/source/Ska), and African American [soul music](/source/Soul_music).[105][106][107]

White-supremacist recruitment activities are primarily conducted at a [grassroots](/source/Grassroots) level as well as on the Internet. Widespread access to the Internet has led to a dramatic increase in white-supremacist websites.[108] The Internet provides a venue for open expression of white-supremacist ideas at little [social cost](/source/Social_cost) because people who post the information are able to remain anonymous.

### White nationalism

Main article: [White nationalism](/source/White_nationalism)

### White separatism

A map showing the suggested boundaries of the [Northwest Territorial Imperative](/source/Northwest_Territorial_Imperative) in red

White [separatism](/source/Separatism) is a political and social movement that seeks the separation of [white people](/source/White_people) from people of other [races](/source/Race_(human_categorization)) and [ethnicities](/source/Ethnicity). This may include the establishment of a [white ethnostate](/source/White_ethnostate) by removing non-whites from existing communities or by forming new communities elsewhere.[109]

Most modern researchers do not view white separatism as distinct from white-supremacist beliefs. The [Anti-Defamation League](/source/Anti-Defamation_League) defines white separatism as "a form of white supremacy";[110] the Southern Poverty Law Center defines both white nationalism and white separatism as "ideologies based on white supremacy."[111] Facebook has banned content that is openly [white nationalist](/source/White_nationalism) or white separatist because "white nationalism and white separatism cannot be meaningfully separated from white supremacy and organized hate groups".[112][113]

Use of the term to self-identify has been criticized as a dishonest rhetorical ploy. The Anti-Defamation League argues that white supremacists use the phrase because they believe it has fewer negative connotations than the term *white supremacist*.[110]

Dobratz and Shanks-Meile reported that adherents usually reject [marriage "outside the white race"](/source/Interracial_marriage). They argued for the existence of "a distinction between the white supremacist's desire to dominate (as in [apartheid](/source/Apartheid), [slavery](/source/Slavery), or [segregation](/source/Racial_segregation)) and complete separation by race".[114] They argued that this is a matter of pragmatism, because, while many white supremacists are also white separatists, contemporary white separatists reject the view that returning to a system of segregation is possible or desirable in the United States.[115]

## Academic use of the term

The term *white supremacy* is used in some academic studies of racial power to denote a system of structural or [societal racism](/source/Societal_racism) which privileges white people over others, regardless of the presence or the absence of racial hatred. According to this definition, white racial advantages occur at both a collective and an individual level (*[ceteris paribus](/source/Ceteris_paribus)*, i. e., when individuals are compared that do not differ relevantly except in ethnicity). Legal scholar Frances Lee Ansley explains this definition as follows:

By "white supremacy" I do not mean to allude only to the self-conscious racism of white supremacist [hate groups](/source/Hate_group). I refer instead to a political, economic and cultural system in which whites overwhelmingly control power and material resources, conscious and unconscious ideas of white superiority and entitlement are widespread, and relations of white dominance and non-white subordination are daily reenacted across a broad array of institutions and social settings.[19][20]

This and similar definitions have been adopted or proposed by [Charles W. Mills](/source/Charles_W._Mills),[21] [bell hooks](/source/Bell_hooks),[22] [David Gillborn](/source/David_Gillborn),[23] Jessie Daniels,[116] and Neely Fuller Jr,[117] and they are widely used in [critical race theory](/source/Critical_race_theory) and [intersectional feminism](/source/Intersectionality). Some [anti-racist](/source/Anti-racism) educators, such as Betita Martinez and the Challenging White Supremacy workshop, also use the term in this way. The term expresses historic continuities between a pre–[civil rights movement](/source/Civil_rights_movement) era of open white supremacy and the current racial power structure of the United States. It also expresses the visceral impact of structural racism through "provocative and brutal" language that characterizes racism as "nefarious, global, systemic, and constant".[118] Academic users of the term sometimes prefer it to *racism* because it allows for a distinction to be drawn between racist feelings and white racial advantage or [privilege](/source/White_privilege).[119][120][64] [John McWhorter](/source/John_McWhorter), a specialist in language and race relations, explains the gradual replacement of "racism" by "white supremacy" by the fact that "potent terms need refreshment, especially when heavily used", drawing a parallel with the replacement of "chauvinist" by "sexist".[121]

Other intellectuals have criticized the term's recent rise in popularity among leftist activists as counterproductive. John McWhorter has described the use of "white supremacy" as straying from its commonly accepted meaning to encompass less extreme issues, thereby cheapening the term and potentially derailing productive discussion.[122][123] Political columnist [Kevin Drum](/source/Kevin_Drum) attributes the term's growing popularity to frequent use by [Ta-Nehisi Coates](/source/Ta-Nehisi_Coates), describing it as a "terrible fad" that fails to convey nuance. He claims that the term should be reserved for those who are trying to promote the idea that whites are inherently superior to blacks and not used to characterize less blatantly racist beliefs or actions.[124][125] The academic use of the term to refer to [systemic racism](/source/Systemic_racism) has been criticized by [Conor Friedersdorf](/source/Conor_Friedersdorf) for the confusion that it creates for the general public, inasmuch as it differs from the more common dictionary definition; he argues that it is likely to alienate those that it hopes to convince.[125]

## See also

- [Afrophobia](/source/Afrophobia) – Fear or hatred of African peoplePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

- [Antisemitism](/source/Antisemitism) – Hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews

- [Basking in reflected glory](/source/Basking_in_reflected_glory) – Term in cognitive studies

- [Black supremacy](/source/Black_supremacy) – Belief in superiority of black people

- [Boreal (politics and culture)](/source/Boreal_(politics_and_culture)) – Form of exoticism imposed on the NorthPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

- [Christian Identity](/source/Christian_Identity) – White supremacist interpretation of Christianity

- [Creativity (religion)](/source/Creativity_(religion)) – White supremacist new religious movement

- [Eurocentrism](/source/Eurocentrism)

- [Frances Cress Welsing](/source/Frances_Cress_Welsing) – American psychiatrist (1935–2016)

- *[Heroes of the Fiery Cross](/source/Heroes_of_the_Fiery_Cross) – 1928 nonfiction book by white supremacist Alma Bridwell White*

- [Kinism](/source/Kinism) – Segregationist religious movement

- *[Me and White Supremacy](/source/Me_and_White_Supremacy) – 2020 book by Layla Saad*

- [Race and intelligence](/source/Race_and_intelligence) – Discussions and claims of differences in intelligence along racial lines

- [Racism against Black Americans](/source/Racism_against_Black_Americans)

- "[The White Man's Burden](/source/The_White_Man's_Burden) – Poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling"

- [Western Supremacy (book)](/source/Western_Supremacy_(book)) – Book article

- [White nationalist organizations](/source/List_of_white_nationalist_organizations)

- [White power skinheads](/source/White_power_skinheads) – Neo-Nazi or white supremacist skinhead subculturePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

- [White power symbol (disambiguation)](/source/White_power_symbol_(disambiguation))

- [White pride](/source/White_pride) – Racist expression

- [White nationalism](/source/White_nationalism) – Ideology that seeks to develop a white national identity

- [Racism on the Internet](/source/Racism_on_the_Internet) – Electronically distributed racial harassment or racist information

- [Anti-Black racism](/source/Anti-Black_racism) – Discrimination against Black people and culture

- [Racism against African Americans](/source/Racism_against_African_Americans)

- [Jewish supremacy](/source/Jewish_supremacy) – Belief in the superiority of Jewish people

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** This quote is by Klineberg in the NPR story, not from the text of any US law.

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** John Philip Jenkins (April 13, 2021). ["White supremacy"](https://www.britannica.com/topic/white-supremacy). *[Britannica](/source/Britannica)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220427101628/https://www.britannica.com/topic/white-supremacy) from the original on April 27, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [American Association of Physical Anthropologists](/source/American_Association_of_Physical_Anthropologists) (March 27, 2019). ["AAPA Statement on Race and Racism"](https://physanth.org/about/position-statements/aapa-statement-race-and-racism-2019/). *American Association of Physical Anthropologists*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220125163036/https://physanth.org/about/position-statements/aapa-statement-race-and-racism-2019/) from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2020. Instead, the Western concept of race must be understood as a classification system that emerged from, and in support of, European colonialism, oppression, and discrimination.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** "Ostensibly scientific": cf. Theodore M. Porter, Dorothy Ross (eds.) 2003. The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 7, The Modern Social Sciences Cambridge University Press, p. 293 "Race has long played a powerful popular role in explaining social and cultural traits, often in ostensibly scientific terms"; Adam Kuper, Jessica Kuper (eds.), *The Social Science Encyclopedia* (1996), "Racism", p. 716: "This [*[sc.](/source/Sc.) scientific*] racism entailed the use of 'scientific techniques', to sanction the belief in European and American racial Superiority"; *Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Questions to Sociobiology* (1998), "Race, theories of", p. 18: "Its exponents [*sc. of scientific racism*] tended to equate race with species and claimed that it constituted a scientific explanation of human history"; Terry Jay Ellingson, *The myth of the noble savage* (2001), 147ff. "In scientific racism, the racism was never very scientific; nor, it could at least be argued, was whatever met the qualifications of actual science ever very racist" (p. 151); Paul A. Erickson, Liam D. Murphy, *A History of Anthropological Theory* (2008), p. 152: "Scientific racism: Improper or incorrect science that actively or passively supports racism".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Ray, William (June 3, 2022). ["Season 2 Ep 6: Native Land Court"](https://www.rnz.co.nz/programmes/the-aotearoa-history-show/story/2018844576/season-2-ep-6-native-land-court). *[RNZ](/source/RNZ)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231202183417/https://www.rnz.co.nz/programmes/the-aotearoa-history-show/story/2018844576/season-2-ep-6-native-land-court) from the original on December 2, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Wildman, Stephanie M. (1996). [*Privilege Revealed: How Invisible Preference Undermines America*](https://archive.org/details/privilegereveale00wild). NYU Press. p. [87](https://archive.org/details/privilegereveale00wild/page/87). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8147-9303-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9303-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Helms_2016_6–7_6-0)** Helms, Janet (2016). ["An election to save White Heterosexual Male Privilege"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170514172609/https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/lsoe_sites/isprc/pdf/Helms%20LPT%202016%20(1).pdf) (PDF). *Latina/o Psychology Today*. **3** (2): 6–7. Archived from [the original](https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/lsoe_sites/isprc/pdf/Helms%20LPT%202016%20(1).pdf) (PDF) on May 14, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Brody, Richard (April 9, 2021). [""Exterminate All the Brutes," Reviewed: A Vast, Agonizing History of White Supremacy"](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/exterminate-all-the-brutes-reviewed-a-vast-agonizing-history-of-white-supremacy). *[The New Yorker](/source/The_New_Yorker)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210409233933/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/exterminate-all-the-brutes-reviewed-a-vast-agonizing-history-of-white-supremacy) from the original on April 9, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Kutner2020_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Kutner2020_8-1) Kutner, Samantha (2020). ["The Allure of Hyper Masculinity and Cryptofascism for Men Who Join the Proud Boys"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep25259.pdf) (PDF). *International Centre for Counter-Terrorism*: 1. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [resrep25259](https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep25259). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230419225944/https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep25259.pdf) (PDF) from the original on April 19, 2023. Retrieved July 30, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Daniel, Jessie (October 19, 2017). ["Twitter and White Supremacy: A Love Story"](https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1371&context=hc_pubs). *[CUNY](/source/CUNY) Academic Works*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220406235839/https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1371&context=hc_pubs) from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Flint_2004,_p._53_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Flint_2004,_p._53_10-1) Flint, Colin (2004). *Spaces of Hate: Geographies of Discrimination and Intolerance in the U.S.A*. Routledge. p. 53. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-93586-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93586-9). Although white racist activists must adopt a political identity of whiteness, the flimsy definition of whiteness in modern culture poses special challenges for them. In both mainstream and white supremacist discourse, to be white is to be distinct from those marked as nonwhite, yet the placement of the distinguishing line has varied significantly in different times and places.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["'Jews will not replace us': Why white supremacists go after Jews"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220713223948/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/08/14/jews-will-not-replace-us-why-white-supremacists-go-after-jews/). *The Washington Post*. Archived from [the original](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/08/14/jews-will-not-replace-us-why-white-supremacists-go-after-jews/) on July 13, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["How Anti-Semitism Is Tied To White Nationalism"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220713225139/https://www.npr.org/2018/10/30/662253632/how-anti-semitism-is-tied-to-white-nationalism). *National Public Radio*. Archived from [the original](https://www.npr.org/2018/10/30/662253632/how-anti-semitism-is-tied-to-white-nationalism) on July 13, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Ali, Wajahat (January 19, 2022). ["Antisemitism Is Driving White Supremacist Terror In The United States"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220713225140/https://www.thedailybeast.com/antisemitism-is-the-root-of-all-white-supremacist-terrorism). *The Daily Beast*. Archived from [the original](https://www.thedailybeast.com/antisemitism-is-the-root-of-all-white-supremacist-terrorism) on July 13, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Why Are So Many White Nationalists 'Virulently Anti-LGBT'?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220713223944/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/why-are-so-many-white-nationalists-virulently-anti-lgbt-n794466). *National Broadcasting Company*. August 21, 2017. Archived from [the original](https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/why-are-so-many-white-nationalists-virulently-anti-lgbt-n794466) on July 13, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Why are white nationalist groups targeting LGBTQ groups?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220713223943/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/19/1106125400/why-are-white-nationalist-groups-targeting-lgbtq-groups). *National Public Radio*. Archived from [the original](https://www.npr.org/2022/06/19/1106125400/why-are-white-nationalist-groups-targeting-lgbtq-groups) on July 13, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["White supremacy's rigid views on gender and sexuality"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220713224702/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/15/us/white-supremacy-anti-lgbtq-bigotry/index.html). *Cable News Network*. June 15, 2022. Archived from [the original](https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/15/us/white-supremacy-anti-lgbtq-bigotry/index.html) on July 13, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Knoxville Pridefest parade: White nationalists to protest"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220713225915/https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/crime/2018/06/13/knoxville-pridefest-parade-white-nationalists-protest/697812002/). *Knoxnews*. Archived from [the original](https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/crime/2018/06/13/knoxville-pridefest-parade-white-nationalists-protest/697812002/) on July 13, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Smith, Andrea (September 1, 2012). "Indigeneity, settler colonialism, white supremacy". In HoSang, Daniel Martinez; LaBennett, Oneka; Pulido, Laura (eds.). [*Racial Formation in the Twenty-First Century*](https://books.google.com/books?id=VFj15NlQUS0C). University of California Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-520-95376-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95376-5) – via Google Books.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ansley1_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ansley1_19-1) Ansley, Frances Lee (1989). "Stirring the Ashes: Race, Class and the Future of Civil Rights Scholarship". *Cornell Law Review*. **74**: 993ff.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ansley2_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ansley2_20-1) Ansley, Frances Lee (June 29, 1997). "White supremacy (and what we should do about it)". In Richard Delgado; Jean Stefancic (eds.). *Critical white studies: Looking behind the mirror*. Temple University Press. p. 592. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-56639-532-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-532-8).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Mills2003_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Mills2003_21-1) [Mills, C.W.](/source/Charles_W._Mills) (2003). "White supremacy as sociopolitical system: A philosophical perspective". *White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism*: 35–48.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hooks2000_22-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hooks2000_22-1) [Hooks, Bell](/source/Bell_hooks) (2000). *Feminist theory: From margin to center*. Pluto Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7453-1663-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1663-5).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gillborn2006_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gillborn2006_23-1) [Gillborn, David](/source/David_Gillborn) (September 1, 2006). ["Rethinking White Supremacy Who Counts in 'WhiteWorld'"](http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/23036). *Ethnicities*. **6** (3): 318–40. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/1468796806068323](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468796806068323). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2262/52591](https://hdl.handle.net/2262%2F52591). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1468-7968](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-7968). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [8984059](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8984059). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220922010421/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/23036) from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Curran, Andrew (July 10, 2020). ["Facing America's History of Racism Requires Facing the Origins of 'Race' as a Concept"](https://time.com/5865530/history-race-concept/). *Time*. Retrieved May 22, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** [Fredrickson, George](/source/George_M._Fredrickson) (1981). [*White Supremacy*](https://archive.org/details/whitesupremacy00geor/page/162). Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. p. [162](https://archive.org/details/whitesupremacy00geor/page/162). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-503042-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503042-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Fenelon, James V. (2023). *INDIAN, BLACK AND IRISH: indigenous nations, african peoples, european invasions, 1492-1790*. S.l.: ROUTLEDGE. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781003315087](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781003315087).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Boggs_27-0)** [Boggs, James](/source/James_Boggs_(activist)) (October 1970). "Uprooting Racism and Racists in the United States". *The Black Scholar*. **2** (2). Paradigm Publishers: 2–5. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/00064246.1970.11431000](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00064246.1970.11431000). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [41202851](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41202851).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** [Paul Finkelman](/source/Paul_Finkelman) (November 12, 2012). ["The Monster of Monticello"](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/01/opinion/the-real-thomas-jefferson.html?pagewanted=all) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220409233132/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/01/opinion/the-real-thomas-jefferson.html?pagewanted=all) April 9, 2022, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *The New York Times*. Retrieved July 14, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Harris, Paul (June 16, 2012). ["How the end of slavery led to starvation and death for millions of black Americans"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/16/slavery-starvation-civil-war). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130914160449/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/16/slavery-starvation-civil-war) from the original on September 14, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** [A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union](http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_texsec.asp) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110811013053/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_texsec.asp) August 11, 2011, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine): "We hold as undeniable truths that the governments of the various States, and of the confederacy itself, were established exclusively by the white race, for themselves and their posterity; that the African race had no agency in their establishment; that they were rightfully held and regarded as an inferior and dependent race, and in that condition only could their existence in this country be rendered beneficial or tolerable. That in this free government all white men are and of right ought to be entitled to equal civil and political rights; that the servitude of the African race, as existing in these States, is mutually beneficial to both bond and free, and is abundantly authorized and justified by the experience of mankind, and the revealed will of the Almighty Creator, as recognized by all Christian nations; while the destruction of the existing relations between the two races, as advocated by our sectional enemies, would bring inevitable calamities upon both and desolation upon the fifteen slave-holding states."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** [The controversial "Cornerstone Speech", Alexander H. Stephens (Vice President of the Confederate States), March 21, 1861, Savannah, Georgia](http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=76) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071117085333/http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=76) November 17, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine): "Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery—subordination to the superior race—is his natural and normal condition."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["History of Lynching in America"](https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/history-lynching-america). NAACP. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230103133929/https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/history-lynching-america) from the original on January 3, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["Facebook labels declaration of independence as 'hate speech'"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/facebook-declaration-of-independence-hate-speech). *The Guardian*. Retrieved February 28, 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Rickert, Levi (January 16, 2017). ["Dr. Martin Luther King Jr: Our Nation was Born in Genocide"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181126092832/https://nativenewsonline.net/currents/dr-martin-luther-king-jr-nation-born-genocide/). *Native News Online*. Archived from [the original](https://nativenewsonline.net/currents/dr-martin-luther-king-jr-nation-born-genocide/) on November 26, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** *Congressional Globe*, April 28, 1836, p. 1316.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** [Boime, Albert](/source/Albert_Boime) (2004), *[A Social History of Modern Art, Volume 2: Art in an Age of Counterrevolution, 1815–1848](https://books.google.com/books?id=24Hgr0U8K3QC&dq=Rescue+AND+Greenough&pg=PA527)*, (Series: Social History of Modern Art); [University of Chicago Press](/source/University_of_Chicago_Press), p. 527.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["L. Frank Baum's Editorials on the Sioux Nation"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071209193251/http://www.northern.edu/hastingw/baumedts.htm). Archived from [the original](http://www.northern.edu/hastingw/baumedts.htm) on December 9, 2007. Retrieved December 9, 2007. Full text of both, with commentary by professor A. Waller Hastings

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Schultz, Jeffrey D. (2002). [*Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans*](https://books.google.com/books?id=WDV40aK1T-sC&q=African+Americans+discriminated+by+Naturalization+Act+of+1790&pg=PA284). Oryx Press. p. 284. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-57356-148-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-148-8). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240307150238/https://books.google.com/books?id=WDV40aK1T-sC&q=African+Americans+discriminated+by+Naturalization+Act+of+1790&pg=PA284) from the original on March 7, 2024. Retrieved March 25, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Leland T. Saito (1998). "Race and Politics: Asian Americans, Latinos, and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb". p. 154. University of Illinois Press

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Abraham Lincoln (1989). *Speeches and Writings 1832–1858: Speeches, Letters, and Miscellaneous Writings: the Lincoln-Douglas Debates*. Vol. 1. Library of America. p. 638.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Race_41-0)** Cite error: The named reference Race was invoked but never defined (see the [help page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text)).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** Kantrowitz, Stephen David (2000). *Ben Tillman & the reconstruction of white supremacy*. The Fred W. Morrison series in Southern studies. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8078-2530-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2530-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Burton, Orville Vernon (1999). ["Tillman, Benjamin Ryan"](https://www.anb.org/articles/05/05-00784.html?a=1&n=Tillman,%20Benjamin%20Ryan&d=10&ss=0&q=1). *American National Biography*. Retrieved December 29, 2025.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: url-status ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** Simkins, Francis Butler (May 1937). ["Ben Tillman's View of the Negro"](https://doi.org/10.2307/2191880). *The Journal of Southern History*. **3** (2): 161–174. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/2191880](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2191880). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0022-4642](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4642). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [2191880](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2191880).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** Mallonee, Laura. ["The Nation's First Woman Senator Was a Virulent White Supremacist"](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-nations-first-woman-senator-was-a-virulent-white-supremacist-180981150/). *Smithsonian Magazine*. Retrieved December 29, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** ["James K. Vardaman | American Experience | PBS"](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/flood-vardaman/). *www.pbs.org*. Retrieved December 29, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** Anderson, William (1975). *The wild man from Sugar Creek: the political career of Eugene Talmadge*. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8071-0088-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0088-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** Anderson, William (1975). *The wild man from Sugar Creek: the political career of Eugene Talmadge*. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8071-0088-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0088-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** ["50th Anniversary of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Panel Discussion at the Black Archives of Mid-America"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151004044615/http://www.archives.gov/kansas-city/press/2013/13-29.html) (Press release). The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. August 7, 2013. Archived from [the original](https://www.archives.gov/kansas-city/press/2013/13-29.html) on October 4, 2015. Retrieved October 3, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** ["How The Horrific Photograph Of Emmett Till Helped Energize The Civil Rights Movement"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170706123149/http://100photos.time.com/photos/emmett-till-david-jackson). *100 Photographs | The Most Influential Images of All Time*. Archived from [the original](http://100photos.time.com/photos/emmett-till-david-jackson) on July 6, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2017.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Immigration_law_51-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Immigration_law_51-1) Jennifer Ludden. ["1965 immigration law changed face of America"](https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395). *[All Things Considered](/source/All_Things_Considered)*. [NPR](/source/NPR). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143552/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395) from the original on October 21, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** [Warren, Earl](/source/Earl_Warren). Majority opinion. *Loving v. Virginia*. *Documents of American Constitutional and Legal History*, edited by Urofsky and Finkelman, Oxford UP, 2002, p. 779.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** [Schuman, Howard](/source/Howard_Schuman); Steeh, Charlotte; [Bobo, Lawrence](/source/Lawrence_D._Bobo); Krysan, Maria (1997). *Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations*. Harvard University Press. pp. 103ff. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-674-74568-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-74568-1). The questions deal with most of the major racial issues that became focal in the middle of the twentieth century: integration of public accommodations, school integration, residential integration, and job discrimination [and] racial intermarriage and willingness to vote for a black presidential candidate. ... The trends that occur for most of the principle items are quite similar and can be illustrated ...using attitudes toward school integration as an example. The figure shows that there has been a massive and continuous movement of the American public from overwhelming acceptance of the *principle* of segregated schooling in the early 1940s toward acceptance of the *principle* of integrated schooling. ... by 1985, more than nine out of ten chose the pro-integration response.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** Healey, Joseph F.; O'Brien, Eileen (May 8, 2007). *Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Selected Readings*. Pine Forge Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4129-4107-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-4107-5). In 1942 only 42 percent of a national sample of whites reported that they believed blacks to be equal to whites in innate intelligence; since the late 1950s, however, around 80 percent of [white Americans](/source/White_Americans) have rejected the idea of inherent black inferiority.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** [Winant, Howard](/source/Howard_Winant) (1997). ["Behind Blue Eyes: Whiteness and Contemporary US Racial Politics"](https://books.google.com/books?id=MpLnnmp3IGgC&q=%22Behind+Blue+Eyes%3A+Whiteness+and+Contemporary+US+Racial+%22). *New Left Review* (225) 1921: 73. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.64590/hcc](https://doi.org/10.64590%2Fhcc). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-94964-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94964-4). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240307160233/https://books.google.com/books?id=MpLnnmp3IGgC&q=%22Behind+Blue+Eyes%3A+Whiteness+and+Contemporary+US+Racial+%22#v=snippet&q=%22Behind%20Blue%20Eyes%3A%20Whiteness%20and%20Contemporary%20US%20Racial%20%22&f=false) from the original on March 7, 2024. Retrieved October 21, 2020 – via Google Books: «Off White: Readings on Power, Privilege, and Resistance». white racial attitudes shifted dramatically in the postwar period. ... So, monolithic white supremacy is over, yet in a more concealed way, white power and privilege live on.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** [Berlet, Chip](/source/Chip_Berlet); Lyons, Matthew N. (March 8, 2018). *Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort*. Guilford Publications. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4625-3760-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-3760-0). While the [New Right](/source/New_Right) and [Christian Right](/source/Christian_Right) flourished in the 1970s and 1980s, the Far Right also rebounded... The Far Right—encompassing Ku Klux Klan, neonazi, and related organizations—attracted a much smaller following than the New Right, but its influence reverberated in its encouragement of widespread attacks against members of oppressed groups and in broad-based scapegoating campaigns

1. **[^](#cite_ref-belew_58-0)** [Belew, Kathleen](/source/Kathleen_Belew) (2018). *Bring the war home: The white power movement and paramilitary America*. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-674-28607-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-28607-8). The white power movement that emerged from the Vietnam era shared some common attributes with earlier racist movements in the United States, but it was no mere echo. Unlike previous iterations of the Ku Klux Klan and white-supremacist vigilantism, the white power movement did not claim to serve the state. Instead, white power made the state its target, declaring war against the federal government in 1983.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** Blanchfield, Patrick (June 20, 2018). ["Declaration of War: The violent rise of white supremacy after Vietnam (How Did Vietnam Transform White Supremacy?)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190407121624/https://www.thenation.com/article/declaration-of-war/). *[The Nation](/source/The_Nation)*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0027-8378](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8378). Archived from [the original](https://www.thenation.com/article/declaration-of-war/) on April 7, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** Perliger, Arie (2012). *Challengers from the Sidelines: Understanding America's Violent Far-Right*. West Point, NY: Combating Terrorism Center, US Military Academy.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** ["U.S. sees 300 violent attacks inspired by far right every year"](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/u-s-sees-300-violent-attacks-inspired-far-right-every-year). *PBS NewsHour*. August 13, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180811063804/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/u-s-sees-300-violent-attacks-inspired-far-right-every-year) from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** ["Why White-Nationalist Thugs Thrill to Trump"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180824100325/https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2016/04/11/donald-trump-white-supremacist-supporters/). *National Review*. April 11, 2016. Archived from [the original](https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2016/04/11/donald-trump-white-supremacist-supporters/) on August 24, 2018. Retrieved July 17, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-63)** Smith, Candace. ["The White Nationalists Who Support Donald Trump"](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/white-nationalists-support-donald-trump/story?id=37524610). *ABC News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220717215621/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/white-nationalists-support-donald-trump/story?id=37524610) from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved July 17, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-64)** ["How Trump Is Inspiring A New Generation Of White Nationalists"](https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-white-nationalists_n_56dd99c2e4b0ffe6f8e9ee7c). *HuffPost*. March 7, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220717215621/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-white-nationalists_n_56dd99c2e4b0ffe6f8e9ee7c) from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved July 17, 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-theatlantic20170815_65-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-theatlantic20170815_65-1) Pollock, Nicolas; Myszkowski, Sophia. ["Hate Groups Are Growing Under Trump"](https://www.theatlantic.com/video/index/536793/hate-groups-are-growing-under-trump/). *The Atlantic*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220921225433/https://www.theatlantic.com/video/index/536793/hate-groups-are-growing-under-trump/) from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-66)** Inwood, Joshua (2019). ["White supremacy, white counter-revolutionary politics, and the rise of Donald Trump"](http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2399654418789949). *Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space*. **37** (4): 579–596. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2019EnPlC..37..579I](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EnPlC..37..579I). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/2399654418789949](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2399654418789949). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2399-6544](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2399-6544). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [158269272](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158269272). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210225200807/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2399654418789949) from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-67)** [Bobo, Lawrence D.](/source/Lawrence_D._Bobo) (n.d.). ["Racism in Trump's America: reflections on culture, sociology, and the 2016 US presidential election"](https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-4446.12324). *The British Journal of Sociology*. **68** (S1): S85–S104. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/1468-4446.12324](https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-4446.12324). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1468-4446](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-4446). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [29114872](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29114872). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [9714176](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9714176).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-68)** ["Cornel West on Donald Trump: This is What Neo-Fascism Looks Like"](https://www.democracynow.org/2016/12/1/cornel_west_on_donald_trump_this). *[Democracy Now!](/source/Democracy_Now!)*. December 1, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180325233311/https://www.democracynow.org/2016/12/1/cornel_west_on_donald_trump_this) from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** ["Politics of Gender: Women, Men, and the 2016 Campaign"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210309021849/https://www.theatlantic.com/live/events/the-politics-of-gender-2016/2016/). *[The Atlantic](/source/The_Atlantic)*. December 13, 2016. Archived from [the original](https://www.theatlantic.com/live/events/the-politics-of-gender-2016/2016/) on March 9, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Heyden_70-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Heyden_70-1) Heyden, Tom (January 26, 2015). ["The 10 greatest controversies of Winston Churchill's career"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29701767). *BBC News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210122120902/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29701767) from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-71)** [Roberts, Andrew](/source/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)) (2018). [*Churchill: Walking With Destiny*](https://books.google.com/books?id=-4BbDwAAQBAJ&q=andrew+roberts+dog+in+the+manger&pg=PR106). London: Allen Lane. pp. 414–15. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-241-20564-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-20564-8). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240307150158/https://books.google.com/books?id=-4BbDwAAQBAJ&q=andrew+roberts+dog+in+the+manger&pg=PR106) from the original on March 7, 2024. Retrieved May 12, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-72)** Baldwin-Ragaven, Laurel; London, Lesley; du Gruchy, Jeanelle (1999). *An ambulance of the wrong colour: health professionals, human rights, and ethics in South Africa.* Juta and Company Limited. p. 18

1. **[^](#cite_ref-73)** John Pilger (2011). "Freedom Next Time". p. 266. Random House

1. **[^](#cite_ref-74)** ["abolition of the White Australia Policy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060901105340/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm). Australian Government. November 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm) on September 1, 2006. Retrieved October 13, 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-75)** ["Encyclopædia Britannica, South Africa the Apartheid Years"](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555568/South-Africa/259494/The-apartheid-years). *Encyclopædia Britannica*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111028155947/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555568/South-Africa/259494/The-apartheid-years) from the original on October 28, 2011. Retrieved October 13, 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-africapolitics_76-0)** Gann, L.H. *Politics and Government in African States 1960–1985*. pp. 162–202.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-zimstudy_77-0)** Nelson, Harold. *Zimbabwe: A Country Study*. pp. 1–317.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-78)** Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul. "[World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia](https://www.proquest.com/docview/217900153)": Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2006. p. 62.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-79)** Though Rosenberg does not use the word "master race". He uses the word "Herrenvolk" (i. e., ruling people) twice in his book *The Myth*, first referring to the [Amorites](/source/Amorite) (saying that [Sayce](/source/Archibald_Sayce) described them as fair skinned and blue eyed) and secondly quoting [Victor Wallace Germains](/source/Victor_Wallace_Germains)' description of the English in "The Truth about Kitchener". ("The Myth of the Twentieth Century") – Pages 26, 660 – 1930

1. **[^](#cite_ref-80)** [Stoddard, Lothrop](/source/Lothrop_Stoddard) (1922). [*The Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under Man*](https://archive.org/details/revoltagainstciv00stoduoft). New York: [Charles Scribner's Sons](/source/Charles_Scribner's_Sons).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-81)** [Losurdo, Domenico](/source/Domenico_Losurdo) (2004). ["Toward a Critique of the Category of Totalitarianism"](http://www.pssp.org/bbs/data/document/1/Losurdo___Critique_of_Totalitarianism_%282004%29.pdf) (PDF, 0.2 MB). *[Historical Materialism](/source/Historical_Materialism_(journal))*. **12** (2). Translated by Marella & Jon Morris: 25–55, here p. 50. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1163/1569206041551663](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1569206041551663). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1465-4466](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-4466). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025911/http://www.pssp.org/bbs/data/document/1/Losurdo___Critique_of_Totalitarianism_(2004).pdf) (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-82)** [Rosenberg, Alfred](/source/Alfred_Rosenberg) (1930). [*Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts: Eine Wertung der seelischgeistigen Gestaltungskämpfe unserer Zeit*](https://web.archive.org/web/20121104014921/http://www.scribd.com/doc/2628285/Der-Mythus-des-20-Jahrhunderts-Alfred-Rosenberg) [*The Myth of the Twentieth Century*] (in German). Munich: Hoheneichen-Verlag. p. 214. Archived from [the original](https://www.scribd.com/doc/2628285/Der-Mythus-des-20-Jahrhunderts-Alfred-Rosenberg) on November 4, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-83)** ["American laws against 'coloreds' influenced Nazi racial planners"](https://www.timesofisrael.com/american-laws-against-coloreds-influenced-nazi-racial-planners/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170827054238/http://www.timesofisrael.com/american-laws-against-coloreds-influenced-nazi-racial-planners/) August 27, 2017, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Times of Israel. Retrieved August 26, 2017

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Whitman_84-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Whitman_84-1) [Whitman, James Q.](/source/James_Whitman) (2017). *Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law*. Princeton University Press. pp. 37–43.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-85)** [Henry Friedlander](/source/Henry_Friedlander). The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. p. 5.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-86)** ["Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz – Verfassungsschutzbericht 2012"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150321183652/http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/publikationen/verfassungsschutzberichte/vsbericht-2012). Archived from [the original](http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/publikationen/verfassungsschutzberichte/vsbericht-2012) on March 21, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-87)** ["Christchurch killer to stay in jail until he dies"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53919624). BBC News. August 27, 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210809002613/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53919624) from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-88)** ["Brenton Tarrant: White supremacist sentenced to life without parole for killing 51 Muslims in New Zealand mosque attacks"](https://news.sky.com/story/brenton-tarrant-white-supremacist-sentenced-to-life-without-parole-for-killing-51-muslims-in-new-zealand-mosque-attacks-12057417). *Sky News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200827211151/https://news.sky.com/story/brenton-tarrant-white-supremacist-sentenced-to-life-without-parole-for-killing-51-muslims-in-new-zealand-mosque-attacks-12057417) from the original on August 27, 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-89)** Staff, Our Foreign (August 27, 2020). ["New Zealand mosque shooting: 'Wicked and inhuman' Brenton Tarrant sentenced to life without parole"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/08/27/new-zealand-mosque-shooting-wicked-inhuman-brenton-tarrant-sentenced/). *The Telegraph*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0307-1235](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235). [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/08/27/new-zealand-mosque-shooting-wicked-inhuman-brenton-tarrant-sentenced/) from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-90)** ["Massey Uni named after racist PM, lecturer says"](https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/314507/massey-uni-named-after-racist-pm,-lecturer-says). *[RNZ](/source/RNZ)*. September 29, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230825071726/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/314507/massey-uni-named-after-racist-pm,-lecturer-says) from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-91)** Tuckey, Karoline (September 29, 2016). ["Massey racism provokes call for university name change"](https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/84753337/massey-racism-provokes-call-for-university-name-change). *Stuff*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230825071717/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/84753337/massey-racism-provokes-call-for-university-name-change) from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-92)** Elers, Steve (July 1, 2018). ["A 'white New Zealand': Anti-Chinese Racist Political Discourse from 1880 to 1920"](https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=1556889X&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA549658147&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs). *China Media Research*. **14** (3): 88–99. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240307150150/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=1556889X&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA549658147&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs&userGroupName=anon%7E4cd52eab&aty=open-web-entry) from the original on March 7, 2024. Retrieved August 25, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-93)** ["William Massey was a Racist"](https://www.massivemagazine.org.nz/articles/william-massey-was-a-racist). *Massive Magazine*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230825071717/https://www.massivemagazine.org.nz/articles/william-massey-was-a-racist) from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-94)** ["Nordicism"](http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nordicism). *Merriam Webster*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150910012037/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nordicism) from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-95)** [Schopenhauer, Arthur](/source/Arthur_Schopenhauer) (1851). [Parerga and Paralipomena](/source/Parerga_and_Paralipomena). pp. Vol. 2, Section 92.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-96)** Grant, Madison (1921). [*The Passing of the Great Race*](https://archive.org/stream/passingofgreatra00granuoft/passingofgreatra00granuoft_djvu.txt) (4 ed.). C. Scribner's sons. p. xxxi.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Grant1916_97-0)** [Grant, Madison](/source/Madison_Grant) (1916). *The Passing of the Great Race*. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-98)** Armstrong. Eric M. (February 6, 2010). ["Revered and Reviled: D.W. Griffith's 'The Birth of a Nation'"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100529224316/http://themovingarts.com/revered-and-reviled-d-w-griffiths-the-birth-of-a-nation/). *[The Moving Arts Film Journal](/source/The_Moving_Arts_Film_Journal)*. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved December 9, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-99)** [Gumkowski, Janusz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janusz_Gumkowski&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Gumkowski)]; [Leszczynski, Kazimierz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_Leszczy%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Leszczy%C5%84ski)]; Robert, Edward (translator) (1961). Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe (Paperback). [Poland Under Nazi Occupation (First ed.)](https://archive.org/details/PolandUnderNaziOccupation/page/n7) (Polonia Pub. House). ASIN B0006BXJZ6. Retrieved March 12, 2014. at Wayback machine.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-100)** [Peter Longerich](/source/Peter_Longerich) (April 15, 2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford University Press. p. 30. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-280436-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-USHMM_101-0)** ["Close-up of Richard Jenne, the last child killed by the head nurse at the Kaufbeuren-Irsee euthanasia facility"](http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=10049&search=EUTHANASIA+%28PATIENTS%2FVICTIMS%29&index=25). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120321002326/http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=10049&search=EUTHANASIA+(PATIENTS%2FVICTIMS)&index=25) from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-102)** [Ian Kershaw](/source/Ian_Kershaw), *Hitler: A Profile in Power*, Chapter VI, first section (London, 1991, rev. 2001)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-103)** Snyder, S. & D. Mitchell. Cultural Locations of Disability. University of Michigan Press. 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Atheistic_104-0)** [*The new white nationalism in America: its challenge to integration*](https://books.google.com/books?id=HB1wyFPRGm4C&q=atheistic&pg=PA23). [Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press). June 10, 2002. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-80886-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80886-6). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240307150141/https://books.google.com/books?id=HB1wyFPRGm4C&q=atheistic&pg=PA23#v=snippet&q=atheistic&f=false) from the original on March 7, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2011. For instance, Ben Klassen, founder of the atheistic Church of the Creator and author of *The White Man's Bible*, discusses Christianity extensively in his writings and denounces it as a religion that has brought untold horror into the world and has divided the white race.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Atheism_105-0)** [*The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations*](https://books.google.com/books?id=rBgn3xB75ZcC&q=competing+atheistic+white+racist+movement&pg=PA493). [Taylor & Francis](/source/Taylor_%26_Francis). May 7, 2009. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-135-21100-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-21100-4). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240307150203/https://books.google.com/books?id=rBgn3xB75ZcC&q=competing+atheistic+white+racist+movement&pg=PA493#v=snippet&q=competing%20atheistic%20white%20racist%20movement&f=false) from the original on March 7, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2011. A competing atheistic or panthestic white racist movement also appeared, which included the Church of the Creator/ Creativity (Gardell 2003: 129–34).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-106)** ["Smiling Smash: An Interview with Cathal Smyth, a.k.a. Chas Smash, of Madness"](https://web.archive.org/web/20010219175613/http://ska.about.com/musicperform/ska/library/1999/aa081699a.htm). Archived from [the original](http://ska.about.com/musicperform/ska/library/1999/aa081699a.htm) on February 19, 2001. Retrieved February 19, 2001..

1. **[^](#cite_ref-107)** [Special Articles](http://www.reggaereggaereggae.com/Special%20Articles.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081217000127/http://www.reggaereggaereggae.com/Special%20Articles.htm) December 17, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-skinheads_108-0)** Old Skool Jim. *Trojan Skinhead Reggae Box Set liner notes*. London: Trojan Records. TJETD169.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Adversity_109-0)** Adams, Josh; Roscigno, Vincent J. (November 20, 2009). "White Supremacists, Oppositional Culture and the World Wide Web". *Social Forces*. **84** (2): 759–778. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1353/sof.2006.0001](https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsof.2006.0001). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [3598477](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3598477). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [144768434](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144768434).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-110)** Dobratz, Betty A. & Shanks-Meile, Stephanie L. (Summer 2006). ["The Strategy of White Separatism"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071203033702/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3719/is_200607/ai_n16855771/pg_9). *Journal of Political and Military Sociology*. **34** (1): 49–80. Archived from [the original](http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3719/is_200607/ai_n16855771/pg_9/) on December 3, 2007.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ADL_111-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ADL_111-1) ["White Separatism"](https://www.adl.org/resources/glossary-terms/white-separatism). ADL. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171106/https://www.adl.org/resources/glossary-terms/white-separatism) from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-SPLC_112-0)** ["SPLC reacts to Facebook policy on white nationalism"](https://www.splcenter.org/news/2019/03/27/splc-reacts-facebook-policy-white-nationalism). SPLC. March 27, 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171357/https://www.splcenter.org/news/2019/03/27/splc-reacts-facebook-policy-white-nationalism) from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Facebook_113-0)** ["Standing Against Hate"](https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2019/03/standing-against-hate/). Facebook. March 27, 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191111184252/https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2019/03/standing-against-hate/) from the original on November 11, 2019. Retrieved April 4, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-114)** ["Facebook to ban white nationalism and separatism"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-47728471). *BBC News*. March 28, 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170809/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-47728471) from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-115)** Dobratz, Betty A. & Shanks-Meile, Stephanie L. (2000) *The White Separatist Movement in the United States: "White Power, White Pride!*. Baltimore: JHU Press. pp.vii, 10

1. **[^](#cite_ref-116)** Dobratz, Betty A. & Shanks-Meile, Stephanie L. (1997). [*The White Separatist Movement in the United States: White Power, White Pride!*](https://books.google.com/books?id=r59bGyH4lOAC). New York: Twayne Publishers. pp. ix, 12. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8057-3865-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-3865-0). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [37341476](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37341476).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-117)** Daniels, Jessie (1997). *White Lies: race, class, gender and sexuality in white supremacist discourse*. Routledge. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-91289-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91289-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-118)** Fuller, Neely (1984). *The united-independent compensatory code/system/concept: A textbook/workbook for thought, speech, and/or action, for victims of racism (white supremacy)*. SAGE. p. 334. [ASIN](/source/ASIN_(identifier)) [B0007BLCWC](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007BLCWC).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-119)** Davidson, Tim (February 23, 2009). "bell hooks, white supremacy, and the academy". In Jeanette Davidson; George Yancy (eds.). *Critical perspectives on bell hooks*. Taylor & Francis US. p. 68. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-98980-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-98980-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-120)** "Why is it so difficult for many white folks to understand that racism is oppressive not because white folks have prejudicial feelings about blacks (they could have such feelings and leave us alone) but because it is a system that promotes domination and subjugation?" hooks, bell (February 4, 2009). *Black Looks: Race and Representation*. Turnaround Publisher Services Limited. p. 12. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-873262-02-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873262-02-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-121)** Grillo and Wildman cite hooks to argue for the term *racism/white supremacy*: "hooks writes that liberal whites do not see themselves as either prejudiced or interested in domination through coercion, and they do not acknowledge the ways in which they contribute to and benefit from the system of white privilege." Grillo, Trina; Stephanie M. Wildman (June 29, 1997). "The implications of making comparisons between racism and sexism (or other isms)". In Richard Delgado; Jean Stefancic (eds.). *Critical white studies: Looking behind the mirror*. Temple University Press. p. 620. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-56639-532-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-532-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-122)** [McWhorter, John](/source/John_McWhorter) (June 22, 2020). ["The Dictionary Definition of 'Racism' Has to Change"](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/06/dictionary-definition-racism-has-change/613324/). *[The Atlantic](/source/The_Atlantic)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172623/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/06/dictionary-definition-racism-has-change/613324/) from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-left_language_123-0)** ["Left Language, Right Language"](http://www.wnyc.org/story/left-language-right-language/). *Wnyc*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220921224339/https://www.wnyc.org/story/left-language-right-language/) from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved December 3, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-McWhorter_124-0)** McWhorter, John. ["The Difference Between Racial Bias and White Supremacy"](https://time.com/4584161/white-supremacy/). *Time*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161202104713/http://time.com/4584161/white-supremacy/) from the original on December 2, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-MotherJ_125-0)** ["Let's Be Careful With the "White Supremacy" Label"](https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2016/11/lets-please-kill-white-supremacy-fad). *Mother Jones*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220922101050/https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2016/11/lets-please-kill-white-supremacy-fad/) from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2016.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Friedersdorf_126-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Friedersdorf_126-1) [Friedersdorf, Conor](/source/Conor_Friedersdorf). ["'The Scourge of the Left': Too Much Stigma, Not Enough Persuasion"](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/11/the-scourge-of-the-left-too-much-stigma-not-enough-persuasion/508961/). *The Atlantic*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171526/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/11/the-scourge-of-the-left-too-much-stigma-not-enough-persuasion/508961/) from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2016.

## Further reading

- Almaguer, Tomás. (2008) *Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California*. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1994.

- Brooks, Michael E. and [Fitrakis, Robert](/source/Bob_Fitrakis) (2021). *A History of Hate in Ohio: Then and Now.* The Ohio State University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8142-5800-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-5800-2)

- Baird, Robert P. (April 20, 2021). ["The invention of whiteness: the long history of a dangerous idea"](https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/apr/20/the-invention-of-whiteness-long-history-dangerous-idea). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*.

- [Bessis, Sophie](/source/Sophie_Bessis) (2003) [*Western Supremacy: The Triumph of an Idea*](/source/Western_Supremacy_(book)). Zed Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781842772195](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842772195) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1842772198](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1842772198)

- Dobratz, Betty A. and Shanks-Meile, Stephanie (2000) *"White Power, White Pride!": The White Separatist Movement in the United States*. Johns Hopkins University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8018-6537-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6537-4)

- [Horne, Gerald](/source/Gerald_Horne). (2017) *The Apocalypse of Settler Colonialism: The Roots of Slavery White Supremacy and Capitalism in Seventeenth-Century North America and the Caribbean*. New York: Monthly Review Press; [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-58367-663-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-663-9).

- [Horne, Gerald](/source/Gerald_Horne). (2020). *The Dawning of the Apocalypse: The Roots of Slavery White Supremacy Settler Colonialism and Capitalism in the Long Sixteenth Century*. New York: Monthly Review Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-58367-872-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-872-5).

- MacCann, Donnarae (2000) [*White Supremacy in Children's Literature: Characterizations of African Americans, 1830–1900*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xj_T3QCgNgsC&q=%22White+supremacy%22+juvenile). New York: Routledge. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780415928908](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415928908)

- [Van der Pijl, Kees](/source/Kees_van_der_Pijl), *The Discipline of Western Supremacy: Modes of Foreign Relations and Political Economy, Volume III*, Pluto Press, 2014, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7453-2318-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2318-3)

- Williams, Robert B. (2025). [*Funding White Supremacy*](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/funding-white-supremacy/46727E66675991F2C6F8F70FE971E1C3). [Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1009367868](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1009367868).

## External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to ***[White supremacy](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/White_supremacy)***.

- [*Heart of Whiteness*](https://web.archive.org/web/20180221095938/https://www.docsonline.tv/documentary/heart-of-whiteness)—A documentary film about what it means to be white in South Africa

- ["Voices on Antisemitism"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161221114743/https://www.ushmm.org/confront-antisemitism/antisemitism-podcast/frank-meeink)—Interview with Frank Meeink from the [U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum](/source/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum)

- ["Russell Moore: White supremacy angers Jesus, but does it anger his church?"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/08/14/russell-moore-white-supremacy-angers-jesus-but-does-it-anger-his-church/)—The president of the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention

- ["Exterminate All the Brutes, Reviewed: A Vast, Agonizing History of White Supremacy"](https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/exterminate-all-the-brutes-reviewed-a-vast-agonizing-history-of-white-supremacy/) (HBO Series), by Richard Brody, April 9, 2021, *[The New Yorker](/source/The_New_Yorker)*

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Misogynoir Nepotism Outgroup Perpetual foreigner Pregnancy Regional Sectarianism Supremacism Anglo-Saxonism Aryanism Black Hutu Chauvinism Han Hoklo Taiwanese Female Human Nordicism Male Ultranationalism White Transphobia Non-binary Transmisogyny Trans men Vegaphobia Xenophilia Xenophobia Religious Religious exemption Persecution of non-believers Atheism In Islam Apostasy Religious police Jizya Religious persecution In China Exclusivism AROPL Baháʼí Faith Buddhism Christianity Persecution Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy Coptic Christianity Jehovah's Witnesses LDS or Mormon Protestantism Tewahedo Orthodoxy post–Cold War era Falun Gong Hinduism Persecution Untouchability Islam Persecution Ahmadiyya Shi'ism Sufism Sunnism minority Muslim Judaism Persecution Neopaganism Rastafari Serers Sikhism Yazidism Zoroastrianism Race / Ethnicity Afghan Pashtun Hazara African Fulani Igbo Serers Yoruba Albanian Arab Armenian Asian France South Africa United States Assyrian Austrian Azerbaijani Black people African American China South Africa Bengali Brazilian Catalan Chechen Chinese Han people Colombian Croat Dutch English Eritrean Estonian Ethiopian Amhara Oromo Filipino French Finnish Georgian German Greek Haitian Hispanic Hungarian Indian Indonesian Indigenous people Australia Canada United States Iranian Irish Italian Japanese Jewish Eliminationist New Religious Anti-Yiddish Zionist Kazakh Khmer Korean Kurdish Lithuanian Malay Māori Mexican Middle Eastern Mongolian Montenegrin Moroccan Nigerian Pakistani Palestinian Peruvian Polish Portuguese Quebec Romani Romanian Russian Scottish Serb Slavic Somali Spanish Swedish Taiwanese Tatar Thai Tibetan Turkish Ukrainian Uyghur Venezuelan Vietnamese Welsh White people Nationality American Australian Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Inter-Korean North South Manifestations Algorithmic bias Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups Blood libel Bullying Cancel culture Capital punishment for homosexuality Carnism Compulsory sterilization Corrective rape Counter-jihad Cultural genocide Defamation Democide Dog whistle Domicide Economic Education Academic In curricula Sexism Eliminationism Eliminationist antisemitism Employment Enemy of the people Environmental racism Ethnic cleansing Ethnic conflict Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnocide Excellence Gender-based dress codes Cosmetics policy High heel policy Forced conversion Freak show Gay bashing Gendercide Transgender genocide Transfemicide Genital modification and mutilation Circumcision Female genital mutilation Intersex medical interventions Genocide examples Glass ceiling Hate crime Disability hate crime Violence against LGBTQ people Violence against transgender people Hate group Hate speech Institutional discrimination Institutional racism Homeless dumping Housing Hypergamy Age disparity Indian rolling International inequality Kill Haole Day Lavender Scare LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory Linguicide Lynching Media bias Minority stress Moral exclusion Mortgage Native American mascots Occupational Apartheid Inequality Injustice Segregation Opposition to immigration Paper genocide Persecution Pogrom Political Political repression Ideological repression Purge Racialization Religious persecution Religious terrorism Religious violence Religious war Scapegoating Selective enforcement Selective prosecution Sentencing disparity Sexual harassment Sex-selective abortion Slut-shaming Structural abuse Structural discrimination Structural evil Structural inequality Structural violence Tourismphobia Untermensch Trans bashing Victimisation Violence against women White flight White genocide conspiracy theory Wife selling Witch hunt Discriminatory policies Algorithmic wage discrimination Age of candidacy Apartheid in South Africa in Israel Blood purity Blood quantum Breadwinner model Conscription and sexism Disabilities Catholic Disparate impact Fagging Gender pay gap Gender roles Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act Gerontocracy Gerrymandering Ghetto benches Internment Jewish quota Jewish disabilities Opposition to LGBTQ rights MSM blood donation restrictions No kid zone Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota) One-drop rule Racial quota Racial steering Redlining Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) Segregation age racial Jim Crow laws Nuremberg Laws Segregation academy religious sexual in Islam Social exclusion Sodomy law State atheism State religion Transphobia Persecution of transgender people under the second Trump administration V-coding Ugly law Voter suppression White Australia policy Countermeasures Affirmative action Anti-discrimination law Anti-racism Audit study Autistic rights movement Gender-blind Blind audition Constitutional colorblindness Cross-sex friendship Cultural assimilation Cultural pluralism Diversity, equity, and inclusion Diversity training Empowerment Fat acceptance movement Feminism Fighting Discrimination Golden Rule Hate speech laws by country Human rights Intersex human rights Korenizatsiia LGBTQ rights Mad pride Music in the movement against apartheid Racial integration Reappropriation Rock Against Sexism Self-determination Social integration Stop Murder Music Toleration Transgender rights movement Universal suffrage Women's rights Related topics Allophilia Amatonormativity Bias Capital punishment for homosexuality Cisnormativity Civil liberties Criminalization of homosexuality Dehumanization Disease of despair Ethnic penalty Figleaf Heteronormativity Historical eugenics Internalized oppression Intersectionality Lesbian erasure Masculism Nazi concentration camp badge Oikophobia Oppression Police brutality Polyculturalism Power distance Prejudice Prisoner abuse Racial bias in criminal news in the United States Racism by country Racial color blindness Religious intolerance Second-generation gender bias Snobbery Social equity Social exclusion Social model of disability Social privilege Christian male white Social stigma Speciesism Stereotype The talk Triple oppression Category Commons

Authority control databases International FAST National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Israel Other Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [White supremacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.