# Whipcracking > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Whipcracking > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Whipcracking.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipcracking > Source revision: 1303127195 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Act of producing a cracking sound with a whip}} [[Image:Goasslschnalzer in Tracht.jpg|thumb|right|Whipcrackers from [Traunstein](/source/Traunstein_(district)), [Bavaria](/source/Bavaria) ]] '''Whipcracking''' is the act of producing a cracking [sound](/source/sound) through the use of a [whip](/source/whip). Used during [livestock](/source/livestock) driving and [horse](/source/horse) riding, it has also become an art. A rhythmic whipcracking belongs to the traditional culture among various [Germanic peoples](/source/Germanic_peoples) of [Bavaria](/source/Bavaria) (''Goaßlschnalzen''), various Alpine areas (''Aperschnalzen''), [Austria](/source/Austria), and [Hungary](/source/Hungary) (Ostorozás). Today it is a [performing art](/source/performing_art), a part of [rodeo](/source/rodeo) show in [United States](/source/United_States), a competitive [sport](/source/sport) in [Australia](/source/Australia) and increasingly popular in the United Kingdom, where it crosses boundaries of sport, hobby and performance. ==Physics== The crack a whip makes is produced when a section of the whip moves faster than the [speed of sound](/source/speed_of_sound) creating a small [sonic boom](/source/sonic_boom). The creation of the sonic boom was confirmed in 1958B. Bernstein, D. A. Hall, and H. M. Trent. "On the dynamics of a bull whip", ''Journal of the Acoustical Society of America'' 30: 1112-1115 (1958). by analyzing the high-speed shadow photography taken in 1927.[American Physical Society](/source/American_Physical_Society) (2002) ''[http://hypography.com/news/physical-sciences/32479.html Whip Cracking Mystery Explained],'' 26 May 2002 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526212838/http://hypography.com/news/physical-sciences/32479.html |date=May 26, 2009 }} Recently, an additional, purely geometrical factor was recognized: the tip of the whip moves twice as fast at the loop of the whip, just like the top of a car's wheel moves twice as fast as the car itself.{{cite journal | last1=Goriely | first1=Alain | author-link=Alain Goriely | last2=McMillen | first2=Tyler | title=Shape of a Cracking Whip | journal=Physical Review Letters | publisher=American Physical Society (APS) | volume=88 | issue=24 | date=2002-06-03 | issn=0031-9007 | doi=10.1103/physrevlett.88.244301 | page=244-301 | pmid=12059302 | bibcode=2002PhRvL..88x4301G | url=http://mathfaculty.fullerton.edu/tmcmillen/papers/2002-PRL(whip).pdf | archive-date=2016-04-28 | access-date=2014-10-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428201308/http://mathfaculty.fullerton.edu/tmcmillen/papers/2002-PRL(whip).pdf | url-status=dead }} A common explanation is to derive the behavior from the [conservation of energy](/source/conservation_of_energy) law. However it was noted that the energy is also conserved when the crack sizzles, therefore derivations from purely conservation laws, including [conservation of momentum](/source/conservation_of_momentum) and some others are insufficient. Based on simulations, the high speed of the tip of the whip has been proposed to be a result of a "chain reaction of levers and blocks".[http://whip.creatingspeed.com Creating speed] Oct 2016 In 1997, ''[Discover Magazine](/source/Discover_Magazine)'' reported about the possibility of the "whipcracking" effect millions of years ago. As part of the joint [computer scientist](/source/computer_scientist)s' and [paleontologist](/source/paleontologist)s' research into the motion of [dinosaur](/source/dinosaur)s, [Nathan Myhrvold](/source/Nathan_Myhrvold), a chief technology officer from [Microsoft](/source/Microsoft), carried out a [computer simulation](/source/computer_simulation) of an [Apatosaurus](/source/Apatosaurus), which had a very long, tapering tail resembling a whip. Basing on the reasoning described above, Myhrvold concluded that sauropods were capable of producing a crack comparable to the sound of a [cannon](/source/cannon).[https://web.archive.org/web/20070217232626/http://discover.com/issues/nov-97/features/dinosaursinmotio1261/ "Dinosaur in Motion"], ''[Discover](/source/Discover_(magazine))'' November 1997 However, in 2022 a more sophisticated model revealed that while some [diplodocid](/source/Diplodocidae) dinosaurs could possibly have used their tails as whips, they wouldn't have been able to break the sound barrier. At that speed the caudal vertebrae of the sauropods at the posterior end would simply break.{{Cite journal |last1=Conti |first1=Simone |last2=Tschopp |first2=Emanuel |last3=Mateus |first3=Octávio |last4=Zanoni |first4=Andrea |last5=Masarati |first5=Pierangelo |last6=Sala |first6=Giuseppe |date=2022-12-08 |title=Multibody analysis and soft tissue strength refute supersonic dinosaur tail |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=19245 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-21633-2 |pmid=36482175 |pmc=9732322 |issn=2045-2322}} ==Shows and competitions== {{unreferenced section|date=September 2023}} ===Goaßlschnalzen=== ''Goaßlschnalzen'', ''Goaßlschnalzn'', Goasslschnoizen is translated as "whip-cracking", from the Bavarian word ''Goaßl'' (German: Geißel) for [coachwhip](/source/Buggy_whip). In earlier centuries, the [carriage](/source/carriage) drivers used elaborate crack sequences to signal their approach and to identify them. Over time horse-drawn transport dwindled, but the tradition remained, and coaches practiced their skill in their spare time. Today the ''Goaßlschnalzer'' ("whipsnappers") do [concert](/source/concert) performances, often as bands that include conventional [musical instrument](/source/musical_instrument)s. Whipsnapping is also a traditional sport in Bavaria. There are many whip-cracking associations in Bavaria. ===Aperschnalzen=== [Aperschnalzen](/source/Aperschnalzen) or ''Apaschnoizn'' in [Bavarian](/source/Bavarian_language) is an old tradition of competitive whipcracking revived in the first half of the 20th century. The word "aper" means "area free of snow", and it has been thought that this tradition had a [pagan](/source/pagan) meaning of "driving the winter away" by whipcracking. ===British Whipcracking Convention=== A British Whipcracking Convention is held every year for all skill levels. There are workshops for the differing skill levels as well as competitions and targets. The third convention was held in Aldersley Leisure Village, Aldersley Road, [Wolverhampton](/source/Wolverhampton) on 14 July 2007. ===Australian sport=== In the latter half of the 20th century, attempts to preserve traditional crafts, along with a resurgence of interest in Western performance arts and the release of films such as ''[Raiders of the Lost Ark](/source/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark)'' (in which the hero, [Indiana Jones](/source/Indiana_Jones_(character)), uses a [bullwhip](/source/bullwhip) as a tool), led to an increased interest in whipcracking as a hobby and performance art, as well as a competitive sport. Whip cracking competitions have become popular in Australia. They focus on the completion of complex, multiple-cracking routines and precise target work. Various whips, apart from bullwhips, are used in such competitions. The most common whip used in Australian competitions is an Australian stockwhip, a whip unique to Australia. *Target routines **target cutting **object wrapping **object moving/manipulation *Cracking routines **Cracking patterns **Cracking with two whips In cracking routines, the judging criteria are the presentation and making audible cracks in prescribed moments. ==See also== *[Bullwhip](/source/Bullwhip) *[Beto Carrero](/source/Beto_Carrero) *[Crack the whip](/source/Crack_the_whip) *[John Brady](/source/John_Brady_(showman)) *[Indiana Jones](/source/Indiana_Jones_(character)) *[Fiona Smith](/source/Fiona_Smith_(whipcracker)) *[Stockwhip](/source/Stockwhip) *[Whip fighting](/source/Whip_fighting) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * Andrew Conway, ''The New Bullwhip Book'', Loompanics Unlimited, 2005. {{ISBN|1-55950-244-4}}. * Robert Dante, ''Let's Get Cracking! The How-To Book of Bullwhip Skills'', CreateSpace, 2008. {{ISBN|1-4404-0623-5}}. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151002085851/http://home.comcast.net/~a-mcnibble/Rants/WhyWhipsCrack.pdf Why Whips Crack] ==External links== *[http://www.davidmorgan.com/whipcracking.html The art of whipcracking] * {{in lang|de}} [Aperschnalzen](/source/%3Ade%3AAperschnalzen) *[http://www.thewhipstudio.com/ The Whip Artistry Studio - Non-combative Whip Arts] *[http://bullwhip.org/ Bullwhip.org] *[http://brophyfamily.wix.com/westernshow Brophy Family] Whips and lasso artists that have been touring the world for over 30 years *[https://canadawhips.com Canada Whips] A resource for whipcrackers worldwide {{Aerophones}} {{Rodeo}} Category:Displacement free aerophones Category:Whip arts Category:Rodeo-affiliated events --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Whipcracking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipcracking) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipcracking?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.