# WD40 repeat

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/WD40_repeat
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/WD40_repeat.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WD40_repeat
> Source revision: 1342050722
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Short protein motif that forms a solenoid domain

Not to be confused with [WD-40](/source/WD-40).

Protein domain

WD domain, G-beta repeat Ribbon diagram of the C-terminal WD40 domain of Tup1 (a transcriptional corepressor in yeast), which adopts a 7-bladed beta-propeller fold. Ribbon is colored from blue (N-terminus) to red (C-terminus).[1] Identifiers Symbol WD40 Pfam PF00400 Pfam clan CL0186 InterPro IPR001680 PROSITE PDOC00574 SCOP2 1gp2 / SCOPe / SUPFAM CDD cd00200 Available protein structures: PDB 1b9x​, 1b9y​, 1erj​, 1gg2​, 1got​, 1gp2​, 1gxr​, 1nex​, 1nr0​, 1omw​, 1p22​, 1pev​, 1pgu​, 1pi6​, 1s4u​, 1sq9​, 1tbg​, 1u4c​, 1xhm​, 1yfq​, 2bcj​, 2ce8​, 2ce9​, 2trc​ IPR001680 PF00400 (ECOD; PDBsum) AlphaFold IPR001680 PF00400

The **WD40 repeat** (also known as the **WD** or **beta-transducin repeat**) is a short [structural motif](/source/Structural_motif) of approximately 40 [amino acids](/source/Amino_acid), often terminating in a [tryptophan](/source/Tryptophan)-[aspartic acid](/source/Aspartic_acid) (W-D) dipeptide.[2] [Tandem copies of these repeats](/source/Protein_tandem_repeats) typically fold together to form a type of circular [solenoid protein domain](/source/Solenoid_protein_domain) called the **WD40 domain**.

## Structure

WD40 domain-containing proteins have 4 to 16 repeating units, all of which are thought to form a circularised [beta-propeller](/source/Beta-propeller) structure (see figure to the right).[3][4] The WD40 domain is composed of about 40 to 60[4] amino acids with a glycine and histidine dipeptide near the N-terminus and a tryptophan and aspartic acid dipeptide most commonly at the C-terminus. Two variable regions are present. The repeats typically form a four-stranded anti-parallel beta sheet or blade. These blades come together to form a propeller with the most common being a seven-bladed beta propeller. The blades interlock so that the last beta strand of one repeat forms with the first three of the next repeat to form the 3D blade structure.[3][4]

## Function

WD40-repeat proteins are a large family found in all [eukaryotes](/source/Eukaryote) and are implicated in a variety of functions ranging from [signal transduction](/source/Signal_transduction) and [transcription regulation](/source/Transcriptional_regulation) to [cell cycle](/source/Cell_cycle) control, [autophagy](/source/Autophagy) and [apoptosis](/source/Apoptosis).[5] The underlying common function of all WD40-repeat proteins is coordinating multi-protein complex assemblies, where the repeating units serve as a rigid [scaffold](/source/Scaffold_protein) for protein interactions. The specificity of the proteins is determined by the sequences outside the repeats themselves. Examples of such complexes are [G proteins](/source/G_protein) (beta subunit is a beta-propeller), [TAFII](/source/General_transcription_factor) transcription factor, and [E3 ubiquitin ligase](/source/E3_ubiquitin_ligase).[3][4]

## Examples

According to the initial analysis of the human genome WD40 repeats are the eighth largest family of proteins. In all 277 proteins were identified to contain them.[6] Human genes encoding proteins containing this domain include:

- [AAAS](/source/AAAS_(gene)), [AAMP](/source/AAMP_(gene)), [AHI1](/source/AHI1), [AMBRA1](/source/AMBRA1), [APAF1](/source/APAF1), [ARPC1A](/source/ARPC1A), [ARPC1B](/source/ARPC1B), [ATG16L1](/source/ATG16L1),

- [BOP1](/source/BOP1), [BRWD1](/source/BRWD1), [BRWD3](/source/BRWD3), [BTRC](/source/BTRC_(gene)), [BUB3](/source/BUB3),

- [C6orf11](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C6orf11&action=edit&redlink=1), [CDC20](/source/CDC20), [CDC40](/source/CDC40), [CDRT1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CDRT1&action=edit&redlink=1), [CHAF1B](/source/CHAF1B), [CIAO1](/source/CIAO1), [CIRH1A](/source/CIRH1A), [COPA](/source/COPA_(gene)), [COPB2](/source/COPB2), [CORO1A](/source/CORO1A), [CORO1B](/source/CORO1B), [CORO1C](/source/CORO1C), [CORO2A](/source/CORO2A), [CORO2B](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CORO2B&action=edit&redlink=1), [CORO6](/source/CORO6), [CORO7](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CORO7&action=edit&redlink=1), [CSTF1](/source/CSTF1),

- [DDB2](/source/DDB2), [DENND3](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DENND3&action=edit&redlink=1), [DMWD](/source/DMWD_(gene)), [DMXL1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DMXL1&action=edit&redlink=1), [DMXL2](/source/DMXL2), [DNAI1](/source/DNAI1), [DNAI2](/source/DNAI2), [DNCI1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNCI1&action=edit&redlink=1), [DTL](/source/DTL), [DYNC1I1](/source/DYNC1I1), [DYNC1I2](/source/DYNC1I2), [EDC4](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EDC4&action=edit&redlink=1),

- [EED](/source/EED_(protein)), [EIF3S2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EIF3S2&action=edit&redlink=1), [ELP2](/source/ELP2), [EML1](/source/EML1), [EML2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EML2&action=edit&redlink=1), [EML3](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EML3&action=edit&redlink=1), [EML4](/source/EML4), [EML4-ALK](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EML4-ALK&action=edit&redlink=1), [EML5](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EML5&action=edit&redlink=1), [ERCC8](/source/ERCC8),

- [FBXW10](/source/FBXW10), [FBXW11](/source/FBXW11), [FBXW2](/source/FBXW2), [FBXW4](/source/FBXW4), [FBXW5](/source/FBXW5), [FBXW7](/source/FBXW7), [FBXW8](/source/FBXW8), [FBXW9](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FBXW9&action=edit&redlink=1), [FZR1](/source/FZR1),

- GBL, [GEMIN5](/source/GEMIN5), [GNB1](/source/GNB1), [GNB1L](/source/GNB1L), [GNB2](/source/GNB2), [GNB2L1](/source/GNB2L1), [GNB3](/source/GNB3), [GNB4](/source/GNB4), [GNB5](/source/GNB5), [GRWD1](/source/GRWD1), [GTF3C2](/source/GTF3C2),

- [HERC1](/source/HERC1), [HIRA](/source/HIRA), [HZGJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HZGJ&action=edit&redlink=1),

- [IFT121](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IFT121&action=edit&redlink=1), [IFT122](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IFT122&action=edit&redlink=1), [IFT140](/source/IFT140), [IFT172](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IFT172&action=edit&redlink=1), [IFT80](/source/IFT80), [IQWD1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IQWD1&action=edit&redlink=1),

- [KATNB1](/source/KATNB1), [KIAA1336](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KIAA1336&action=edit&redlink=1), [KIF21A](/source/KIF21A), [KIF21B](/source/KIF21B), [KM-PA-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KM-PA-2&action=edit&redlink=1),

- [KEAP1](/source/KEAP1),

- [LLGL1](/source/LLGL1), [LLGL2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LLGL2&action=edit&redlink=1), [LRBA](/source/LRBA), [LRRK1](/source/LRRK1), [LRRK2](/source/LRRK2), [LRWD1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LRWD1&action=edit&redlink=1), [LYST](/source/LYST),

- [MAPKBP1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MAPKBP1&action=edit&redlink=1), [MED16](/source/MED16), [MORG1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MORG1&action=edit&redlink=1),

- [NBEA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBEA&action=edit&redlink=1), [NBEAL1](/source/NBEAL1), [NEDD1](/source/NEDD1), [NLE1](/source/NLE1), [NSMAF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NSMAF&action=edit&redlink=1), [NUP37](/source/NUP37), [NUP43](/source/NUP43), [NWD1](/source/NWD1),

- [PAAF1](/source/PAAF1), [PAFAH1B1](/source/PAFAH1B1), [PAK1IP1](/source/PAK1IP1), [PEX7](/source/PEX7), [PHIP](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PHIP&action=edit&redlink=1), [PIK3R4](/source/PIK3R4), [PLAA](/source/PLAA_(gene)), [PLRG1](/source/PLRG1), [PPP2R2A](/source/PPP2R2A), [PPP2R2B](/source/PPP2R2B), [PPP2R2C](/source/PPP2R2C), [PPP2R2D](/source/PPP2R2D), [PPWD1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PPWD1&action=edit&redlink=1), [PREB](/source/PREB), [PRPF19](/source/PRPF19), [PRPF4](/source/PRPF4), [PWP1](/source/PWP1), [PWP2](/source/PWP2),

- [RAE1](/source/RAE1), [RPTOR](/source/RPTOR), [RBBP4](/source/RBBP4), [RBBP5](/source/RBBP5), [RBBP7](/source/RBBP7), [RFWD2](/source/RFWD2), [RFWD3](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RFWD3&action=edit&redlink=1), [RRP9](/source/RRP9),

- [SCAP](/source/SREBP_cleavage_activating_protein), [SEC13](/source/SEC13), [SEC31A](/source/SEC31A), [SEC31B](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEC31B&action=edit&redlink=1), [SEH1L](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEH1L&action=edit&redlink=1), [SHKBP1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SHKBP1&action=edit&redlink=1), [SMU1](/source/SMU1), [SPAG16](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SPAG16&action=edit&redlink=1), SPG, [STRAP](/source/STRAP), [STRN](/source/STRN), [STRN3](/source/STRN3), [STRN4](/source/STRN4), [STXBP5](/source/STXBP5), [STXBP5L](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STXBP5L&action=edit&redlink=1),

- [TAF5](/source/TAF5), [TAF5L](/source/TAF5L), [TBL1X](/source/TBL1X), [TBL1XR1](/source/TBL1XR1), [TBL1Y](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TBL1Y&action=edit&redlink=1), [TBL2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TBL2&action=edit&redlink=1), [TBL3](/source/TBL3), [TEP1](/source/TEP1), [THOC3](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=THOC3&action=edit&redlink=1), [THOC6](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=THOC6&action=edit&redlink=1), [TLE1](/source/TLE1), [TLE2](/source/TLE2), [TLE3](/source/TLE3), [TLE4](/source/TLE4), [TLE6](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TLE6&action=edit&redlink=1), [TRAF7](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TRAF7&action=edit&redlink=1), [TSSC1](/source/TSSC1), [TULP4](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TULP4&action=edit&redlink=1), [TUWD12](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TUWD12&action=edit&redlink=1),

- [UTP15](/source/UTP15), [UTP18](/source/UTP18),

- [WAIT1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WAIT1&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDF3](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDF3&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDFY1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDFY1&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDFY2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDFY2&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDFY3](/source/WDFY3), [WDFY4](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDFY4&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDHD1](/source/WDHD1), [WDR1](/source/WDR1), [WDR10](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR10&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR11](/source/WDR11), [WDR12](/source/WDR12), [WDR13](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR13&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR16](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR16&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR17](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR17&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR18](/source/WDR18), [WDR19](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR19&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR20](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR20&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR21A](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR21A&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR21C](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR21C&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR22](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR22&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR23](/source/WDR23), [WDR24](/source/WDR24), [WDR25](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR25&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR26](/source/WDR26), [WDR27](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR27&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR3](/source/WDR3), [WDR31](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR31&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR32](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR32&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR33](/source/WDR33), [WDR34](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR34&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR35](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR35&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR36](/source/WDR36), [WDR37](/source/WDR37), [WDR38](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR38&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR4](/source/WDR4), [WDR40A](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR40A&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR40B](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR40B&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR40C](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR40C&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR41](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR41&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR42A](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR42A&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR42B](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR42B&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR43](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR43&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR44](/source/WDR44), [WDR46](/source/WDR46), [WDR47](/source/WDR47), [WDR48](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR48&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR49](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR49&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR5](/source/WDR5), [WDR51A](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR51A&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR51B](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR51B&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR52](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR52&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR53](/source/WDR53), [WDR54](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR54&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR55](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR55&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR57](/source/WDR57), [WDR59](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR59&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR5B](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR5B&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR6](/source/WDR6), [WDR60](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR60&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR61](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR61&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR62](/source/WDR62), [WDR63](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR63&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR64](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR64&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR65](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR65&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR66](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR66&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR67](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR67&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR68](/source/WDR68), [WDR69](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR69&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR7](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR7&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR70](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR70&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR72](/source/WDR72), [WDR73](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR73&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR74](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR74&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR75](/source/WDR75), [WDR76](/source/WDR76), [WDR77](/source/WDR77), [WDR78](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR78&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR79](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR79&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR8](/source/WDR8), [WDR81](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR81&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR82](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR82&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR85](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR85&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR86](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR86&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR88](/source/WDR88), [WDR89](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR89&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDR90](/source/WDR90), [WDR91](/source/WDR91), [WDR92](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDR92&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDSOF1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDSOF1&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDSUB1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WDSUB1&action=edit&redlink=1), [WDTC1](/source/WDTC1), [WSB1](/source/WSB1), [WSB2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WSB2&action=edit&redlink=1),

- [ZFP106](/source/ZFP106)

Human WDR genes and associated diseases WDR gene other gene names NCBI Entrez Gene ID Human disease associated with mutations WDR1 AIP1; NORI-1; HEL-S-52 9948 WDR2 CORO2A; IR10; CLIPINB 7464 WDR3 DIP2; UTP12 10885 WDR4 TRM82; TRMT82 10785 WDR5 SWD3; BIG-3; CFAP89 11091 WDR6 11180 WDR7 TRAG; KIAA0541; Rabconnectin 3 beta 23335 WDR8 WRAP73 49856 WDR9 BRWD1; N143; C21orf107 54014 WDR10 IFT122; CED; SPG; CED1; WDR10p; WDR140 55764 Sensenbrenner syndrome WDR11 DR11; HH14; BRWD2; WDR15 55717 Kallmann syndrome WDR12 YTM1 55759 WDR13 MG21 64743 WDR14 GNB1L; GY2; FKSG1; WDVCF; DGCRK3 54584 WDR15 WDR11 WDR16 CFAP52; WDRPUH 146845 WDR17 116966 WDR18 Ipi3 57418 WDR19 ATD5; CED4; DYF-2; ORF26; Oseg6; PWDMP; SRTD5; IFT144; NPHP13 57728 Sensenbrenner syndrome, Jeune syndrome WDR20 DMR 91833 WDR21 DCAF4; WDR21A 26094 WDR22 DCAF5; BCRG2; BCRP2 8816 WDR23 DCAF11; GL014; PRO2389 80344 WDR24 JFP7; C16orf21 84219 WDR25 C14orf67 79446 WDR26 CDW2; GID7; MIP2 80232 WDR27 253769 WDR28 GRWD1; CDW4; GRWD; RRB1 83743 WDR29 SPAG16; PF20 79582 WDR30 ATG16L1; IBD10; APG16L; ATG16A; ATG16L 55054 Crohn’s disease WDR31 114987 WDR32 DCAF10 79269 WDR33 NET14; WDC146 55339 WDR34 DIC5; FAP133; SRTD11 89891 Jeune syndrome WDR35 CED2; IFTA1; SRTD7; IFT121 57539 Sensenbrenner syndrome WDR36 GLC1G; UTP21; TAWDRP; TA-WDRP 134430 Primary Open Angle Glaucoma WDR37 22884 WDR38 401551 WDR39 CIAO1; CIA1 9391 WDR40A DCAF12; CT102; TCC52; KIAA1892 25853 WDR41 MSTP048 55255 WDR43 UTP5; NET12 23160 WDR44 RPH11; RAB11BP 54521 WDR45 JM5; NBIA4; NBIA5; WDRX1; WIPI4; WIPI-4 11152 Beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN) WDR46 UTP7; BING4; FP221; C6orf11 9277 WDR47 NEMITIN; KIAA0893 22911 WDR48 P80; UAF1; SPG60 57599 WDR49 151790 WDR50 UTP18; CGI-48 51096 WDR52 CFAP44 55779 WDR53 348793 WDR54 84058 WDR55 54853 WDR56 IFT80; ATD2; SRTD2 57560 Jeune syndrome WDR57 SNRNP40; SPF38; PRP8BP; HPRP8BP; PRPF8BP 9410 WDR58 THOC6; BBIS; fSAP35 79228 WDR59 FP977 79726 WDR60 SRPS6; SRTD8; FAP163 55112 Jeune syndrome WDR61 SKI8; REC14 80349 WDR62 MCPH2; C19orf14 284403 microcephaly WDR63 DIC3; NYD-SP29 126820 WDR64 128025 WDR65 CFAP57; VWS2 149465 Van der Woude syndrome WDR66 CaM-IP4 144406 WDR67 TBC1D31; Gm85 93594 WDR68 DCAF7; AN11; HAN11; SWAN-1 10238 WDR69 DAW1; ODA16 164781 WDR70 55100 WDR71 PAAF1; PAAF; Rpn14 80227 WDR72 AI2A3 256764 Amelogenesis imperfecta WDR73 HSPC264 84942 WDR74 54663 WDR75 NET16; UTP17 84128 WDR76 CDW14 79968 WDR77 p44; MEP50; MEP-50; HKMT1069; Nbla10071; p44/Mep50 79084 WDR78 DIC4 79819 WDR79 WRAP53; DKCB3; TCAB1 55135 WDR80 ATG16L; ATG16B 89849 WDR81 CAMRQ2; PPP1R166 124997 cerebellar ataxia, mental retardation, and dysequilibrium syndrome-2 WDR82 SWD2; MST107; WDR82A; MSTP107; PRO2730; TMEM113; PRO34047 80335 WDR83 MORG1 84292 WDR84 PAK1IP1; PIP1; MAK11 55003 WDR85 DPH7; RRT2; C9orf112 92715 WDR86 349136 WDR87 NYD-SP11 83889 WDR88 PQWD 126248 WDR89 MSTP050; C14orf150 112840 WDR90 C16orf15; C16orf16; C16orf17; C16orf18; C16orf19 197335 WDR91 HSPC049 29062 WDR92 MONAD 116143 WDR93 56964 WDR94 AMBRA1; DCAF3 55626 WDR96 CFAP43; C10orf79 80217

## See also

- [Beta-propeller](/source/Beta-propeller)

- [Tomosyn](/source/Tomosyn), a protein two WD40 domains

- [Protein tandem repeats](/source/Protein_tandem_repeats)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid10856245_1-0)** [PDB](/source/Protein_Data_Bank): [1erj](https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1erj)​; Sprague ER, Redd MJ, Johnson AD, Wolberger C (June 2000). ["Structure of the C-terminal domain of Tup1, a corepressor of transcription in yeast"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC203344). *EMBO J*. **19** (12): 3016–27. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/emboj/19.12.3016](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F19.12.3016). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [203344](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC203344). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10856245](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10856245).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid8090199_2-0)** Neer EJ, Schmidt CJ, Nambudripad R, Smith TF (September 1994). "The ancient regulatory-protein family of WD-repeat proteins". *Nature*. **371** (6495): 297–300. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1994Natur.371..297N](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.371..297N). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/371297a0](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F371297a0). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8090199](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8090199). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [600856](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:600856).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-pmid10322433_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-pmid10322433_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-pmid10322433_3-2) Smith TF, Gaitatzes C, Saxena K, Neer EJ (May 1999). ["The WD40 repeat: a common architecture for diverse functions"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0968-0004%2899%2901384-5). *Trends Biochem. Sci*. **24** (5): 181–5. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S0968-0004(99)01384-5](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0968-0004%2899%2901384-5). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10322433](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10322433).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-pmid11814058_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-pmid11814058_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-pmid11814058_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-pmid11814058_4-3) Li D, Roberts R (December 2001). ["WD-repeat proteins: structure characteristics, biological function, and their involvement in human diseases"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11337334). *Cell. Mol. Life Sci*. **58** (14): 2085–97. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/PL00000838](https://doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00000838). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [11337334](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11337334). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11814058](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11814058). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [20646422](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20646422).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid20451393_5-0)** Stirnimann CU, Petsalaki E, Russell RB, Müller CW (May 2010). "WD40 proteins propel cellular networks". *Trends Biochem. Sci*. **35** (10): 565–74. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.tibs.2010.04.003](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tibs.2010.04.003). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [20451393](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20451393).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid11237011_6-0)** Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, et al. (February 2001). ["Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome"](https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62798/1/409860a0.pdf) (PDF). *Nature*. **409** (6822): 860–921. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/35057062](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35057062). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11237011](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11237011).

## External links

- [Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource](/source/Eukaryotic_Linear_Motif_resource) motif class [LIG_APCC_Dbox_1](http://elm.eu.org/elms/elmPages/LIG_APCC_Dbox_1.html)

- [Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource](/source/Eukaryotic_Linear_Motif_resource) motif class [LIG_APCC_KENbox_2](http://elm.eu.org/elms/elmPages/LIG_APCC_KENbox_2.html)

- [Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource](/source/Eukaryotic_Linear_Motif_resource) motif class [LIG_COP1](http://elm.eu.org/elms/elmPages/LIG_COP1.html)

- [Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource](/source/Eukaryotic_Linear_Motif_resource) motif class [LIG_CRL4_Cdt2_1](http://elm.eu.org/elms/elmPages/LIG_CRL4_Cdt2_1.html)

- [Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource](/source/Eukaryotic_Linear_Motif_resource) motif class [LIG_CRL4_Cdt2_2](http://elm.eu.org/elms/elmPages/LIG_CRL4_Cdt2_2.html)

- [Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource](/source/Eukaryotic_Linear_Motif_resource) motif class [LIG_EH1_1](http://elm.eu.org/elms/elmPages/LIG_EH1_1.html)

- [Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource](/source/Eukaryotic_Linear_Motif_resource) motif class [LIG_GLEBS_BUB3_1](http://elm.eu.org/elms/elmPages/LIG_GLEBS_BUB3_1.html)

- [Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource](/source/Eukaryotic_Linear_Motif_resource) motif class [LIG_RAPTOR_TOS_1](http://elm.eu.org/elms/elmPages/LIG_RAPTOR_TOS_1.html)

- [Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource](/source/Eukaryotic_Linear_Motif_resource) motif class [LIG_SCF_FBW7_1](http://elm.eu.org/elms/elmPages/LIG_SCF_FBW7_1.html)

- [Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource](/source/Eukaryotic_Linear_Motif_resource) motif class [LIG_SCF_FBW7_2](http://elm.eu.org/elms/elmPages/LIG_SCF_FBW7_2.html)

- [Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource](/source/Eukaryotic_Linear_Motif_resource) motif class [LIG_SCF-TrCP1_1](http://elm.eu.org/elms/elmPages/LIG_SCF-TrCP1_1.html)

- [Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource](/source/Eukaryotic_Linear_Motif_resource) motif class [LIG_WRPW_1](http://elm.eu.org/elms/elmPages/LIG_WRPW_1.html)

- [Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource](/source/Eukaryotic_Linear_Motif_resource) motif class [LIG_WRPW_2](http://elm.eu.org/elms/elmPages/LIG_WRPW_2.html)

- [Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource](/source/Eukaryotic_Linear_Motif_resource) motif class [TRG_ER_diArg_1](http://elm.eu.org/elms/elmPages/TRG_ER_diArg_1.html)

- [Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource](/source/Eukaryotic_Linear_Motif_resource) motif class [TRG_ER_diLys_1](http://elm.eu.org/elms/elmPages/TRG_ER_diLys_1.html)

- [Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource](/source/Eukaryotic_Linear_Motif_resource) motif class [TRG_Golgi_diPhe_1](http://elm.eu.org/elms/elmPages/TRG_Golgi_diPhe_1.html)

- [Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource](/source/Eukaryotic_Linear_Motif_resource) motif class [TRG_PTS2](http://elm.eu.org/elms/elmPages/TRG_PTS2.html)

v t e Protein tandem repeats Fibrous: Coiled coil Collagen helix Elongated: Alpha solenoid Ankyrin repeat Armadillo repeat Transcription activator-like effector Beta solenoid Beta helix Antifreeze protein HEAT repeat Leucine-rich repeat Pentapeptide repeat Tetratricopeptide repeat Trefoil knot fold Closed: Beta barrel Beta trefoil fold Beta-propeller Kelch motif TIM barrel WD40 repeat Beads-on-a-string: Sushi domain See also: Repeated sequence (DNA)

v t e Protein domains 3H ABM ACDC ACT ADF-H ANTH ARID BAR BEN BESS BIR BMC BPS BTB/POZ BTZ BZIP C1 C2 Cache CBS CGI-121 CHASE CRM CUB CUT CVHN Death DD DED CARD Pyrin DEP DHHC DHR1 DHR2 DM EcoEI_R_C EF1 ENTH FGGY FYVE HEAT Kringle LIM LRR NACHT PAS LOV PDZ PH PX SH2 SH3 SUN TRIO WD40 X8 YTH zinc finger

This article incorporates text from the public domain [Pfam](/source/Pfam) and [InterPro](/source/InterPro): [IPR001680](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR001680)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [WD40 repeat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WD40_repeat) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WD40_repeat?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.