# Vyborg Governorate

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1744–1812 unit of Russia

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Vyborg Governorate Выборгская губерния Governorate of the Russian Empire 1744–1812 Coat of arms History • Established 1744 • Disestablished 1812 Preceded by Succeeded by Saint Petersburg Governorate Viipuri Province Today part of Finland Russia

Map of the secession of former Swedish Empire territory to the Russian Empire in 1721 and 1743 within the Vyborg Governorate.

**Vyborg Governorate**[a] was an administrative-territorial unit (*[guberniya](/source/Guberniya)*) of the [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire), established in 1744 from territories ceded by [Sweden](/source/Sweden) to Russia in two successive conflicts: the [Great Northern War](/source/Great_Northern_War) (1700–1721), concluded by the [Treaty of Nystad](/source/Treaty_of_Nystad), and the [Russo-Swedish War](/source/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)) (1741–1743), concluded by the [Treaty of Åbo](/source/Treaty_of_%C3%85bo). These areas were initially attached to the [Saint Petersburg Governorate](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Governorate) before being reorganized as a separate governorate with its capital in [Vyborg](/source/Vyborg) (Viipuri).

The region was later dubbed **Old Finland**[b] to distinguish it from the parts of Finland which remained under Swedish rule. Following Russia's victory in the [Finnish War](/source/Finnish_War) (1808–1809), Sweden ceded the rest of Finland. The newly conquered regions were organized as the autonomous [Grand Duchy of Finland](/source/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland) ("New Finland"). In 1812, Old Finland was incorporated into the Grand Duchy as [Vyborg Province](/source/Vyborg_Province).[1]

Old Finland retained many Swedish-era laws and institutions under Russian rule, creating a distinct legal and administrative identity.[2]

## Formation

In the [Treaty of Nystad](/source/Treaty_of_Nystad) of 1721, Sweden formally ceded control of parts of the [Viborg and Nyslott County](/source/Viborg_and_Nyslott_County) and the [Kexholm County](/source/Kexholm_County) located on the [Karelian Isthmus](/source/Karelian_Isthmus) and [Lake Ladoga](/source/Lake_Ladoga) region to Russia. First these areas were part of the [Saint Petersburg Governorate](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Governorate). Vyborg Governorate was established in 1744 when Sweden ceded control of parts of [Kymmenegård and Nyslott County](/source/Kymmeneg%C3%A5rd_and_Nyslott_County) (which had been parts of Viborg and Nyslott County prior to the Treaty of Nystad) by the [Treaty of Åbo](/source/Treaty_of_%C3%85bo). In Sweden (including Finland), the area of the governorate was also known as *Old Finland*, and between 1802 and 1812 it was officially named the *Finland Governorate*.

Map of the Vyborg Viceroyalty with its six uyezds, 1792.

Initially the governorate had subdivision into three provinces: Kymi Province, Vyborg Province and Kexholm Province, which reflected the previous borders of the Swedish counties (part of Kymmenegård and Nyslott County ceded in 1743, part of Viborg and Nyslott County ceded in 1721 and part of Kexholm County ceded in 1721, respectively). [Catherine the Great](/source/Catherine_the_Great) issued a decree in 1775 to change the previous administrative division from governorates to [viceroyalties](/source/Viceroy#Russian_Empire) (*namestnichestvo*), and in 1783 the Vyborg Governorate was renamed into Vyborg Viceroyalty ([Russian](/source/Russian_language): Выборгское наместничество, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Russian): *Vyborgskoye namestnichestvo*, however in Finnish the name did not change) within its previous borders. The subdivision was also changed, from provinces into [uyezds](/source/Uyezd) ([Russian](/source/Russian_language): уе́зд, [Finnish](/source/Finnish_language): *kihlakunta*), of which there were 6 in the viceroyalty: Wilmanstrand, Vyborg, Friedrichshaven, Nijschlott, Kexholm and Serdobol.[c] [Paul I](/source/Paul_I_of_Russia) changed the name back to Vyborg Governorate in 1796, renaming the previous uyezds into districts ([German](/source/German_language): *Lands Kommissariat*, [Russian](/source/Russian_language): округ, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Russian): *okrug*, [Finnish](/source/Finnish_language): *kihlakunta*)[3] and [Alexander I](/source/Alexander_I_of_Russia) changed the name to *Finland Governorate* in 1802.

## Legal situation

The Russian emperor guaranteed [religion](/source/Lutheranism), property rights, old Swedish laws, and some privileges to the inhabitants of these territories. However, a circumvention occurred, as the Russian administrators and Russian military were unfamiliar with the Swedish system. The Russians were used to a different system with its serfs, [serfdom](/source/Serfdom). As a result, the economy of the area was markedly different from that on the Swedish side of the border.

The territories enjoyed a sort of [autonomy](/source/Autonomous_entity) and much [particularism](/source/Political_particularism), since the Russian rulers applied similar principles here as in the [Baltic Provinces](/source/Baltic_Provinces). The administration resembled a German [principality](/source/Principality), rather than a [Russian province](/source/Guberniya).

Ecclesiastically, the areas were administered as a diocese, but without a [bishop](/source/Bishop). The church building in Viipuri and another in Hamina were assigned as [cathedrals](/source/Cathedral), with a diocesan chapter ("consistory"), led by the [archdean](/source/Archdean).

The area was not forced to contribute men to the Russian Army until 1797. However, there were many non-Finnish troops in the area, especially after the [1788–90 war](/source/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)).

Scandinavian-style district courts continued in judicial function, each with a judge and lay members. However, the Russian estate owners and military often ignored these courts' decisions and imposed illegal punishments on the peasants.

Because of the absence of an evenly applied, up-to-date legal system in the area, apathy in some ways dominated among Old Finland's residents; and not many figures from the area have a prominent place in history. Two of these are [Maximilian von Alopeus](/source/Maximilian_von_Alopeus) and his brother [David Alopaeus](/source/David_Alopaeus), born into a Finnish family in Viipuri and both later serving many posts in Imperial administration, including ambassador in some Central European countries.

## Integration with the Grand Duchy of Finland

Coat of arms 1788–1811

During the [Napoleonic Wars](/source/Napoleonic_Wars), the [Kingdom of Sweden](/source/Kingdom_of_Sweden_(1721%E2%80%931809)) had allied itself with the Russian Empire, [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland) and the other parties against [Napoleonic France](/source/The_First_French_Empire). However, following the [Treaty of Tilsit](/source/Treaties_of_Tilsit) in 1807, Russia made peace with France. In 1808, and supported by [France](/source/France), Russia successfully challenged Swedish control over Finland in the [Finnish War](/source/Finnish_War). In the [Treaty of Fredrikshamn](/source/Treaty_of_Fredrikshamn) on September 17, 1809, Sweden was obliged to cede all its territory in Finland, east of the [Torne River](/source/Torne_(Finnish_and_Swedish_river)), to Russia. The ceded territories became a part of the Russian Empire and was reconstituted into the [Grand Duchy of Finland](/source/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland), with the Russian tsar as the grand duke.

In 1812, the area of Vyborg Governorate was transferred from Russia proper to the grand duchy and established as [Viipuri Province](/source/Viipuri_Province).[4] The transfer, announced by Tsar [Alexander I](/source/Alexander_I_of_Russia) just before Christmas, on December 23, 1811 [O.S.](/source/Old_Style) (January 4, 1812 [N.S.](/source/New_Style)), can be seen as a symbolic gesture and an attempt to appease the sentiment of the Finnish population, which had just experienced Russian conquest of their country by force in the [Finnish War](/source/Finnish_War).

Some of the legal developments in Sweden during the 18th century had not been introduced in Old Finland: the Viipuri and Käkisalmi territory did not adopt the 1734 General Law of Sweden (though [Hamina](/source/Hamina) (Fredrikshamn), [Lappeenranta](/source/Lappeenranta) (Villmanstrand), and [Savonlinna](/source/Savonlinna) (Nyslott), at the time still Swedish, of course did adopt it), and the new [constitution](/source/Instrument_of_Government_(1772)) of King [Gustav III](/source/Gustav_III_of_Sweden) was not implemented in the entire area.

After integration, the inhabitants of Old Finland were gradually brought under the same legal system as the rest of the grand duchy, including its [Constitution](/source/Constitution_of_1772) and General Law, although some privileges took time to implement. The so-called [donated estates](/source/Manorialism) (owned by [Russian noblemen](/source/Russian_nobility)) in Karelia were a headache resolved slowly by monetary compensation from the Grand Duchy's Treasury. This was a long lasting burden, as the last instance of compensation was not until the 1870s.

## Governors

The annexation of Vyborg Governorate to the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812

- 1744–1744 [Yury Nikitich Repnin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yury_Nikitich_Repnin&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ru](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87)]

- 1745–1752 [Afanasiy Isakov](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afanasiy_Isakov&action=edit&redlink=1) (acting)

- 1752–1754 [Johann Christoph von Keyser](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Christoph_von_Keyser&action=edit&redlink=1)

- 1754–1766 [Afanasiy Isakov](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afanasiy_Isakov&action=edit&redlink=1)

- 1766–1778 [Nikolaus Hendrik von Engelhardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolaus_Hendrik_von_Engelhardt&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ru](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%82,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD)]

- 1779–1780 [Yevgeny Petrovich Kashkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yevgeny_Petrovich_Kashkin&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ru](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87)]

- 1780–1782 [Pyotr Alekseyevich Stupishin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Alekseyevich_Stupishin&action=edit&redlink=1)

- 1782–1785 [Wilhelm Heinrich von Engelhardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Heinrich_von_Engelhardt&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ru](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%82,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87)]

- 1785–1785 [Alexander von Peutling](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_von_Peutling&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ru](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87)]

- 1785–1793 [Karl Johann von Günzel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Johann_von_G%C3%BCnzel&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ru](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD)] (acting)

- 1793–1797 [Fyodor Pavlovich Shcherbatov](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Pavlovich_Shcherbatov&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ru](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87)]

- 1797–1799 [Karl Magnus von Rüdinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Magnus_von_R%C3%BCdinger&action=edit&redlink=1)

- 1799–1799 [Pyotr Vasilyevich Zheltuhin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Vasilyevich_Zheltuhin&action=edit&redlink=1)

- 1799–1804 [Magnus Orraeus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Orraeus&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ru](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87)]

- 1804–1808 [Nikolay Fyodorovich Emin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Fyodorovich_Emin&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ru](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87)]

- 1808–1811 [Ivan Jakovlevich Buharin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Jakovlevich_Buharin&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ru](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87)]

- 1811–1812 [Johan Gustaf Winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Gustaf_Winter&action=edit&redlink=1)

## See also

- [Fief of Viborg](/source/Fief_of_Viborg)

- [Finnish Karelia](/source/Karelia_(historical_province_of_Finland))

- [History of the administrative division of Russia](/source/History_of_the_administrative_division_of_Russia)

- [South-Eastern Finland fortification system](/source/South-Eastern_Finland_fortification_system)

## References

### Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Tandefelt, Henrika (6 June 2023). ["Gamla Finland"](https://www.uppslagsverket.fi/sv/sok/view-170045-GamlaFinland). *Uppslagsverket Finland*. Retrieved 2024-11-12.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Vanha Suomi"](https://portti.kansallisarkisto.fi/fi/aineisto-oppaat/vanha-suomi). *Arkistojen portti* (in Finnish). The National Archives of Finland. Retrieved 12 November 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Berendts, Eduard Nikolaevich (1903). *Лекции по административному праву Великого княжества Финляндского* [*Lectures on administrative law of the Grand Duchy of Finland*] (in Russian). R. Golkike and A. Vilborg.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Vanha Suomi syntyi ennen Suomen suuriruhtinaskuntaa"](https://www.hs.fi/paivanlehti/12122017/art-2000005486180.html). *[Helsingin Sanomat](/source/Helsingin_Sanomat)* (in Finnish). December 12, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** - [Russian](/source/Russian_language): Выборгская губерния, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Russian): *Vyborgskaya guberniya* - [Finnish](/source/Finnish_language): *Viipurin kuvernementti*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Finnish](/source/Finnish_language): *Vanha Suomi*; [Russian](/source/Russian_language): Ста́рая Финля́ндия, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Russian): *Staraya Finlyandiya*; [Swedish](/source/Swedish_language): *Gamla Finland*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Russia used Baltic/Low German names for the cities instead of Swedish in the Vyborg Province/Viceroyalty, and contemporary Russian names are transliterations of them.

### Further reading

- Danielsson-Kalmari, Johan Richard (1911). *Viipurin läänin palauttaminen muun Suomen yhteyteen* (in Finnish) (Revised and supplemented ed.). Porvoo: WSOY. First edition (1894) available via [Project Runeberg](https://runeberg.org/djviipurin/)

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Authority control databases VIAF

[60°42′33″N 28°44′39″E / 60.7092°N 28.7442°E / 60.7092; 28.7442](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vyborg_Governorate&params=60.7092_N_28.7442_E_source:wikidata)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Vyborg Governorate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyborg_Governorate) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyborg_Governorate?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.