# Volhynia Governorate

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1795–1925 unit of Russia

Governorate in Southwestern

Volhynia Governorate Волынская губерния Governorate Coat of arms Location in the Russian Empire Country Russian Empire→ Ukrainian People's Republic→ Ukrainian State→ Ukrainian People's Republic→ Ukrainian SSR Soviet Union Krai Southwestern Established 1795 Abolished 1925 Capital Novograd-Volynsky (until 1804) Zhitomir (from 1804) Area • Total 71,736 km2 (27,697 sq mi) Population (1897) • Total 2,989,482 • Density 41.673/km2 (107.93/sq mi) • Urban 7.82% • Rural 92.18%

**Volhynia Governorate**, also known as **Volyn Governorate**,[a] was an administrative-territorial unit (*[guberniya](/source/Guberniya)*) of the [Southwestern Krai](/source/Southwestern_Krai) of the [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire), established in the historical region of [Volhynia](/source/Volhynia). It consisted of an area of 71,736 square kilometres (27,697 mi2) and a population of 2,989,482 inhabitants. The governorate bordered [Grodno](/source/Grodno_Governorate) and [Minsk Governorates](/source/Minsk_Governorate) to the north, [Kiev Governorate](/source/Kiev_Governorate) to the east, [Podolia Governorate](/source/Podolia_Governorate) to the south, [Lublin](/source/Lublin_Governorate) and [Siedlce Governorates](/source/Siedlce_Governorate), and after 1912, [Kholm Governorate](/source/Kholm_Governorate_(Russian_Empire)) and [Austria](/source/Austria-Hungary) to the west. Its capital was in [Novograd-Volynsky](/source/Novograd-Volynsky) until 1804, and then [Zhitomir](/source/Zhitomir). It corresponded to most of modern-day [Volyn](/source/Volyn_Oblast), [Rivne](/source/Rivne_Oblast) and [Zhytomyr Oblasts](/source/Zhytomyr_Oblast) of [Ukraine](/source/Ukraine) and some parts of [Brest](/source/Brest_Region) and [Gomel Regions](/source/Gomel_Region) of [Belarus](/source/Belarus).

It was created at the end of 1796 after the [Third Partition of Poland](/source/Third_Partition_of_Poland) from the territory of the short-lived [Volhynian Vice-royalty](/source/Volhynian_Vice-royalty) and [Wołyń Voivodeship](/source/Wo%C5%82y%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1569%E2%80%931795)). After the [Peace of Riga](/source/Peace_of_Riga), part of the governorate became the [new Wołyń Voivodeship](/source/Wo%C5%82y%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1921%E2%80%931939)) in the [Second Polish Republic](/source/Second_Polish_Republic),[1] while the other part stayed as a part of the [Ukrainian SSR](/source/Ukrainian_SSR) until 1925 when it was abolished on resolution of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee and Counsel of People's Commissars.[2]

Volyn Governorate map in 1913

## History

Three partitions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Until 1796, the [guberniya](/source/Guberniya) was administered as a Viceroyalty (*[namestnichestvo](/source/Namestnichestvo)*). It was initially centred in [Izyaslav](/source/Iziaslav%2C_Ukraine) and was called the Izyaslav Viceroyalty. It was primarily created from the [Kiev Voivodeship](/source/Kiev_Voivodeship) and the eastern part of the Wolyn Voivodeship.

On 24 October 1795, the [Third Partition of Poland](/source/Third_Partition_of_Poland) was imposed by [Prussia](/source/Prussia), the [Habsburg monarchy](/source/Habsburg_monarchy), and the [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire).

Then, on 12 December 1796, Volhynia Governorate was established, encompassing the remaining territory of the [Wolyn Voivodeship](/source/Volhynian_Voivodeship_(1569%E2%80%931795)) and the [Kowel Voivodeship](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kowel_Voivodeship&action=edit&redlink=1).

In 1796, the administration moved to [Novograd-Volynsky](/source/Novohrad-Volynskyi). However, due to the lack of suitable buildings for administrative purposes, the capital was moved once again to Zhitomir ([Zhytomyr](/source/Zhytomyr)).

In 1802, Zhitomir was purchased the properties of Prince Ilyinsky, and in 1804, it officially became the seat of Volhynia Governorate.

From 1832 to 1915, Volhynia Governorate, along with [Kiev Governorate](/source/Kiev_Governorate) and [Podolia Governorate](/source/Podolia_Governorate), formed part of the [Southwestern Krai](/source/Southwestern_Krai) General-Governorate–a militarized administrative-territorial unit.

In the 1880s, the general-governorate was extended to include other governorates.

In 1897, the population of the guberniya was 2,989,482 and by 1905, it had grown to 3,920,400. The majority of the population in the governorate spoke the [Ukrainian language](/source/Ukrainian_language) with slight variety of dialects.

Volhynia Governorate (green) in the [Ukrainian State](/source/Ukrainian_State)

Under the [Russian Provisional Government](/source/Russian_Provisional_Government) administrative power in the governorates was transferred to [commissars](/source/Commissar), who preserved their positions after the [proclamation](/source/Third_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Rada) of [Ukrainian People's Republic](/source/Ukrainian_People's_Republic) in November 1917. Their power was mostly nominal due to the growth of [Bolshevik](/source/Bolshevik) [Soviet](/source/Soviet) influence, especially in industrial areas. During that time [Andrii Vyazlov](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrii_Vyazlov&action=edit&redlink=1) [[uk](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%CA%BC%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87)] served as the gubernial commissar of Volhynia.[3]

During the [Ukrainian–Soviet War](/source/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War) Zhitomir served as the provisional capital of Ukraine in 1918.

After the return of [Central Rada](/source/Central_Rada) in March 1918 new commissars were appointed along with military [commandants](/source/Commandant). After the establishment of the [Hetmanate](/source/Ukrainian_State), in May 1918 those were replaced with Governorate [starosts](/source/Starost).[3]

After the [Polish-Soviet war](/source/Polish-Soviet_war) in 1920, and according to the [Peace of Riga](/source/Peace_of_Riga) (1921) most of the territory became part of the Second Polish Republic and transformed into the [Wołyń Voivodeship](/source/Wo%C5%82y%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1921%E2%80%931939)), with the capital in [Łuck](/source/%C5%81uck) (Lutsk). The eastern portion existed until 1925 and was later split into three okruhas: Shepetivka Okruha, Zhytomyr Okruha, and Korosten Okruha.

### Heads of Guberniya

**Revkom**

- 1919 Mikhail Kruchinskiy (concurrently the head of Volyn Cheka)

**Volyn Executive Committee**

- 1920 [Oleksandr Shumsky](/source/Oleksandr_Shumsky)

- 1920 [Vasiliy Averin](/source/Vasiliy_Averin)

- – 1921 Danylevych

- 1921–1922 Ivan Nikolayenko

### Head of Security Services

**Cheka**

- 1919 Vasyl Viliavko

- 1919 M.Shuf

- 1919 Mikhail Kruchinskiy

- November 1919 – December 1919 [Vsevolod Balytsky](/source/Vsevolod_Balytsky)

- December 1919 Vasyl Levotsky (acting)

- – 2 November 1921 Semen Kesselman (Zapadny)

- January 1922 – 2 June 1922 Janis Biksons

**GPU**

- -1923 Pavel Ivonin

- March 1923 – October 1923 Foma Leoniuk

- 1 July 1923 – 1 September 1924 Symon Dukelsky

- 1924 – 1925 Aleksandr Safes (Grozny)

## Principal cities

Russian Census of 1897

- [Zhytomir](/source/Zhytomir) – 65 895 (Jewish – 30 572, Russian – 16 944, Ukrainian – 9 152)

- [Rovno](/source/Rovno) – 24 573 (Jewish – 13 704, Russian – 4 278, Ukrainian – 4 071)

- [Kremenets](/source/Kremenets) – 17 704 (Ukrainian – 8 322, Jewish – 6 476, Russian – 1 863)

- [Kovel](/source/Kovel) – 17 697 (Jewish – 8 502, Russian – 4 828, Ukrainian – 2 093)

- [Novograd-Volynsky](/source/Novograd-Volynsky) – 16 904 (Jewish – 9 363, Russian – 2 939, Ukrainian – 2 662)

- [Starokonstantinov](/source/Starokonstantinov) – 16 377 (Jewish – 9 164, Ukrainian – 4 886, Russian – 1 402)

- [Lutsk](/source/Lutsk) – 15 804 (Jewish – 9 396, Russian – 2 830, Ukrainian – 1 478)

- [Ostrog](/source/Ostroh) – 14 749 (Jewish – 9 185, Ukrainian – 2 446, Russian – 2 199)

- [Dubno](/source/Dubno) – 14 257 (Jewish – 7 096, Russian – 2 962, Ukrainian – 2 474)

- [Zaslavl](/source/Iziaslav%2C_Ukraine) – 12 611 (Jewish – 5 991, Ukrainian – 3 990, Russian – 1 722)

### Administrative division

County Capital Arms of capital Area Population (1897 census) Transliteration name Russian Cyrillic Vladimir-Volynsky Владиміро-Волынскій Vladimir-Volynsky 6,482.1 km2 (2,502.8 sq mi) 198,688 Dubensky Дубенскій Dubno 3,963.8 km2 (1,530.4 sq mi) 158,734 Zhitomirsky Житомірскій Zhitomir 7,670.5 km2 (2,961.6 sq mi) 281,387 Zaslavsky Заславскій Zaslavl 3,476.7 km2 (1,342.4 sq mi) 93,381 Kovelsky Ковельскій Kovel 7,656.8 km2 (2,956.3 sq mi) 121,326 Kremenetsky Кременецкій Kremenets 3,460.8 km2 (1,336.2 sq mi) 196,751 Lutsky Луцкій Lutsk 7,540.8 km2 (2,911.5 sq mi) 203,761 Novograd-Volynsky Новоградъ-Волынскій Novograd-Volynsky 7,205 km2 (2,782 sq mi) 273,123 Ovruchsky Овручскій Ovruch 10,616.9 km2 (4,099.2 sq mi) 194,796 Ostrozhsky Острожскій Ostrog 3,065.9 km2 (1,183.8 sq mi) 166,882 Rovensky Ровенскій Rovno 8,568.4 km2 (3,308.3 sq mi) 275,119 Starokonstantinovsky Староконстантиновскій Starokostiantinov 2,560.4 km2 (988.6 sq mi) 211,768

## Demographics

### Language

Imperial census of 1897.

According to the [Russian Empire Census](/source/Russian_Empire_Census) on 28 January [[O.S.](/source/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates) 1897] 15 January, the Volhynian Governorate had a population of 2,982,482, including 1,502,803 men and 1,486,679 women. The majority of the population indicated Ukrainian[b] to be their mother tongue, with significant [Jewish](/source/Jewish_languages), [Polish](/source/Polish_language), [German](/source/German_language), and [Russian](/source/Russian_language) speaking minorities.[6]

Linguistic composition of the Volhynian Governorate in 1897[6] Language Native speakers Percentage Ukrainian[b] 2,095,537 70.26 Jewish 394,774 13.24 Polish 184,161 6.17 German 171,331 5.74 Russian[b] 104,889 3.52 Czech 27,670 0.93 Tatar 3,817 0.13 Belarusian[b] 3,794 0.13 Bashkir 983 0.03 Mordovian 375 0.01 Romanian 314 0.01 Chuvash 308 0.01 Gypsi 286 0.01 French 154 0.00 Cheremis 143 0.00 Latvian 113 0.00 Lithuanian 103 0.00 Votyak 102 0.00 Not-specified 97 0.00 Others 531 0.01 Total 2,982,482 100.00

### Religion

- By the Imperial census of 1897.[7] In **bold** are religions with more members than the [Eastern Orthodox](/source/Eastern_Orthodox).

Religion Number percentage (%) males females Eastern Orthodox 2,106,521 70.46 Judaism 395,782 13.24 Roman Catholics 298,110 9.97 Lutherans 163,990 5.49 Baptists 10 375 0.35 Other[8] (Old Believers, Magometians) 14 704 0.49

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** - [Russian](/source/Russian_alphabet#Letters_eliminated_in_1917–18): Волы́нская губе́рния, [pre-1918](/source/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography#Post-revolution_reform): Волы́нская губе́рнія, [romanized:](/source/Romanization_of_Russian) Volýnskaya gubérniya - [Ukrainian](/source/Ukrainian_language): Воли́нська губе́рнія, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Ukrainian): *Volýnsʼka hubérniia*

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Russians_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Russians_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Russians_7-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Russians_7-3) Prior to 1918, the Imperial Russian government classified [Russians](/source/Russians) as the Great Russians, [Ukrainians](/source/Ukrainians) as the Little Russians, and [Belarusians](/source/Belarusians) as the White Russians.[4] Also, the [Belarusian Democratic Republic](/source/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic) which the White Russians identified themselves as "Belarusian".[5]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Eberhardt, Piotr; Jan Owsinski (2003). [*Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jLfX1q3kJzgC&pg=RA1-PA260). M.E. Sharpe. p. 260. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7656-0665-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0665-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-eoh_3-0)** Vermenych, Ya *[Volhynian Governorate (Волинська губернія)](http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Volynska_huberniia)*. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ency_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ency_4-1) *Енциклопедія українознавства. Словникова частина (ЕУ-II)*. Vol. 2. 1993. pp. 456–460.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Hamm, Michael F. (2014). *Kiev: A Portrait, 1800–1917*. Princeton University Press. p. 83. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4008-5151-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5151-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Fortson IV, Benjamin W. (2011). [*Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction*](https://books.google.com/books?id=bSxHgej4tKMC&pg=PA429). John Wiley & Sons. p. 429. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4443-5968-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5968-8).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-demoscope_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-demoscope_8-1) [Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г.](http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=229) [The first general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897]. *www.demoscope.ru* (in Russian). Retrieved 1 May 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [Religion Statistics of 1897](http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_rel_97.php?reg=31) (in Russian)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Religions, number of believers which in all gubernia were less than 10000

[50°15′16″N 28°39′28″E / 50.2544°N 28.6578°E / 50.2544; 28.6578](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Volhynia_Governorate&params=50.2544_N_28.6578_E_source:wikidata)

v t e Governorates of Ukraine (1918–1925) 1918–1920 Volyn Podillia Kyiv Poltava Chernihiv Kharkiv Tavria Taurida Katerynoslav Kherson Kholm Polissia 1920–1922 Volyn Podillia Kyiv Poltava Chernihiv Kharkiv Zaporizhzhia Donets Katerynoslav Kremenchuk Mykolaiv Odesa 1922–1925 Volyn Podillia Kyiv Poltava Chernihiv Kharkiv Donets Katerynoslav Odesa

v t e Historical regions in present-day Ukraine Geographical regions Central Ukraine / Dnieper Ukraine Left-bank Ukraine Right-bank Ukraine Polissia Siveria Kryvbas Eastern Ukraine Donbas Pryazovia Sloboda Ukraine Zaporizhzhia Southern Ukraine Budjak Yedisan Crimea Novorossiya Western Ukraine Chełm Land Carpathian Ruthenia Halychyna Hertsa region Lodomeria Naddnistrianshchyna Northern Bukovina Northern Maramureș Podolia Pokuttia Prykarpattia Volhynia States and tribes of classical antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Cimmeria Sarmatia Dacia Taurica Scythia Khazaria Onoğurs Kazarig Avar Khaganate Old Great Bulgaria Ruthenia Principalities of Kyivan Rus' Chernigov Halych Novhorod-Seversk Kyiv Terebovlia Turov Pereyaslav Volhynia Post-Mongol era regions Golden Horde Crimean Khanate Principality of Theodoro Red Ruthenia Cherven Cities Carpathian Ruthenia Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia Polish–Lithuanian regions Belz Voivodeship Bracław Voivodeship Chernihiv Voivodeship Kyiv Voivodeship Podolian Voivodeship Ruthenian Voivodeship Volhynian Voivodeship Wild Fields Ottoman provinces Ottoman Ukraine Danube Vilayet Kefe Eyalet Podolia Eyalet Silistra Eyalet Yedisan Cossack regions Cossack Hetmanate Right-bank Ukraine Left-bank Ukraine Sloboda Ukraine Zaporozhian Sich Little Russia Imperial Russian regions Black Sea Cossack Host Southwestern Krai / Kyiv Military District Kyiv Governorate Volhynian Governorate Podolia Governorate Bessarabia Governorate Kharkov Governorate Kyiv Governorate (1708–64) New Serbia Slavo-Serbia Little Russia Governorate (1764–1781) Little Russia Governorate (1796–1802) Volhynian Viceroyalty Poltava Governorate Chernihiv Governorate Kholm Governorate Kharkov Governorate Taurida Governorate Novorossiya Governorate Yekaterinoslav Governorate Kherson Governorate Nikolayev War Governorate Gradonachalstvo Odesa Izmail Mykolaiv Sevastopol Feodosia Kerch-Yenikale Yalta Austro-Hungarian provinces Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Duchy of Bukovina 20th-century regions and states Ukrainian People's Republic West Ukrainian People's Republic Ukrainian State Lemko Republic Hutsul Republic Makhnovshchina Ukrainian SSR Moldavian ASSR Drohobych Oblast Izmail Oblast Crimean Oblast Lviv Voivodeship Ternopil Voivodeship Volyn Voivodeship Stanyslaviv Voivodeship Carpatho-Ukraine Governorate of Subcarpathia Kharkiv Governorate Reichskommissariat Ukraine Distrikt Galizien Ethno-Ukrainian regions abroad Green Ukraine Grey Ukraine Kholm Kuban Lemko Region Southern Maramureș Pink Ukraine Priashiv Sian River Yellow Ukraine

v t e Okruhas of the Ukrainian SSR Volhynian Governorate Zhytomyr Korosten Shepetivka Yekaterinoslav Governorate Berdyansk† Zaporizhia Katerynoslav Kryvyi Rih Melitopol Oleksandriia† Pavlohrad Poltava Governorate Zolotonosha† Kremenchuk Krasnohrad† Lubny Poltava Pryluky Romny Podolia Governorate Vinnytsia Kamianets Haisyn† Mohyliv Proskuriv Tulchyn Odesa Governorate Zinovievsk Mykolaiv Balta† Odesa Pershomaisk Kherson Kiev Governorate Berdychiv Bila Tserkva Malyn† Kiev Uman Shevchenkivska Shevchenkivska (Korsun)† Kharkov Governorate Izyum Kupiansk Okhtyrka† Sumy Kharkiv Donetsk Governorate Artemivsk Luhansk Mariupil Starobilsk Staline Taganrog† Shakhty† Chernigov Governorate Konotop Hlukhiv Nizhyn Chernihiv Snovsk† † denoted okruhas which were abolished, merged, or transferred over to different Soviet republics in 1924–25

v t e Subdivisions of the Russian Empire Governorates (List) Azov¹ +Altai² Arkhangelsk Archangelgorod Astrakhan Belgorod Bessarabia Bratslav Belarus Caucasus Chernigov Grodno Finland Iziaslav Ingermanland Irkutsk Kazan Kaluga Kiev (1708) Kiev Kharkov Kherson Kholm Kovno Kolyvan Kostroma Kursk Lithuania Little Russia (1764) Little Russia (1796) Minsk Mogilev Moscow Nikolayev Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod-Seversky Novgorod Novorossiya Olonets Orenburg Oryol Penza Perm *Petrograd² Podolia Polotsk Poltava Pskov Ryazan Samara Saint Petersburg Saratov Siberia Simbirsk Sloboda Ukraine Slonim Smolensk Stavropol Taurida Tambov Tver Tobolsk Tomsk Tula Ufa Vilna Vitebsk Vladimir Voznesensk Vologda Volhynia Voronezh Vyatka Vyborg Yaroslavl Yekaterinoslav Yeniseysk Baltic Governorates³ Courland Livonia Reval Riga Estonia Governorates of Finland Åbo-Björneborg Vasa Vyborg Kuopio Nyland St. Michel Tavastehus Uleåborg Governorates of Poland Avgustov Warsaw Kalish Keltsy Krakov Lomzha Lyublin Mazovia Petrokov Plotsk Podlyashye Radom Sandomir Sedlets Suvalki Governorates of Galicia and Bukovina Lvov Peremyshl Tarnopol Chernovtsy Oblasts Belostok Bessarabia Don Host Caspian Kwantung Orenburg Kirghiz Omsk Taurida Tarnopol Yakutsk The Steppes Akmolinsk Siberian Kirghiz Semipalatinsk Turgay Ural Turkestan Transcaspian Samarkand Semirechye Oblast Syr-Darya Oblast Turkestan Fergana Priamurye Amur Transbaikal Kamchatka Primorskaya Sakhalin Caucasus Viceroyalty Baku (Governorate) Black Sea Derbent Elizavetpol Erivan Georgia-Imeretia Georgia Kutaisi Shemakha Tiflis Armenian Batum Dagestan Imeretia Kars Kuban Terek Sukhumi Zakatal Baku (Gradonachalstvo) Dependencies Bukey Horde Emirate of Bukhara Khanate of Kokand Russian America *Uryankhay Krai² Khanate of Khiva Zeravshan Okrug ¹ Italics indicates renamed or abolished governorates, oblasts, etc on 1 January 1914. ² An asterisk (+) indicates governorates formed or created with renaming after 1 January 1914. ³ Ostsee or Baltic general-governorship was abolished in 1876.

Authority control databases National Poland Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Volhynia Governorate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynia_Governorate) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynia_Governorate?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.