# Vlorë

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Third largest city of Albania

"Vlora" redirects here. For other uses, see [Vlora (disambiguation)](/source/Vlora_(disambiguation)), [Vlorë (disambiguation)](/source/Vlor%C3%AB_(disambiguation)), and [Valore](/source/Valore_(disambiguation)).

Municipality and city in Southern Albania, Albania

Vlorë Municipality and city Promenade of Vlorë Old town of Vlorë Independence Museum Muradie Mosque Independence Monument Lungomare area Flag Seal Vlorë Show map of Albania Vlorë Show map of Balkans Vlorë Show map of Europe Coordinates: 40°28′N 19°29′E / 40.467°N 19.483°E / 40.467; 19.483 Country Albania Region Southern Albania County Vlorë Founded c. 6th century BC (Triport site) Government • Type Mayor–council • Body Vlorë Municipal Council • Mayor Brunilda Mersini (PS) Area • Municipality[1][2] 616.85 km2 (238.17 sq mi) • Administrative unit[3] 28.97 km2 (11.19 sq mi) Elevation 0 m (0 ft) Population (2023)[9] • Urban 115,261[4] • Metro 197,946[5] • Municipality 83,683[a] • Municipality density 135/km2 (350/sq mi) • Administrative unit 66,320 • Administrative unit density 2,289/km2 (5,930/sq mi) Demonym(s) Albanian: Vlonjat (m), Vlonjate (f) Time zone UTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST) Postal code 9400 Area code +355 (0) 33 Seaport Port of Vlorë Motorways Highways Vehicle registration VL Website vlora.gov.al

**Vlorë** ([/ˈvlɔːrə/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*VLOR-ə*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key);[10][11] Albanian: [\[ˈvlɔɾə\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian); [Albanian](/source/Albanian_language) [definite form](/source/Definiteness): *Vlora*)[b] is the [third most populous city](/source/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Albania) of [Albania](/source/Albania) and seat of [Vlorë County](/source/Vlor%C3%AB_County) and Vlorë Municipality. Located in southwestern Albania, Vlorë sprawls on the [Bay of Vlorë](/source/Bay_of_Vlor%C3%AB) and is surrounded by the foothills of the [Ceraunian Mountains](/source/Ceraunian_Mountains) along the [Albanian Adriatic](/source/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast) and [Ionian Sea Coasts](/source/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast). It experiences a [Mediterranean climate](/source/Mediterranean_climate), which is affected by the Ceraunian Mountains and the proximity to the [Mediterranean Sea](/source/Mediterranean_Sea).

The coastal area of Vlorë was one of the [Illyrian](/source/Illyrians) sites that had experienced pre-urban activity beginning from the 11th–10th centuries BC. The area was [colonized](/source/Greek_colonisation) by [Ancient Greeks](/source/Ancient_Greece). A large fortified port-town that was inhabited from the 6th century BC to the 2nd century AD is placed, now partially submerged, in [Triport](/source/Triport%2C_Vlor%C3%AB), northwest of present-day Vlorë. Substantial port activity in this site occurred from at least the [archaic period](/source/Archaic_Greece) to the [medieval period](/source/Medieval_period). It has been suggested that a transfer of the ancient city from the site of Triport to the site of modern Vlorë occurred. The center of the modern city features archaeological remains dating from late antiquity. *Aulon*, from which the modern city took its name, appears in historical sources starting from the 2nd century AD. It was conquered at different periods throughout history by [Romans](/source/Roman_Empire), [Byzantines](/source/Byzantine_Empire), [Normans](/source/Normans), [Venetians](/source/Venetian_Empire) and [Ottomans](/source/Ottoman_Empire).

Between the 18th and 19th centuries, the [Albanians](/source/Albanians) gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength for national consciousness, which conclusively led to the [Albanian Renaissance](/source/Albanian_Renaissance). Vlorë played an instrumental role in Albanian Independence as an epicenter for the founders of modern Albania, who signed the [Declaration of Independence](/source/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence) on 28 November 1912 at the [Assembly of Vlorë](/source/Assembly_of_Vlor%C3%AB).

Vlorë is one of the most significant cities of [southern Albania](/source/Southern_Albania) and the region of [Labëria](/source/Lab%C3%ABria) which is traditionally noted for its culture, traditions and folklore. Vlorë is served by the [Port of Vlorë](/source/Port_of_Vlor%C3%AB), the [SH 8 highway](/source/SH_8_(Albania)), and the [A2 motorway](/source/A2_(Albania)), collectively representing part of the [Adriatic–Ionian Corridor](/source/Adriatic%E2%80%93Ionian_motorway) and the [Pan-European Corridor VIII](/source/Pan-European_Corridor_VIII).

## Name

The city took its name from [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek_language): Αὐλών, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek): *Aulṓn*, meaning "channel, glen" that resembles an [aulos](/source/Aulos) instrument. It is a typical toponym in the Greek world.[13] The name of the city was first recorded in the 2nd century AD, by two [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) authors, [Lucian](/source/Lucian) and [Ptolemy](/source/Ptolemy), the latter calling it "town and sea-port", which confirms that it was founded much earlier. However, Aulon has not been mentioned by earlier Ancient Greek and Roman authors, who on the other hand recorded the nearby town and seaport of [Oricum](/source/Oricum). But in later sources Oricum is less encountered, while the toponym Aulon is more frequently mentioned.[14]

*Vlorë* developed from the ancient *Aulon-a* through the evolution of the [phonetic system](/source/Sound_change) of the [Albanian language](/source/Albanian_language) with the [rhotacism](/source/Rhotacism) *Vlonë* > *Vlorë*,[15][14] which is a pre-Slavic phenomenon in Albanian. The intervocalic /n/ has regularly evolved to /r/ in [Tosk Albanian](/source/Tosk_Albanian), while the initial /v/ has evolved from unstressed /u/ after the disappearance of the initial unstressed /a/. The evolution /u/ > /v/ should be relatively ancient, preventing the evolution of the following intervocalic /l/ to /lː/. In [Geg Albanian](/source/Geg_Albanian) the toponym is pronounced *Vlonë*, indicating that it has been in use among northern Albanians before the appearance of rhotacism in Tosk Albanian.[14] Also the accent pattern of the name observes Albanian accent rules.[16] The name itself of the inhabitants (sing. *vlonjat*, pl. *vlonjatë*) has not undergone the rhotacism affecting the toponym (if it had, it would look something like *vlorat* or *vlorjat*).

The medieval and modern Greek name is *Avlónas* (Αυλώνας *Aulṓnas* [\[avˈlonas\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek), accusative Αυλώνα *Aulṓna* [\[avˈlona\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek)), and is the source of the [Latin](/source/Latin) *Aulona*, the [Italian](/source/Italian_language) *Valona* (also used in other languages) and of the obsolete English *Avlona*.[17][18] During the [Ottoman era](/source/Ottoman_Empire) the city of Vlorë was known in [Turkish](/source/Turkish_language) as *Avlonya*.[19] In [Medieval Latin](/source/Medieval_Latin) sources and in Old Italian records it is mentioned with the forms *Avalona*, *Avelona*, *Lavalona*, *Lavellona*; and in [Old Serbian](/source/Old_Serbian_language) sources as *Avlona* or *Vavlona*, the latter containing the [Slavic](/source/Slavic_languages) preposition *v* "in".[14] In [Aromanian](/source/Aromanian_language), the city is known as *Avlona*.[20]

## History

Timeline of Vlorë
Historical affiliations

[Illyrians](/source/Illyrians) ([Taulantii](/source/Taulantii)), [Ancient Greeks](/source/Ancient_Greeks) [Roman Empire](/source/Roman_Empire), 226 BC – 286 [Byzantine Empire](/source/Byzantine_Empire), 286 – c. 705 [South Slavs](/source/South_Slavs), c. 705–784 [Byzantine Empire](/source/Byzantine_Empire), 784–1204 [Despotate of Epirus](/source/Despotate_of_Epirus), 1204–1346 [Principality of Valona](/source/Principality_of_Valona), 1346–1417 [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire), 1417–1691 [Republic of Venice](/source/Republic_of_Venice), 1691–1698 [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire), 1698–1912 [Independent Albania](/source/Independent_Albania), 1912–1914 [Principality of Albania](/source/Principality_of_Albania), 1915–1917 [Italian Expedition](/source/Italian_Protectorate_on_southern_Albania), 1917–1920 [Principality of Albania](/source/Principality_of_Albania), 1920–1925 [Albanian Republic](/source/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)), 1925–1928 [Albanian Kingdom](/source/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)), 1928–1939 [Kingdom of Albania](/source/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)), 1939–1943 [Albanian Kingdom](/source/German_occupation_of_Albania), 1943–1944 [Democratic Government of Albania](/source/Democratic_Government_of_Albania), 1944–1946 [People's Socialist Republic of Albania](/source/People's_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania), 1946–1992 [Albania](/source/Albania), 1992–present

### Early history

[Adriatic Sea](/source/Adriatic_Sea)

[Strait of Otranto](/source/Strait_of_Otranto)

[Sason • Island](/source/Sazan_Island)

[• *Margëlliç*](/source/Marg%C3%ABlli%C3%A7_Castle)

[*Lofkënd* •](/source/Lofk%C3%ABnd)

[Byllis •](/source/Byllis)

[• Nikaia](/source/Nikaia%2C_Illyria)

[• *Triport*](/source/Triport%2C_Vlor%C3%AB)

***Vlorë•***

[*Kaninë* •](/source/Kanin%C3%AB)

[Olympe •](/source/Olympe)

[Amantia •](/source/Amantia)

[*Matohasanaj* •](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matohasanaj&action=edit&redlink=1)

[Bay of Vlorë](/source/Bay_of_Vlor%C3%AB)

[Akrokeraunia](/source/Karaburun_Peninsula%2C_Albania)

[Orikos •](/source/Oricum)

[Palaeste •](/source/Palaeste)

[Aoös](/source/Ao%C3%B6s)

[Aoös](/source/Ao%C3%B6s)

[Aoös](/source/Ao%C3%B6s)

[Aoös](/source/Ao%C3%B6s)

[Shushicë](/source/Shushic%C3%AB_(river))

[Shushicë](/source/Shushic%C3%AB_(river))

[Shushicë](/source/Shushic%C3%AB_(river))

[*Dukat*](/source/Dukat%2C_Albania)

[*Llogara*](/source/Llogara_Pass)

[*Cerje* •](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cerje,_Vlor%C3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1)

[Ceraunian Mountains](/source/Ceraunian_Mountains)

[Chimera •](/source/Himar%C3%AB_(town))

[Panormos •](/source/Panormus_(Epirus))

[*Borsh* •](/source/Borsh)

[Ionian Sea](/source/Ionian_Sea)

[Ancient sites in](/source/List_of_archaeological_sites_by_country#Albania) [the Lower Aoös/Vjosë,](/source/Aoos_River)
[Bay of Vlorë](/source/Bay_of_Vlor%C3%AB) [and Ceraunian Mts.](/source/Ceraunian_Mountains)

The coastal area of Vlorë was one of those [Illyrian](/source/Illyrians) sites that had experienced pre-urban activity beginning from the 11th–10th centuries BC.[21] During the period of [Euboean](/source/Euboea#Antiquity) colonization of the area (early 8th century BC) the bay of Vlorë was associated with several Heroic traditions and the foundation of several settlements there,[22] as the toponym Aulon suggest which is also known in local Eubean toponimity.[23]

Due to its strategic position on the [Adriatic Sea](/source/Adriatic_Sea), especially the [Bay of Vlorë](/source/Bay_of_Vlor%C3%AB), which forms a natural harbor, Vlorë occupied a significant place in [classical antiquity](/source/Classical_antiquity) as a base for trade by many peoples. Vlorë is considered one of the oldest cities in [Albania](/source/Albania) and the region.[c] In the [Archaic era](/source/Archaic_Greece), the area was [colonized](/source/Greek_colonisation) by [Ancient Greeks](/source/Ancient_Greece), who are traditionally believed to have founded Orikos, Thronion and Aulon on these shores.[24] A large fortified port-town that was inhabited from the 6th century BC to the 2nd century AD is placed, now partially submerged, in [Triport](/source/Triport%2C_Vlor%C3%AB), northwest of present-day Vlorë. It was delimited by three walls, the first of which dating back to the late 6th century BC.[25] The port activity in this site lasted from at least the [archaic period](/source/Archaic_Greece) to the [medieval period](/source/Medieval_period).[26] It has been suggested that a transfer of the ancient city from the site of Triport to the site of modern Vlorë occurred. The center of the modern city features walls dating from the 4th to the 10th centuries AD, as well as a wall, a quadrangular tower and ruins of a huse with ceramics dating back to the 3rd–4th centuries and to the 6th-7th centuries.[27]

The archaeological site of Triport has been identified with ancient *[Thronion](/source/Thronion_(Illyria))* or *Aulon*.[28] *Thronion* was attested by [Pausanias](/source/Pausanias_(geographer)) (2nd century AD) as a [Locrian](/source/Locrians)–[Euboean](/source/Euboeans) colony, but also by a dedication on a monument erected in [Olympia](/source/Olympia%2C_Greece), both accounts reporting that [Apollonia](/source/Apollonia_(Illyria)) conquered the city around 450 BC. *Aulon*, from which Vlorë took its name, was mentioned for the first time by [Ptolemy](/source/Ptolemy) (2nd century AD) among the towns of the [Illyrian](/source/Illyrians) [Taulantii](/source/Taulantii).[29] [Carl Patsch](/source/Carl_Patsch) proposed the first location of *Aulon* in Triport being then transferred to the current location of Vlora, and [Pierre Cabanes](/source/Pierre_Cabanes) proposed the location of *Thronion* in Triport; those identifications are not in contradiction with each other.[30] Other geographical documents, such as the *[Tabula Peutingeriana](/source/Tabula_Peutingeriana)* and [Hierocles](/source/Hierocles_(author_of_Synecdemus))' *[Synecdemus](/source/Synecdemus)*, also mention Aulon. The city served as an important port of the [Roman Empire](/source/Roman_Empire), when it was part of [Epirus Nova](/source/Epirus#Roman_and_Byzantine_rule).[31][32]

Aulon (*Avlona*) became an [episcopal see](/source/Episcopal_see) in the 5th century. Among the known bishops are *Nazarius* in 458 and *Soter* in 553 ([Daniele Farlati](/source/Daniele_Farlati), *Illyricum sacrum*, VII, 397–401). The diocese at that time belonged to the papal [Pentarchy](/source/Pentarchy). In 733, it was annexed with the eastern [Illyricum](/source/Illyricum_(Roman_province)), to the [Patriarchate of Constantinople](/source/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople), and yet it is not mentioned in any *[Notitiae Episcopatuum](/source/Notitiae_Episcopatuum)* of that Church. The bishopric had probably been suppressed for though the Bulgarians had been in possession of this country for some time, Avlona is not mentioned in the "Notitiae episcopatuum" of the [Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid](/source/Archbishopric_of_Ohrid).

During the Roman period, a [Latin see](/source/Episcopal_see) was established and Eubel (*Hierarchia catholica medii aevi*, I, 124) mentions several of its bishops.[31]

Map of Vlorë and [Sazan Island](/source/Sazan_Island) in 1568

The Port of Vlorë in 1688 by [Vincenzo Coronelli](/source/Vincenzo_Coronelli)

Drawings of Vlorë and Kaninë fortresses and hypothetical Venetian proposed plans of redesign

Aulon, no longer being a residential bishopric, is today listed by the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church) as a [titular see](/source/Titular_see), a [suffragan bishop](/source/Suffragan_bishop) of [Durrës](/source/Durr%C3%ABs), being distinguished from a Greek titular see called Aulon by the use for it of the adjective *Aulonitanus*, while the adjective regarding the Aulon in [Euboea](/source/Euboea) (Ionian [Greece](/source/Greece)) is *Aulonensis*.[33] The diocese was nominally restored as Latin [titular bishopric](/source/Titular_bishop) Aulon, or Valona in Curiate Italian; from 1925 it was (als) named Aulona in Latin and/or Italian, since 1933 it's only Aulon in Latin, Aulona in Italian. It was a bishopric from the fifth century until Bulgarian rule.

### Middle Ages

See also: [Sanjak of Avlona](/source/Sanjak_of_Avlona) and [Principality of Valona](/source/Principality_of_Valona)

In the 11th and 12th century, Vlorë played an instrumental role in the conflicts between the [Byzantine Empire](/source/Byzantine_Empire) and [Norman Kingdom of Sicily](/source/Kingdom_of_Sicily#Norman_period).[18] Following Norman occupation, they ruled for only four years and established a Latin church episcopal see in Vlorë.[18][34] In 1321 the city being under Byzantine control was attacked by a Venetian fleet under Giovanni Michiel as a result costing the lives of many of its Greek inhabitants.[35] Vlorë served as capital of the [Principality of Valona](/source/Principality_of_Valona), initially a vassal state to the [Serbian empire](/source/Serbian_empire), and later, independent Christian state from 1346 to 1417.[36][37]

The [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire) captured the city in 1417, while in 1432, Albanian rebels freed Vlorë and expelled the Ottomans from the area.[38][39] As part of the [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire), Vlorë became a *[sanjak](/source/Sanjak)* centre in [Rumelia Eyalet](/source/Rumelia_Eyalet) under the name *Avlonya*.[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] Later it become a Venetian possession in 1690 and the city was restored to the Ottomans in 1691, becoming a [kaza](/source/Kaza) of the [Sanjak of Avlona](/source/Sanjak_of_Avlona) in the *[vilayet](/source/Vilayet)* (province) of [Janina](/source/Ioannina). At the time the city had about 10,000 inhabitants; there was a Catholic parish, which belonged to the [Archdiocese of Durrës](/source/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tiran%C3%AB-Durr%C3%ABs#History). During the early period of Ottoman rule, Vlorë became an international port centered on a high volume of trade between [western Europe](/source/Western_Europe) and the Ottoman state.[40]

Map of Simon Pinargenti Valona in 1573

In 1426, the Ottomans supported the settlement of a [Jewish community](/source/Jews_in_Albania) involved in mercantile activities.[38] The community underwent population growth in subsequent decades with Jews migrating from [Corfu](/source/Corfu), [Venetian ruled lands](/source/Republic_of_Venice), [Naples](/source/Naples), [France](/source/France), and the [Iberian Peninsula](/source/Iberian_Peninsula).[38] Around seventy Jewish families from [Valencia](/source/Valencia), including former *[conversos](/source/Converso)*, settled in Vlorë between 1391 and 1492.[41] Following the [expulsion of Jews from Spain](/source/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain) in 1492, the Ottoman state resettled additional Jewish exiles in Vlorë toward the end of the fifteenth century.[38] Ottoman censuses for 1506 and 1520 recorded the Jewish population as consisting of 528 families and some 2,600 people in Vlorë.[38] The Jews of Vlorë were involved in trade and the city imported items from [Europe](/source/Europe) and exported [spices](/source/Spices), [leather](/source/Leather), [cotton fabrics](/source/Cotton_Fabric), [velvets](/source/Velvets), [brocades](/source/Brocades), and [mohair](/source/Mohair) from the Ottoman cities of [Istanbul](/source/Istanbul) and [Bursa](/source/Bursa).[38] The Vlorë Jewish community took an active role in the welfare of other Jews such as managing to attain the release of war related captives present in [Durrës](/source/Durr%C3%ABs) in 1596.[38] After the [Battle of Lepanto](/source/Battle_of_Lepanto) (1571) and the deterioration of security along the Ottoman controlled Adriatic and Ionian coasts, the numbers of Jews within Vlorë decreased.[38]

Drawing of Kanina Castle and Vlora Castle

### Albanian Renaissance

[Ismail Qemali](/source/Ismail_Qemali) is regarded as the principal author of the [Declaration of Independence](/source/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence) and founding father of the modern Albanian nation.

Between the 18th and 19th centuries, cultural developments led to the [Albanian Renaissance](/source/Albanian_Renaissance) with Vlorë becoming an epicenter of the movement in 1912. In 1833, Vlorë was captured by Albanian rebels forcing the Ottoman government to abolish taxes and comply to rebel requests.[42] In 1851, it suffered severely from an earthquake.[18] The [Jewish community of Yanina](/source/Romaniote_Jews) renewed the Jewish community of Vlorë in the nineteenth century.[38]

On November 28, 1912, [Ismail Qemali](/source/Ismail_Qemali) head the [Albanian Declaration of Independence](/source/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence) in Vlorë, during the [First Balkan War](/source/First_Balkan_War). The city became Albania's first capital following its independence.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The [1914 Vlorë Raid](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1914_Vlor%C3%AB_Raid&action=edit&redlink=1) took place that January, and was a short-lived plot to regain Albania under Ottoman control.[43] The city was [invaded by Italy](/source/Albania_during_World_War_I) in 1914 during [World War I](/source/World_War_I). The city remained occupied by Italian forces until an [Albanian rebellion](/source/Vlora_War) forced the Italians out of [Albania](/source/Albania) in 1920. Italy [invaded Vlorë](/source/Italian_invasion_of_Albania) again in 1939. The city remained under Italian occupation until Italy surrendered to the allies in 1943. Subsequently, [Nazi Germany](/source/Nazi_Germany) occupied the city until 1944. The city was liberated in 1944 by [communist forces](/source/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)) under [Enver Hoxha](/source/Enver_Hoxha).

### Communist Albania

During [World War II](/source/World_War_II), [Sazan Island](/source/Sazan_Island) became the site of a German and Italian [submarine base](/source/Submarine_base) and naval installations; these installations were heavily bombed by the [Allies](/source/Allies_of_World_War_II). After World War II, with Albania ruled by a [Communist Party](/source/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania), the port was leased out to the [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union) for use as a submarine base. During 1960 and 1961 it served as a theater in the aftermath of the decision of [Enver Hoxha](/source/Enver_Hoxha) to denounce [Nikita Khrushchev's](/source/Nikita_Khrushchev) reforms.[44][*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources)*]

In April 1961 the Soviet Union, resenting being pushed out after considerable investment in the naval facilities at nearby [Pasha Liman Base](/source/Pasha_Liman_Base), threatened to occupy Vlora with Soviet troops, and cut off all Soviet economic, military and technical aid to Albania. The threat was not carried out, as a result of the simultaneous international developments; most notably the [Cuban Missile Crisis](/source/Cuban_Missile_Crisis). Hoxha, realizing the vulnerability of Albania after the 1968 [Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia](/source/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia), ordered the construction of [hundreds of thousands of concrete bunkers](/source/Bunkers_in_Albania).[45] Under Hoxha, Vlorë served as an important recruiting centre for the [Sigurimi](/source/Sigurimi); the Albanian [state security](/source/National_security), [intelligence](/source/Intelligence_(information_gathering)) and [secret police](/source/Secret_police) service.[46]

In 1997, Vlorë was the center of the [1997 Albanian civil unrest](/source/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest) after the collapse of several investment scams that led to the downfall of the [Sali Berisha](/source/Sali_Berisha) administration.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Geography

View of the promenade of Vlorë and the [Ceraunian Mountains](/source/Ceraunian_Mountains) in the hinterlands

Vlorë is situated on the [Bay of Vlorë](/source/Bay_of_Vlor%C3%AB) along the [Albanian Adriatic](/source/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast) and [Ionian Sea Coasts](/source/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast) in the eastern part of the [Strait of Otranto](/source/Strait_of_Otranto) surrounded by the foothills of the [Ceraunian Mountains](/source/Ceraunian_Mountains). Defined in an area of 647.94 km2 (250.17 sq mi), [Vlorë Municipality](/source/Municipalities_of_Albania) is encompassed in [Vlorë County](/source/Vlor%C3%AB_County) as part of the [Southern Region of Albania](/source/Southern_Albania) and consists of the adjacent administrative units of [Novoselë](/source/Novosel%C3%AB), [Orikum](/source/Orikum), [Qendër Vlorë](/source/Qend%C3%ABr_Vlor%C3%AB), [Shushicë](/source/Shushic%C3%AB%2C_Vlor%C3%AB) and Vlorë.[1][6][7] The municipality stretches from the mouth of [Vjosë](/source/Vjos%C3%AB) in the north along the [Narta Lagoon](/source/Narta_Lagoon) to the [Llogara Pass](/source/Llogara_Pass) in the south.[1] It also encloses the [Karaburun Peninsula](/source/Karaburun_Peninsula%2C_Albania) and [Sazan Island](/source/Sazan_Island) in the west with the Shushica-Vlorë River forming its eastern border.[1] Protected areas include the [Karaburun-Sazan Marine Park](/source/Karaburun-Sazan_Marine_Park), [Llogara National Park](/source/Llogara_National_Park) and [Vjosa Wild River National Park](/source/Vjosa_Wild_River_National_Park).[47] [Valonia oak](/source/Quercus_macrolepis), the mass name for [acorn](/source/Acorn) cups obtained in the neighboring oak forests and used by tanners, derives its name from Valona, the ancient name of Vlorë.

### Climate

Vlorë has a [hot-summer Mediterranean climate](/source/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate) ([Köppen climate classification](/source/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification): *Csa*), with an average annual temperature of 16.9 °C (62.4 °F).[48] Summers in Vlorë are dry and hot while winters are mild and rainy.[49] The warmest month is August with an average temperature rising to 26.8 °C (80.2 °F). By contrast, the coldest month is January with an average temperature falling to 7.9 °C (46.2 °F).[48] Vlorë has a sunny climate with an average of 2,745.2 hours of sunshine annually, making it one of the sunniest areas in the [Eastern Mediterranean](/source/Eastern_Mediterranean).[50][51][52] July is the sunniest month of the year with an average of about 12 hours of sunshine a day.[48] By contrast, the average hours of sunshine are less than 7 hours per day in January.[48] During the 1961–1990 period, on average per year, there were 82 days with more than 1 mm (0.039 in) of rainfall, 26 days with thunders, five days with [hail](/source/Hail), and one day of snowfall.[50]

Climate data for Vlorë Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 23.6 (74.5) 29.6 (85.3) 28.4 (83.1) 29.6 (85.3) 37.2 (99.0) 41.0 (105.8) 41.6 (106.9) 38.0 (100.4) 38.0 (100.4) 31.8 (89.2) 28.5 (83.3) 24.5 (76.1) 41.6 (106.9) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.2 (55.8) 13.9 (57.0) 15.9 (60.6) 19.0 (66.2) 23.2 (73.8) 27.0 (80.6) 29.7 (85.5) 29.8 (85.6) 27.0 (80.6) 22.8 (73.0) 18.2 (64.8) 14.5 (58.1) 21.2 (70.1) Daily mean °C (°F) 10 (50) 10 (50) 12 (54) 15 (59) 19 (66) 22 (72) 25 (77) 25 (77) 22 (72) 19 (66) 15 (59) 12 (54) 17 (63) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.8 (40.6) 5.3 (41.5) 6.6 (43.9) 9.6 (49.3) 13.2 (55.8) 16.6 (61.9) 18.4 (65.1) 18.3 (64.9) 15.9 (60.6) 12.5 (54.5) 9.5 (49.1) 6.3 (43.3) 11.4 (52.5) Record low °C (°F) −7.0 (19.4) −4.8 (23.4) −6.3 (20.7) −0.5 (31.1) 4.6 (40.3) 10.1 (50.2) 11.4 (52.5) 12.2 (54.0) 6.6 (43.9) −3.0 (26.6) −0.6 (30.9) −3.5 (25.7) −7.0 (19.4) Average precipitation mm (inches) 113.5 (4.47) 86.3 (3.40) 90.4 (3.56) 65.3 (2.57) 56.8 (2.24) 19.1 (0.75) 12.4 (0.49) 21.1 (0.83) 69.2 (2.72) 124.1 (4.89) 138.4 (5.45) 145.0 (5.71) 941.6 (37.08) Average precipitation days 13 12 14 11 9 6 3 3 5 10 17 17 120 Mean monthly sunshine hours 133.3 147.9 173.6 225.0 272.8 318.0 368.9 344.1 279.0 210.8 117.0 99.2 2,689.6 Mean daily sunshine hours 4 5 5 7 8 10 11 11 9 6 3 3 7 Mean daily daylight hours 9 10 11 13 14 15 14 13 12 11 9 9 12 Source 1: NOAA (extremes 1961–1990)[50] Source 2: [49][53]

## Economy

View of a ship in the [Port of Vlorë](/source/Port_of_Vlor%C3%AB)

The city of Vlorë remains a major seaport and commercial centre, with a significant [fishing](/source/Fishing) and [industrial](/source/Industrial_sector) sector. The surrounding region produces [petroleum](/source/Petroleum), [natural gas](/source/Natural_gas), [bitumen](/source/Bitumen) and [salt](/source/Salt). The city is also the location of important installations of the [Albanian Navy](/source/Albanian_Navy). It has grown in importance as an agricultural center with a very large-scale planting of olive and fruit trees, and as a center of the food processing, oil, and bitumen export industries. Historically, the surrounding district was mainly agricultural and pastoral, producing oats, maize, cotton, olive oil, cattle, sheep, skins, hides, and butter.[18] These commodities are exported.

Vlorë is a vibrant coastal city with a well-developed and modern housing infrastructure. The city offers a variety of residential areas ranging from the coast and going inland. Vlorë is divided into three economic zones.[54] The Technical and Economic Development Area (TEDA) in Vlorë has a strategic location, some 151 kilometres (94 miles) away from the capital [Tirana](/source/Tirana). The Land and Environmental Information[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] is located in a flat, saline land, partially covered by the [Soda Forest](/source/Soda_Forest). The area is suitable for industrial and environmentally friendly development. The eligible activities for the development inside the TEDA zone are: industrial, processing, commercial, goods storage, light industry, electronics, auto parts manufacturing, and port related activities. Official data from 2014 reported the employable labor force in Vlora at 125,954, of which 84,836 are currently employed; 35% of the labor force in Vlora had a high school degree, while 17% had a university degree.

According to the [World Bank](/source/World_Bank), Vlorë has made significant steps in the economy rankings in 2016. Vlorë ranks 7th among 22 cities in [Southeastern Europe](/source/Southeastern_Europe) in rankings conducted by the [World Bank Group](/source/World_Bank_Group).[55] ahead of the capital of [Albania](/source/Albania), [Tirana](/source/Tirana), and also [Belgrade](/source/Belgrade), [Serbia](/source/Serbia) and [Sarajevo](/source/Sarajevo), in [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/source/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina).

Tourism which has always been a driving force for the city's economy has become a major industry in recent years, with many hotels, recreational centers, and vast beaches. The city has a good view over the [Bay of Vlorë](/source/Bay_of_Vlor%C3%AB), which is considered the frontier between the [Adriatic Sea](/source/Adriatic_Sea) and the [Ionian Sea](/source/Ionian_Sea). The Island of [Sazan](/source/Sazan_Island) is in front of the city, at the entrance of the bay. Italy is just 80 kilometres (50 miles) away. Beaches close to the city include [Palasë](/source/Palas%C3%AB), [Dhermi](/source/Dhermi), Vuno, [Himara](/source/Himara), [Qeparo](/source/Qeparo), and [Borsh](/source/Borsh). In 2019, Vlorë was cited in *[Financial Times](/source/Financial_Times)*' 'Five destinations to watch' article that listed new and exciting holiday destinations from around the world.[56]

In April 2024, it was reported that [Jared Kushner](/source/Jared_Kushner), son-in-law and former aide to US President [Donald Trump](/source/Donald_Trump), planned to build a resort in the city as part of plans of his company, [Affinity Partners](/source/Affinity_Partners), to invest in the Balkans.[57]

## Infrastructure

### Transport

The [SH8 highway](/source/National_Road_8_(Albania)) in southern Vlorë leading to [Orikum](/source/Orikum)

Vlorë lies on the north–south transportation corridor of Albania and is served by a network of motorways and highways connecting the city to other parts of Albania. The preceding [SH8 highway](/source/National_Road_8_(Albania)), beginning from [Fier](/source/Fier), links the northern districts of Vlorë with the central and southern districts, continuing along the [Albanian Riviera](/source/Albanian_Riviera) to [Sarandë](/source/Sarand%C3%AB). The [A2 motorway](/source/A2_motorway_(Albania)) parallelly runs along the SH8 from Fier to Vlorë and terminates after entering the city in the north. Upon completion, the bypass of Vlorë will link the A2 motorway through the suburbs of Vlorë with the SH8 highway.[58][59]

Vlorë is served by the [Port of Vlorë](/source/Port_of_Vlor%C3%AB), the second busiest port in Albania, located in the northern part of the city's coast.

The [Vlorë railway station](/source/Vlor%C3%AB_railway_station) is the southern [terminus](/source/Terminal_train_station) of the [Durrës-Vlorë railway line](/source/Durr%C3%ABs-Vlor%C3%AB_railway_line) which connects Vlorë with Durrës and the rest of the [Albanian rail network](/source/Rail_transport_in_Albania). It opened in 1985 when the railway line was extended from [Fier](/source/Fier) to Vlorë.[60] A very limited service remained in operation until 2015,[61] but currently passenger services no longer run south of [Fier](/source/Fier).[62] However, a private [railway company](/source/Railway_company), Albrail, started operation of [freight trains](/source/Freight_train) from Fier to Vlorë in 2018.[63]

The [Vlorë International Airport](/source/Vlor%C3%AB_International_Airport) is a proposed airport development project currently under construction as part of Albania's plan to increase transportation links to destinations in southern Albania.[64][65] The proposed location for the airport lies at the village of Akërni within the [Vjosa-Narta Protected Landscape](/source/Vjosa-Narta_Protected_Landscape) in the north of Vlorë, which was met with widespread criticism.[66] The construction was officially launched on 28 November 2021, and has a completion target date of April 2024.[67][68]

### Landfill

During the period 2020–2024, the city periodically suffered from fires at the local [landfill](/source/Landfill). The landfill, which is considered dangerous by the local authorities, was due to close by June 2021, as a new landfill was expected to begin operations. The deadline for the opening of the latter has been postponed repeatedly, and its further construction has stopped.[69][70]

### Education

Vlora is home to the second largest university in Albania. The [University of Vlora](/source/University_of_Vlora) was founded in 1994 as a [technological university](/source/Institute_of_technology). It retains a focus on technology, but has expanded in the areas of economics and finance, education, medicine, and law.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

There are three journals based in the University of Vlora. There is also a scientific journal published quarterly in Albanian: Buletini Shkencor i Universitetit te Vlorës. Since 2008 it is home to the Academicus International Scientific Journal,[71] a peer-reviewed scientific publication in the English language founded by Arta Musaraj.[72]

Besides the state university there are two private universities, namely [Universiteti Pavarësia Vlorë](/source/Universiteti_Pavar%C3%ABsia_Vlor%C3%AB) and Akademia e Studimeve të Aplikuara "Reald", which started as primary school and high school, and since 2011 operates also as a university.[73]

## Demography

‹ The [template](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Template) *[Historical populations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Historical_populations)* is being [considered for merging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2026_June_24#Template:Infobox_demographics). ›

Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1923 5,942 — 1927 6,210 +4.5% 1938 9,948 +60.2% 1950 14,221 +43.0% 1960 41,423 +191.3% 1969 45,500 +9.8% 1979 56,200 +23.5% 1989 71,662 +27.5% 2001 77,652 +8.4% 2011 79,513 +2.4% 2023 66,320 −16.6% Source: [74][75][9]

As per the [Institute of Statistics](/source/Institute_of_Statistics_(Albania)) estimate from the 2011 census, there were 79,513 people residing in Vlorë and 104,827 in the municipality of Vlorë, constituting the [third most populous city](/source/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Albania) and [fifth most populous municipality](/source/Municipalities_of_Albania) of Albania.[1][8] The estimated population density of Vlorë Municipality was at 169.9 inhabitants per square kilometre.[1] The population of Vlorë had increased from 71,662 in 1989 to 79,513 in 2011, while a decline of the population of Vlorë Municipality from 114,497 to 104,827 was highlighted.[47]

Despite being a Muslim-majority country, the constitution defines Albania as a secular country with no [official religion](/source/Official_religion).[76] It guarantees the [freedom of religion](/source/Freedom_of_religion), [belief](/source/Freedom_of_belief) and [conscience](/source/Freedom_of_conscience) and prohibits discrimination on grounds of religious beliefs or practice.[76][77] Vlorë is religiously diverse and possesses many places of worship catering to its religious population, who are traditionally adherents of [Islam](/source/Islam), [Christianity](/source/Christianity), and [Judaism](/source/Judaism). During the 19th and early 20th century, Albanian-speaking Muslims were the majority population of Vlorë while there was a small number of Greek-speaking families, Albanian Orthodox, Jews, and an even smaller number of Catholics.[78] In 1994 the ethnic [Greek](/source/Greeks) community of the city numbered 8,000 people.[79] A Greek school was operating in the city in 1741.[80]

## Culture

[Monument of Independence](/source/Independence_Monument_(Albania)) on the [Flag's Square](/source/Flag's_Square)

Vlorë is geographically and culturally encompassed in the historical region of [Labëria](/source/Lab%C3%ABria), extending from the [Albanian Adriatic](/source/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast) and [Ionian Sea Coasts](/source/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast) to the mountainous region of southeastern Albania.[81] Labëria is distinguished for its distinct culture, landscapes and traditions and known as the birthplace of [Albanian polyphonic music](/source/Albanian_iso-polyphony), which has been proclaimed by [UNESCO](/source/UNESCO) a [Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity](/source/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity).[82] Most of the Albanian inhabitants of Vlorë speak the [Lab dialect](/source/Lab_Albanian_dialect) of southern [Tosk Albanian](/source/Tosk_Albanian) that differs from other [Albanian dialects](/source/Albanian_dialects).[83]

Historical center of Vlorë at the Justin Godart Street

Vlorë is home to many cultural and historical sites that also relate to the founding of Albania. The [Monument of Independence](/source/Independence_Monument_(Albania)) is located on the [Flag's Square](/source/Flag's_Square) and commemorates the Albanian independence from the [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire).[84] Museum of Independence is housed in a 19th-century building, where the founding fathers of Albania signed the Declaration of Independence.[85] Its balcony is considered a symbol of freedom, victory and resilience of the Albanians to prevent the occupation of their motherland.[85]

Located in a 19th-century mansion, the Ethnographic Museum close to the Museum of Independence displays the ethnographic heritage of Vlorë and its surrounding region.[85] The History Museum at the Perlat Rexhepi Street is another museum exhibiting among others artefacts from the nearby [archaeological sites](/source/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Albania) of the Illyrians and Ancient Greeks.[85] A museum dedicated to the historical Jewish population of Vlorë is planned to open in the historical center of Vlorë.[86][87]

Among the most outstanding religious sites in Vlorë are the [Muradie Mosque](/source/Muradie_Mosque) built in the 16th century at the Sadik Zotaj Street and the Saint Aloysius Gonzaga and Mary Church from the 19th century at the Kristoforidhi Street.[84] Notable cultural sites in Vlorë Municipality include the [Castle of Kaninë](/source/Kanin%C3%AB_Castle), [Church of Marmiroi](/source/Church_of_Marmiroi), [Island of Sazan](/source/Sazan_Island), [Island of Zvërnec](/source/Island_of_Zv%C3%ABrnec), [Lagoon of Narta](/source/Lagoon_of_Narta) as well as the archaeological sites of [Amantia](/source/Amantia) and [Oricum](/source/Oricum).[84]

The oldest and most popular first division team based in Vlorë is the football club [KS Flamurtari Vlorë](/source/KS_Flamurtari_Vlor%C3%AB). Flamurtari plays at [Flamurtari Stadium](/source/Flamurtari_Stadium) in the center of Vlorë near the Independence Square.

## International relations

See also: [List of twin towns and sister cities in Albania](/source/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Albania)

Vlorë is [twinned](/source/Sister_city) with:

- [Hollywood, Florida](/source/Hollywood%2C_Florida), United States[88]

- [Yangzhou](/source/Yangzhou), China[89]

## Gallery

		- A typical street in Vlorë showing high rise buildings in the city

		- A typical street in Vlorë showing some palm trees and the Christmas tree

		- The old town of Vlorë

		- The panorama of Vlorë

		- The bay of Vlorë

## See also

- [List of mayors of Vlorë](/source/List_of_mayors_of_Vlor%C3%AB)

- [List of people from Vlorë](/source/List_of_people_from_Vlor%C3%AB)

- [List of Catholic dioceses in Albania](/source/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Albania)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-fn1_9-0)** The municipality of Vlorë consists of the administrative units of [Novoselë](/source/Novosel%C3%AB), [Orikum](/source/Orikum), [Qendër Vlorë](/source/Qend%C3%ABr_Vlor%C3%AB), [Shushicë](/source/Shushic%C3%AB%2C_Vlor%C3%AB) and Vlorë.[1][6][7] The population of the municipality results from the sum of the listed administrative units in the former as of the [2011 Albanian census](/source/Demographics_of_Albania).[1][8]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-fn3_14-0)** Also known as **Vlonë** (pronounced [\[ˈvlonə\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian); [Albanian](/source/Albanian_language) [definite form](/source/Definiteness): *Vlona*) in [Gheg Albanian](/source/Gheg_Albanian);[12] formerly known in English as **Avlona** or **Valona**.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** "town that is the second seaport of Albania. [...] It was strategically important during Roman times and in the 11th–12th-century wars between Normans and Byzantines" (*[Encyclopaedia Britannica](/source/Encyclopaedia_Britannica)*, s.v. [Vlore](https://www.britannica.com/place/Vlore)).

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-PV_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-PV_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-PV_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-PV_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-PV_1-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-PV_1-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-PV_1-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-PV_1-7) ["Pasaporta e Bashkisë Vlorë"](https://portavendore.al/bashkia-vlore/pasaporta-e-bashkise-vlore/) (in Albanian). Porta Vendore. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210923121241/https://portavendore.al/bashkia-vlore/pasaporta-e-bashkise-vlore/) from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-municipalitiy_area_2-0)** ["Bashkia Vlorë"](https://aam.org.al/en/bashkia-vlore/) (in Albanian). Albanian Association of Municipalities (AAM). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210923110321/https://aam.org.al/en/bashkia-vlore/) from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Rregullore e Planit të Përgjithshëm Vendor të Territorit të Bashkisë Vlorë"](http://bashkiavlore.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Rregullore.pdf) (PDF) (in Albanian). Bashkia Vlorë. p. 15. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210923135327/http://bashkiavlore.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Rregullore.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-The_urban_population_of_Vlorë_–_Census_2011_4-0)** ["The urban population of Vlorë – 2011 Census Data (Knoema)"](https://knoema.de/atlas/Albanien/Vlore/Urban-Population?mode=amp). Knoema. Retrieved 20 April 2025.[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-The_metro_population_of_Vlorë_5-0)** ["The metro population of Vlorë"](https://en.db-city.com/Albania--Vlorë). DB City. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Classification_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Classification_6-1) ["A new Urban–Rural Classification of Albanian Population"](https://web.archive.org/web/20191114101641/https://www.instat.gov.al/media/2919/a_new_urban-rural_classification_of_albanian_population.pdf) (PDF). [Instituti i Statistikës](/source/Institute_of_Statistics_(Albania)) (INSTAT). May 2014. p. 15. Archived from [the original](https://www.instat.gov.al/media/2919/a_new_urban-rural_classification_of_albanian_population.pdf) (PDF) on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Law_2014_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Law_2014_7-1) ["Law nr. 115/2014"](https://www.vendime.al/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/137-2014.pdf) (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6376. Retrieved 25 February 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Census_2011_Vlorë_County_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Census_2011_Vlorë_County_8-1) Nurja, Ines. ["Censusi i popullsisë dhe banesave/ Population and Housing Census–Vlorë (2011)"](http://www.instat.gov.al/media/3070/12__vlore.pdf) (PDF). Tirana: [Institute of Statistics](/source/Institute_of_Statistics_(Albania)) (INSTAT). p. 85. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200613143022/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/3070/12__vlore.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-2023pop_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-2023pop_10-1) ["Census of Population and Housing"](https://www.instat.gov.al/en/themes/censuses/census-of-population-and-housing/). Institute of Statistics Albania.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Vlorë"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200707001319/https://www.lexico.com/definition/vlore?s=t). *[Lexico](/source/Lexico) UK English Dictionary*. [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). Archived from [the original](http://www.lexico.com/definition/Vlor%C3%AB) on 2020-07-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Vlorë"](https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Vlor%C3%AB). *[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language](/source/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language)* (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 5 July 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** [*The New Encyclopaedia Britannica*](https://books.google.com/books?id=1BMrAAAAMAAJ). [Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica). 1974. p. 479. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-85229-290-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85229-290-2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201107201801/https://books.google.com/books?id=1BMrAAAAMAAJ) from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Babiniotis, Georgios (2019). *Dictionary of the Modern Greek Language*. Kéntro Lexikologías. p. 315. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-9609582148](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9609582148). ηκαν το αρχ. δίαυλος «πέρασμα, δίοδος» και το νεότ. πύραυλος. Η κοιλάδα που μοιάζει με αυλό λέγεται αυλών (αυλώνας). από όπου το συχνό τοπωνύμιο Αυλών | Αυλώνα, ... Αυλώνας (ο) πόλη και λιμάνι τής Ν. Αλβανίας

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Demiraj_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Demiraj_16-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Demiraj_16-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Demiraj_16-3) [Demiraj, Shaban](/source/Shaban_Demiraj) (2006). [*The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated*](https://web.archive.org/web/20201120114336/https://books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ). [Academy of Sciences of Albania](/source/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Albania). pp. 144–145. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789994381715](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789994381715). Archived from [the original](https://books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ) on 20 November 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** [Katičić, Radoslav](/source/Radoslav_Kati%C4%8Di%C4%87) (1976). *Ancient Languages of the Balkans*. Mouton. p. 186. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-9027933058](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027933058).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [Huld, Martin E.](/source/Martin_E._Huld) (1986). "Accentual Stratification of Ancient Greek Loanwords in Albanian". *Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung*. **99** (2). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 248–249. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [40848841](https://www.jstor.org/stable/40848841).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-eb9_19-0)** "Baynes, T. S., ed. (1875–1889). ["Avlona"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Avlona). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica)* (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons." in the *Encyclopædia Britannica*, 9th ed. 1878.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_20-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_20-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_20-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_20-4) [Chisholm 1911](#CITEREFChisholm1911).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Gawrych, G. W. (2006). *[The crescent and the eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913](https://books.google.com/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC)*. I.B.Tauris. p. 23. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84511-287-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-287-5). Google Book Search. Retrieved on August 25, 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Arumunët Albania, nr. 40"](https://issuu.com/leogjata/docs/arumunet_albania_nr_40). *Arumunët Albania* (in Albanian and Aromanian). No. 40. 2014. p. 15.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBereti1993143_23-0)** [Bereti 1993](#CITEREFBereti1993), p. 143.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Stocker, Sharon R. (2009). [*Illyrian Apollonia: Toward a New Ktisis and Developmental History of the Colony*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8ynwEACAAJ). p. 227. Heroic origins that involved Euboeans were attributed toseveral other early settlements around the Bay of Vlora

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Walker, Keith G. (9 January 2004). [*Archaic Eretria: A Political and Social History from the Earliest Times to 490 BC*](https://books.google.com/books?id=R3yCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA151). Routledge. p. 151. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-134-45098-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-45098-5). Eretrians settled around the bay of Avlona (Aulona).... There was also a place called Aulon in the Eretrias... and another .... Khalkis.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Papadopoulos, John (2016). "Komai, Colonies and Cities in Epirus and Southern Albania: The Failure of the Polis and the Rise of Urbanism on the Fringes of the Greek World". In Molloy, Barry P.C. (ed.). [*Of Odysseys and Oddities: Scales and Modes of Interaction Between Prehistoric Aegean Societies and their Neighbours*](https://books.google.com/books?id=O6B8DAAAQBAJ). Oxbow Books. p. 440. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-78570-232-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78570-232-7). Then there was the establishment of a new type of site in the Illyrian hinterland, away from the coastal areas usually inhabited by Greeks, especially during the developed Iron Age...

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** [Bereti 1993](#CITEREFBereti1993), p. 143; [Fasolo 2005](#CITEREFFasolo2005), p. 178; [Volpe et al. 2014](#CITEREFVolpeDisantarosaLeoneTurchiano2014), p. 300.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolpeDisantarosaLeoneTurchiano2014300_29-0)** [Volpe et al. 2014](#CITEREFVolpeDisantarosaLeoneTurchiano2014), p. 300.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFasolo2005178_30-0)** [Fasolo 2005](#CITEREFFasolo2005), p. 178.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** [Volpe et al. 2014](#CITEREFVolpeDisantarosaLeoneTurchiano2014), p. 300; [Bereti 1993](#CITEREFBereti1993), p. 143.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeretiQuantinCabanes201111,_13_32-0)** [Bereti, Quantin & Cabanes 2011](#CITEREFBeretiQuantinCabanes2011), pp. 11, 13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeretiQuantinCabanes201111_33-0)** [Bereti, Quantin & Cabanes 2011](#CITEREFBeretiQuantinCabanes2011), p. 11.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVailhé1912_34-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVailhé1912_34-1) [Vailhé 1912](#CITEREFVailhé1912).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** "Apollonia and Aulon in Epirus Nova" ([Bowden 2003](#CITEREFBowden2003), p. 14)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** *Annuario Pontificio 2013* (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-88-209-9070-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1)), p. 842

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Vlora, Eqrem bej; Von Godin, Marie Amelie von Godin (2010) [1956]. Contributions to the history of Turkish rule in Albania: a Historical Outline v. I . Tirana: Publishing House "55". f. 47. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-99943-56-83-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99943-56-83-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Nicol, Donald M. (1984). [*The Despotate of Epiros 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XIj0FfKto9AC). Cambridge University Press. p. 92. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-26190-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26190-6). Nicholas Orsini... He stepped up his invasion of Byzantine territory... The Venetians too seem to have decided that the moment was now ripe to help him. They sent a fleet led by Giovanni Michiel to attack Valona. Many of its Greek inhabitants were killed on the spot, including the son of its admiral Gantzas

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Mandeville, John (2012). *The Book of Marvels and Travels*. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 153. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-960060-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960060-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Van Antwerp Fine, John (1994). *The Late Medieval Balkans - A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest*. United States of America: University of Michigan Press. p. 357. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-472-10079-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-10079-3).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Giakoumis9596_41-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Giakoumis9596_41-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Giakoumis9596_41-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Giakoumis9596_41-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Giakoumis9596_41-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Giakoumis9596_41-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Giakoumis9596_41-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Giakoumis9596_41-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-Giakoumis9596_41-8) Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010). ["The Orthodox Church in Albania Under the Ottoman Rule 15th-19th Century"](https://books.google.com/books?id=aCdYHU9PtiIC&q=Durr%C3%ABs). In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). *Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]*. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 95–96. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9783631602959](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631602959).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** İnalcik, Halil (1954). *Hicr ı835 tarihli sûret-i defter-i sancak-i Arvanid* (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınlarından.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ShawShaw69_43-0)** Stanford J. Shaw; Ezel Kural Shaw (29 October 1976). [*History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280-1808*](https://books.google.com/books?id=E9-YfgVZDBkC&pg=PA69). Cambridge University Press. p. 69. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-29163-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29163-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** Ray, Jonathan Stewart (2013). *After expulsion: 1492 and the making of Sephardic Jewry*. New York: New York University Press. p. 60. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8147-2911-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2911-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** Pollo, Stefanaq (1984). *Historia e Shqipërisë: Vitet 30 të shek. XIX-1912* (in Albanian). Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [165705732](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/165705732).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** Tütüncü, Mehmet (2017). ["Grebeneli Bekir Fikri Bey Albay Thomson'a Karşi 1914 Avlonya Olayı \[Grebeneli Bekir Fikri Bey against Colonel Thomson: The Case of Vlorë 1914\]"](https://www.academia.edu/34583796). *Düşünce ve Tarih*. **3** (31): 40, 42.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** Hoxha, Enver (1972). *The Party of Labor of Albania in Battle with Modern Revisionism: Speeches and Articles*. The Naim Frasheri Publishing House.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** Glass, Emily (2017). "Once upon a Time in Ksamil: Communist and Post-Communist Biographies of Mushroom-Shaped Bunkers in Albania". In Bennett, Luke (ed.). [*In the Ruins of the Cold War Bunker: Affect, Materiality and Meaning Making*](https://books.google.com/books?id=B9AqDwAAQBAJ). [Rowman & Littlefield](/source/Rowman_%26_Littlefield). pp. 147–150. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-78348-735-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78348-735-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** Vickers, Miranda; [Pettifer, James](/source/James_Pettifer) (1997) [1997]. [*Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity*](https://books.google.com/books?id=9IbgsDdeVxsC). [C. Hurst & Co.](/source/C._Hurst_%26_Co.) (published 1999). pp. 47–48. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85065-279-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-279-3). Vlora ... was notorious as a recruiting ground for the Sigurimi.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Bashkia_50-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Bashkia_50-1) ["Shërbim Konsulence, për Hartimin e Planeve të Përgjithshme Vendore, për Katër Bashki, Vlorë, Sarandë, Himarë, Konispol"](http://bashkiavlore.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/VSM-VLORE.pdf) (PDF) (in Albanian). Bashkia Vlorë. 30 November 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210923144710/http://bashkiavlore.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/VSM-VLORE.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Climate-data_51-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Climate-data_51-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Climate-data_51-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Climate-data_51-3) ["Climate: Vlorë"](https://en.climate-data.org/europe/albania/vlora/vlora-831/). Climate-Data. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210921010618/https://en.climate-data.org/europe/albania/vlora/vlora-831/) from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ClimaTemps_52-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ClimaTemps_52-1) ["Vlore Climate & Temperature"](http://www.vlore.climatemps.com/). ClimaTemps. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210924142149/http://www.vlore.climatemps.com/) from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NCEI_53-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NCEI_53-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-NCEI_53-2) ["Vlore climate Normals for 1961-1990(WMO Station Number: 13600)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20241104005218/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/AB/13600.TXT). *ncei.noaa.gov*. [NOAA](/source/NOAA). Archived from [the original](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/AB/13600.TXT) on 4 November 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** Polemio, M.; CNR-IRPI Pambuku, A.; Servizio Geologico di Albania Petrucci, O.; CNR-IRPI. *The coastal karstic aquifer of Vlora (Albania)*. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [697554091](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/697554091).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** Begaj, Majlinda (10 March 2016), [*Vlora guida*](https://www.academia.edu/23077608)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** ["What is the Climate, Average Temperature/ Weather in Vlore?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100821120125/http://www.climatetemp.info/albania/vlore.html). Climatetemp.info. Archived from [the original](http://www.climatetemp.info/albania/vlore.html) on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** ["Albania is creating three free economic zones"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180129182544/http://emerging-europe.com/regions/albania-is-creating-three-free-economic-zones/). *emerging-europe.com*. 24 August 2015. Archived from [the original](http://emerging-europe.com/regions/albania-is-creating-three-free-economic-zones/) on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** ["Subnational Economy Rankings - South East Europe - Subnational Doing Business - World Bank Group"](http://www.doingbusiness.org/Rankings/south-east-europe). *www.doingbusiness.org*. Retrieved 15 March 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** ["Five destinations to watch — from the Faroe Islands to Pakistan"](https://www.ft.com/content/7964db7a-ff18-11e9-a530-16c6c29e70ca). *Financial Times*. 8 November 2019. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/7964db7a-ff18-11e9-a530-16c6c29e70ca) from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 2020-08-31.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** Bytyci, Fatos; Goga, Florion (2024-04-04). ["Jared Kushner's planned Albania resort stokes fear and hope in coastal town"](https://www.reuters.com/world/jared-kushners-planned-albania-resort-stokes-fear-hope-coastal-town-2024-04-04/). *[Reuters](/source/Reuters)*. Retrieved 2024-04-10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** ["Bypass-i Vlorës"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170222055150/https://www.arrsh.gov.al/projekte-me-finacim-te-huaj-donacione/sinjalistike-rrugore-2/bypass-i-vlores) (in Albanian). Archived from [the original](https://www.arrsh.gov.al/projekte-me-finacim-te-huaj-donacione/sinjalistike-rrugore-2/bypass-i-vlores) on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** Gjonaj, Arlinda (15 June 2020). ["Këtë javë nis asfaltimi i bypass-it të Vlorës/ Rama: Brenda muajit hapet gara ndërkombëtare për 'Korridorin Blu'"](https://ata.gov.al/2020/06/15/kete-jave-nis-asfaltimi-i-bypass-it-te-vlores-rama-brenda-muajit-hapet-gara-nderkombetare-per-korridorin-blu/). *Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare* (in Albanian). [Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare](/source/Albanian_Telegraphic_Agency) (ATA). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210622175135/https://ata.gov.al/2020/06/15/kete-jave-nis-asfaltimi-i-bypass-it-te-vlores-rama-brenda-muajit-hapet-gara-nderkombetare-per-korridorin-blu/) from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-63)** ["History of Hekurudha Shqiptare (in Albanian)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161017114052/http://www.t669.net/hekurudha_shqiptare.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.t669.net/hekurudha_shqiptare.html) on 2016-10-17. Retrieved 21 June 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-64)** ["Europe Trains Guide"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120422103414/http://www.europetrainsguide.com/Countries/Albania/Albania-HSH.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.europetrainsguide.com/Countries/Albania/Albania-HSH.html) on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** ["Albania Railway Photographs"](http://www.johndarm.clara.net/Europhots/Albania.htm). Retrieved 20 October 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-66)** ["About Albrail"](http://albrail.al/en/rreth-nesh/). Albrail. Retrieved 21 June 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-67)** ["Aeroporti i ri ndërkombëtar i Vlorës"](https://kryeministria.al/newsroom/aeroporti-i-ri-nderkombetar-i-vlores/) (in Albanian). [Kryeministria](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Albania). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210502094644/https://kryeministria.al/newsroom/aeroporti-i-ri-nderkombetar-i-vlores/) from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-68)** ["Gati projekti për aeroportin ndërkombëtar të Vlorës"](https://kryeministria.al/newsroom/gati-projekti-per-aeroportin-nderkombetar-te-vlores/) (in Albanian). [Kryeministria](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Albania). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210924091621/https://kryeministria.al/newsroom/gati-projekti-per-aeroportin-nderkombetar-te-vlores/) from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** ["New airport near the Narta Lagoon, Albania"](https://www.iucn.org/news/eastern-europe-and-central-asia/201803/new-airport-near-narta-lagoon-albania). [International Union for Conservation of Nature](/source/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature) (IUCN). 7 March 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210924094626/https://www.iucn.org/news/eastern-europe-and-central-asia/201803/new-airport-near-narta-lagoon-albania) from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-70)** ["PM Rama announces start of works for Vlora Airport"](https://albaniandailynews.com/news/pm-rama-announces-start-of-works-for-vlora-airport). *Albanian Daily News*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-71)** ["PM Rama inspects works at construction site of Vlora Airport"](https://albaniandailynews.com/news/pm-rama-inspects-works-at-construction-site-of-vlora-international-airport-1). *Albanian Daily News*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-72)** Ziaj, Jerola (26 July 2024). ["Tymi i plehrave mbulon Vlorën në mes të sezonit turistik"](https://www.reporter.al/2024/07/26/tymi-i-plehrave-mbulon-vloren-ne-mes-te-sezonit-turistik/). *[Reporter.al](/source/Reporter.al)* (in Albanian).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-73)** ["Tymi i zi mbulon Vlorën, ende aktiv zjarri në fushën e plehrave"](https://lapsi.al/2024/07/27/tymi-i-zi-mbulon-vloren-ende-aktiv-zjarri-ne-fushen-e-plehrave/). *Lapsi.al* (in Albanian). 27 July 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-74)** Musaraj, Arta (2019). ["Academicus - In the name of Science"](https://academicus.edu.al/nr20/Academicus-MMXIX-20-010-011.pdf) (PDF). *Academicus International Scientific Journal*. **20**: 10–11. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.7336/academicus.2019.20.01](https://doi.org/10.7336%2Facademicus.2019.20.01). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2079-3715](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2079-3715).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-75)** ["Official website of Academicus International Scientific Journal"](http://www.academicus.edu.al).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-76)** ["Private Higher Education Institutions in Albania"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160126085052/http://www.aaal.edu.al/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=596&Itemid=306&lang=en). Archived from [the original](http://aaal.edu.al/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=596&Itemid=306&lang=en) on 2016-01-26. Retrieved 2013-02-04.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Population_1923–1938_77-0)** Hemming, Andreas; Kera, Gentiana; Pandelejmoni, Enriketa (2012). [*Albania: Family, Society and Culture in the 20th Century*](https://web.archive.org/web/20210924100830/https://books.google.de/books?id=HfpTqhlsCtMC&vq=). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 37. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9783643501448](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643501448). Archived from [the original](https://books.google.com/books?id=HfpTqhlsCtMC) on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-78)** ["Cities of Albania"](http://pop-stat.mashke.org/albania-cities.htm).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Religion_79-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Religion_79-1) ["Constitution of the Republic of Albania"](https://www.osce.org/albania/41888). [Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe](/source/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe) (OSCE). 28 November 1998. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210417233521/https://www.osce.org/albania/41888) from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-80)** ["Albania 2016 International Religious Freedom Report"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170815171107/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/269026.pdf) (PDF). *state.gov*. pp. 1–7. Archived from [the original](https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/269026.pdf) (PDF) on 2017-08-15.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kokolakis_81-0)** Kokolakis, Mihalis (2003). [*Το ύστερο Γιαννιώτικο Πασαλίκι: χώρος, διοίκηση και πληθυσμός στην τουρκοκρατούμενη Ηπειρο (1820–1913) \[The late Pashalik of Ioannina: Space, administration and population in Ottoman ruled Epirus (1820–1913)\]*](http://helios-eie.ekt.gr/EIE/bitstream/10442/8080/1/N01.074.0.pdf). EIE-ΚΝΕ. p.52. "β. Ο διεσπαρμένος ελληνόφωνος πληθυσμός περιλάμβανε... και μικρό αριθμό οικογενειών στα αστικά κέντρα του Αργυροκάστρου και της Αυλώνας. [b. The scattered Greek-speaking population included ... and a small number of families in the cities of Gjirokastra and Vlora.]"; p. 53. "και την ακόμη ολιγομελέστερη ομάδα των Καθολικών της Αυλώνας [and even group of Catholics in Vlora]"; p. 54. "Η μουσουλμανική κοινότητα της Ηπείρου, με εξαίρεση τους μικρούς αστικούς πληθυσμούς των νότιων ελληνόφωνων περιοχών, τους οποίους προαναφέραμε, και τις δύο με τρεις χιλιάδες διεσπαρμένους «Τουρκόγυφτους», απαρτιζόταν ολοκληρωτικά από αλβανόφωνους, και στα τέλη της Τουρκοκρατίας κάλυπτε τα ¾ περίπου του πληθυσμού των αλβανόφωνων περιοχών και περισσότερο από το 40% του συνόλου. [The Muslim community in Epirus, with the exception of small urban populations of the southern Greek-speaking areas, which we mentioned, and 2-3000 dispersed "Muslim Romani", consisted entirely of Albanian speakers, and in the late Ottoman period covered approximately ¾ of population ethnic Albanian speaking areas and more than 40% of the total area."; pp. 370, 374.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-82)** Stein, Jonathan P.; EastWest Institute (New York, N.Y.) (2000). [*The Politics of National Minority Participation in Post-communist Europe: State-building, Democracy, and Ethnic Mobilization*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xeFNV40_EUAC&pg=PA172). M.E. Sharpe. p. 172. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7656-0528-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0528-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-83)** [Braude, Benjamin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Braude&action=edit&redlink=1); [Lewis, Bernard](/source/Bernard_Lewis) (1982). [*Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The central lands. v. 2. The Arabic-speaking lands*](https://books.google.com/books?id=1FVtAAAAMAAJ). Holmes & Meier Publishers. p. 246. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8419-0519-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-0519-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-84)** Elsie, Robert. ["Der Kanun"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121018103828/http://www.elsie.de/de/buecher/b25.html) (in German). Elsie. Archived from [the original](http://www.elsie.de/de/buecher/b25.html) on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-85)** ["Albanian folk iso-polyphony"](https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/albanian-folk-iso-polyphony-00155). [United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization](/source/United_Nations_Educational%2C_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization) (UNESCO). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210924181723/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/albanian-folk-iso-polyphony-00155) from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-86)** Elsie, Robert. ["Albanian Dialects: Introduction"](http://dialects.albanianlanguage.net/). [Albanian Language](/source/Robert_Elsie). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211016125248/http://dialects.albanianlanguage.net/) from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Sites_87-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Sites_87-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Sites_87-2) ["Çfarë të vizitoni"](http://vlora.gov.al/turizem/informacion-per-vizitoret/) (in Albanian). Bashkia Vlorë. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210303081711/https://vlora.gov.al/turizem/informacion-per-vizitoret/) from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Museums_88-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Museums_88-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Museums_88-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Museums_88-3) ["Muzeumet e Vlorës"](http://vlora.gov.al/events/muzeume/) (in Albanian). Bashkia Vlorë. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210305013833/https://vlora.gov.al/events/muzeume/) from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-89)** Alla, Adela (9 August 2020). ["Në zonën e rilindur të Vlorës së shpejti dhe Muzeu i Shpëtimit të Hebrenjve"](https://observerkult.com/i-strehoi-vite-me-pare-vlora-do-te-kete-muzeun-e-hebrenjve/) (in Albanian). [Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare](/source/Albanian_Telegraphic_Agency) (ATA). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210924200910/http://ata.gov.al/2020/08/09/ne-zonen-e-rilindur-te-vlores-se-shpejti-dhe-muzeu-i-shpetimit-te-hebrenjve/) from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-90)** ["Historia e shpëtimit të hebrenjve me një muze në Vlorë"](https://telegrafi.com/historia-e-shpetimit-te-hebrenjve-nje-muze-ne-vlore/). *[Telegrafi](/source/Telegrafi)* (in Albanian). 20 August 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200823005325/https://telegrafi.com/historia-e-shpetimit-te-hebrenjve-nje-muze-ne-vlore/) from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-91)** ["Florida Sister Cities"](https://tampabayprotocol.com/sister-cities-database). Tampa Bay Protocol & Trade. Retrieved 2021-09-05.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-92)** ["Delegacioni i qytetit Yangzhou vizitoi Vlorën"](http://al.china-embassy.org/eng/zagx/zajw/t1406526.htm) (in Albanian). Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Albania. 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2021-09-05.

## Bibliography

- Bereti, Vasil (1993). "Gjurmë të fortifikimeve në vendbanimin në Treport / Traces de fortifications dans l'habitat à Treport". *Iliria* (in Albanian). **23**: 143–159. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3406/iliri.1993.1622](https://doi.org/10.3406%2Filiri.1993.1622).

- Bereti, Vasil; Quantin, François; Cabanes, Pierre (2011). "Histoire et épigraphie dans la région de Vlora (Albanie)". *REA* (in French). **113** (1).

- Bowden, William (2003). *Epirus Vetus: The Archaeology of a Late Antique Province (Duckworth Archaeology)*. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 14. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7156-3116-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-3116-0).

- [Chisholm, Hugh](/source/Hugh_Chisholm), ed. (1911). ["Avlona"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Avlona). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition)* (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–66.

- Fasolo, Michele (2005) [2003]. [*La via Egnatia I. Da Apollonia e Dyrrachium ad Herakleia Lynkestidos*](https://books.google.com/books?id=fGX-UNENtucC). Viae Publicae Romanae (in Italian). Vol. 1. Rome: Istituto Grafico Editoriale Romano.

- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the [public domain](/source/Public_domain): Vailhé, Siméon (1912). "[Valona](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Valona)". *[Catholic Encyclopedia](/source/Catholic_Encyclopedia)*. Vol. 15.

- Volpe, Giuliano; Disantarosa, Giacomo; Leone, Danilo; Turchiano, Maria (2014). "Porti, approdi e itinerari dell'Albania meridionale dall'Antichità al Medioevo. Il 'Progetto Liburna'". *Ricerche Archeologiche in Albania*. Aracne: 287–326. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4399/978885487245516](https://doi.org/10.4399%2F978885487245516) (inactive 1 July 2025). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-88-548-7245-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-548-7245-5).{{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_July_2025))

## Further reading

- Nagle, Robert (2002). ["East European Experiments—Tourism/Tourist Information about Vlore (Vlore) Albania"](http://www.imaginaryplanet.net/essays/travel/albania2/tourism.html). *Imaginary Planet Home*. Retrieved 24 April 2016.

- "Vlorë". *The Columbia Encyclopedia*. 2004.

- "Vlorë or Vlora, Ital. Valona, ancient Aulon". *Crystal Reference Encyclopedia*. 2001.

## External links

**Vlorë**  at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects)

- [Definitions](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vlor%C3%AB) from Wiktionary
- [Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB) from Commons
- [Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vlor%C3%AB) from Wikiquote
- [Texts](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vlor%C3%AB) from Wikisource
- [Textbooks](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vlor%C3%AB) from Wikibooks
- [Resources](https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vlor%C3%AB) from Wikiversity
- [Travel information](https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Vlora) from Wikivoyage

- [vlora.gov.al](http://www.vlora.gov.al/) – official website (in Albanian)

v t e Vlorë Administration Vlorë County Geography Bay of Vlorë Island of Sazan Peninsula of Karaburun Karaburun-Sazan Marine Park Infrastructure Vlorë Air Base Vlorë International Airport Port of Vlorë Fishing port of Vlorë Pashaliman Naval Base Vlorë railway station Wind farm Culture Muradie Mosque Kaninë Castle Zvërnec Island Narta Lagoon Oricum Flamurtari Stadium University of Vlorë Independence Monument Flag's Square

Links to related articles v t e Municipalities of Albania The municipalities of Albania are the country's administrative divisions consisting of local administrative units and their inclusive villages. Berat County Berat Dimal Kuçovë Poliçan Skrapar Dibër County Bulqizë Dibër Klos Mat Durrës County Durrës Krujë Shijak Elbasan County Belsh Cërrik Elbasan Gramsh Librazhd Peqin Prrenjas Fier County Divjakë Fier Lushnjë Mallakastër Patos Roskovec Gjirokastër County Dropull Gjirokastër Këlcyrë Libohovë Memaliaj Përmet Tepelenë Korçë County Devoll Kolonjë Korçë Maliq Pogradec Pustec Kukës County Has Kukës Tropojë Lezhë County Kurbin Lezhë Mirditë Shkodër County Fushë-Arrëz Malësi e Madhe Pukë Shkodër Vau i Dejës Tiranë County Kamëz Kavajë Rrogozhinë Tiranë Vorë Vlorë County Delvinë Finiq Himarë Konispol Sarandë Selenicë Vlorë v t e Subdivisions of Vlorë municipality Municipal seat: Vlorë Administrative unit of Novoselë Akërni Aliban Bishan Cerkovinë Delisuf Dëllenjë Fitore Mifol Novoselë Poro Skrofotinë Trevllazër Administrative unit of Orikum Dukat Dukat Fshat Orikum Radhimë Tragjas Administrative unit of Qendër Vlorë Babicë e Madhe Babicë e Vogël Bestrovë Hoshtimë Kaninë Kërkovë Nartë Panaja Sazan Sherishtë Xhyherinë Zvërnec Administrative unit of Shushicë Beshisht Bunavi Çeprat Drithas Grabian Llakatund Mekat Risili Shushicë Administrative unit of Vlorë Vlorë v t e Subdivisions of Vlorë County County seat: Vlorë Municipality of Delvinë Delvinë Vergo Municipality of Finiq Aliko Dhivër Finiq Livadhe Mesopotam Municipality of Himarë Himarë Horë-Vranisht Lukovë Municipality of Konispol Konispol Markat Xarrë Municipality of Sarandë Ksamil Sarandë Municipality of Selenicë Armen Brataj Kotë Selenicë Sevaster Vllahinë Municipality of Vlorë Novoselë Orikum Qendër Vlorë Shushicë Vlorë v t e Albanian Riviera Cities Himara Sarandë Vlorë Villages Borsh Butrint Dhërmi Iljas Ksamil Kudhës Lukovë Palasë Pilur Qeparo Vuno National Parks Butrint National Park Llogara National Park Karaburun-Sazan National Marine Park Castles Ali Pasha Castle Porto Palermo Castle Himara Castle Lëkurësi Castle See also Albanian Ionian Sea Coast Chaonia Labëria Tourism in Albania v t e Religious cultural monuments in Vlorë County Vlorë Muradie Mosque Neshat Pashaj Mosque Dhërmi Hypapante Church Panagia Monastery Church St. Stephen's Church Himarë All Saints' Church St. Andrew's Church St. Mary's Church St. Sergius' and St. Bacchus' Church Hajji Bendo Mosque Vuno Mesodhia Church St. Michael's Church St. Saviour's Church St. Spyridon's Church Other towns St. Nicholas' Church, Armen St. George's Church, Brataj St. John the Theologian's Monastery Tower, Cerkovicë Church ruins, Çiflik Xhemahallë complex, Delvinë St. John's Church, Delvinë St. Nicholas' Monastery Church, Dhivër St. Mary's Monastery Church, Dhivër St. Nicholas' Church, Dhrovjan Dervish Ali's Towers, Dukat St. Mary's Monastery, Kakome St. Mary's Monastery Church, Kameno Holy Trinity Monastery Church, Kardhikaq St. Mary's Monastery, Krorëz St. Athanasius' Monastery Church, Leshnicë e Poshtme St. George's Church, Leshnicë e Sipërme Ancient temple, Livadhja St. Mary's Church, Melçan St. Nicholas Monastery Church, Mesopotam Ancient temple, Metoq Kamenicë Church, Palavli Marmiroi church, Pashaliman St. Athanasius' Church, Pecë St. Mary's Monastery Church, Piqeras St. Demetrius' Monastery Church, Qeparo Gjin Aleksi's Mosque St. George's Monastery, Sarandë Forty Saints Monastery, Sarandë St. Athanasius' Church, Sopik St. Marina's Cave, Vagalat St. Mary's Monastery, Zvërnec v t e Cham Albanians History Pashalik of Janina Souliotes (Souliote Confederacy Catastrophe of Zalongo Assembly of Preveza Albanian Committee of Janina Këshilla Issue Cham Albanian Resistance during World War II 4th "Ali Demi" Battalion "Chameria" Battalion Cham Albanian collaboration with the Axis Këshilla Paramythia executions Expulsion of Cham Albanians Anti-Fascist Committee of Cham Immigrants Liberation Army of Chameria Organizations "Çamëria" Association Chameria Human Rights Association Party for Justice, Integration and Unity Democratic Foundation of Chameria Bilal Xhaferri Cultural Association Shoqata Çamëria Party of the Chameria Party for Justice and Integration Party for Justice and Unity Culture Cham Albanian dialect Music Iso-poliphony Song of Çelo Mezani Song of Marko Boçari Dance Dance of Osman Taka Dance of Zalongo Magazines Krahu i shqiponjës Settlements Chameria Konispol Konispol Markat Janjar Paramythia Filiates Igoumenitsa Katavothra Fanari Louros Kranea Derviziana Thesprotiko Parapotamos Mousiotitsa Sagiada Syvota Xarrë Anthousa Kanallaki Parga Pandalejmon Mavronoros Vrinë Perdika Margariti Kastri1 Karvounari Individuals Azis Tahir Ajdonati Aziz Çami Hamdi Çami Qamil Çami Thoma Çami Refo Çapari Ali Demi Musa Demi Niazi Demi Rexhep Demi Tahir Demi Abedin Dino Ahmed Dino Ali Dino Rasih Dino Shahin Dino Veli Gërra Muhamet Kyçyku Shpëtim Idrizi Tahir Muhedini Teme Sejko Dashamir Tahiri Hasan Tahsini Osman Taka Jakup Veseli Bilal Xhaferri 1Settlements inhabited by communities known as Arvanites, and very rarely characterized as Cham v t e Greeks in Albania History Ancient Epirus Chaonians Omphales Dexaroi Despotate of Epirus Revolt of 1567-1572 Revolt of 1854 Revolt of 1878 Himara revolt of 1912 Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus Northern Epirus Protocol of Corfu Greco-Italian War in southern Albania Morava–Ivan Korçë Saranda Himara Klisura Pass Trebeshina Italian spring offensive Hill 731 Northern Epirus Liberation Front Society and culture Himariote dialect Laiko Vima Polyphonic song of Epirus Postage stamps and postal history Lasso fund Education: New Academy (Moscopole) Zographeion College (Qestorat) Acroceraunian School (Himara) Dhuvjan Monastery (Dropull) Bangas Gymnasium (Korçë) Geography Ancient: Chaonia, Parauaea Medieval and modern: Dryinopolis, Kolonia Settlements1 Ancient: Phoenice Vouthroton Avlon Apollonia Thronion Amantia Antigonia Antipatreia Oricon Modern: Gjirokastër Korçë Himara Delvinë Sarandë Dropull Pogon Përmet Leskovik Bilisht Moscopole Zvërnec Vlorë Berat Durrës Organizations Omonoia Panepirotic Federation of America Panepirotic Federation of Australia Unity for Human Rights Party Ethnic Greek Minority for the Future Individuals2 Benefactors: Apostol Arsache Evangelos and Konstantinos Zappas Ioannis Pangas Georgios and Simon Sinas Alexandros and Michael Vasileiou Christakis Zografos Literature: Theodore Kavalliotis Katina Papa Konstantinos Skenderis Takis Tsiakos Tasos Vidouris Stavrianos Vistiaris Andreas Zarbalas Politics: Fredi Beleri Georgios Christakis-Zografos Spiro Ksera Vangjel Dule Vasilis Bolanos Military/Resistance: Kyriakoulis Argyrokastritis Dimitrios Doulis Nikolaos Dailakis Konstantinos Lagoumitzis Zachos Milios Athanasios Pipis Ioannis Poutetsis Vasileios Sachinis Georgios Soulios Spyromilios Spyros Spyromilios Sports: Pyrros Dimas Sotiris Ninis Panajot Pano Leonidas Sabanis Andreas Tatos Clergy: Photios Kalpidis Vasileios of Dryinoupolis Panteleimon Kotokos Eulogios Kourilas Lauriotis 1 Includes localities with a substantial ethnic Greek population, or otherwise with any kind of cultural or other type of significance, historical or current, for the Greek minority in Albania. 2 Includes individuals not necessarily of Greek ethnicity but with important contributions to Greek civilization. v t e Ancient Greece Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean Greece Greek Dark Ages Archaic Greece Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Crete Cyrenaica Cyprus Doris Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Peloponnesus Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Ephesus Miletus Pergamon Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Thebes Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Lissus (Crete) Kingdoms Bithynia Cappadocia Epirus Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Indo-Greek Kingdom Macedonia Pergamon Pontus Ptolemaic Kingdom Seleucid Empire Federations/ Confederations Doric Hexapolis (c. 1100 – c. 560 BC) Italiote League (c. 800–389 BC) Ionian League (c. 650–404 BC) Peloponnesian League (c. 550–366 BC) Amphictyonic League (c. 595–279 BC) Acarnanian League (c. 500–31 BC) Hellenic League (499–449 BC) Delian League (478–404 BC) Chalcidian League (430–348 BC) Boeotian League (c. 424–c. 395 BC) Aetolian League (c. 400–188 BC) Second Athenian League (378–355 BC) Thessalian League (374–196 BC) Arcadian League (370–c. 230 BC) Epirote League (370–168 BC) League of Corinth (338–322 BC) Euboean League (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) Achaean League (280–146 BC) Politics Boule Free city Koinon Proxeny Stasis Tagus Tyrant Athenian Agora Areopagus Dikasterion Ecclesia Graphe paranomon Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Ekklesia Ephor Gerousia Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Scythian archers Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Military of Mycenaean Greece Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Strategos Toxotai Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Ptolemaic dynasty Seleucid dynasty Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Artists & scholars Astronomers Geographers Historians Mathematicians Philosophers Playwrights Poets Seven Sages Writers Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristippus Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Diodorus Siculus Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Athenian statesmen Lawgivers Olympic victors Tyrants By culture 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