# Vittaria

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{{Short description|Genus of ferns}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Vittaria lineata.jpg
| image_caption = ''[Vittaria lineata](/source/Vittaria_lineata)''
| taxon = Vittaria
| authority = [Sm.](/source/James_Edward_Smith_(botanist))
| type_species = ''[Vittaria lineata](/source/Vittaria_lineata)''
| type_species_authority = ([L.](/source/Carl_Linnaeus)) [Sm.](/source/James_Edward_Smith_(botanist))
| synonyms =
* ''Oetosis'' <small>de Necker ex Greene 1900 non de Necker ex Kuntze 1891</small>
* ''Taeniopsis'' <small>Smith 1841</small>
}}

'''''Vittaria''''', the '''shoestring ferns''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=VITTA|taxon=Vittaria|access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> is a [genus](/source/genus) of [fern](/source/fern)s in the [Vittarioideae](/source/Vittarioideae) subfamily of the [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Pteridaceae](/source/Pteridaceae).<ref name=Christenhusz-2011/>  It had previously been placed in the family [Vittariaceae](/source/Vittariaceae),<ref name="kramer1990">Karl U. Kramer. 1990. "Vittariaceae". pages 272-277. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor); Karl U. Kramer and Peter S. Green (volume editors) ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume I. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-0-387-51794-0}}</ref> but that family is no longer recognized.<ref name="smith2008">Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider, and Paul G. Wolf. 2008. "Davalliaceae". pages 443-444. In: "Fern Classification". pages 417-467. In: Tom A. Ranker and Christopher H. Haufler (editors). ''Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-87411-3}}</ref>

''Vittaria'' consists of [epiphyte](/source/epiphyte)s, with [simple](/source/Leaf), [entire](/source/Leaf), narrowly [linear](/source/Glossary_of_botanical_terms) [frond](/source/frond)s.<ref name="mabberley2008">David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. {{ISBN|978-0-521-82071-4}}</ref> It comprises six [species](/source/species), five of which are [native](/source/Indigenous_(ecology)) to the [neotropics](/source/neotropics). ''Vittaria isoetifolia'' is native to [tropical Africa](/source/tropical_Africa) and islands of the southwestern [Indian Ocean](/source/Indian_Ocean).<ref name="crane1997">Edmund H. Crane. 1997. "A Revised Circumscription of the Genera of the Fern Family Vittariaceae". ''Systematic Botany'' '''22'''(3):509-517.</ref> ''Vittaria isoetifolia'' and ''Vittaria lineata'' are known, albeit rarely, in [cultivation](/source/Gardening).<ref name="rhs">[Anthony Huxley](/source/Anthony_Huxley), Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press, Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref>

''Vittaria'' was [named](/source/Botanical_name) by [James Edward Smith](/source/James_Edward_Smith_(botanist)) in 1793 <ref name="ipnivittaria">''Vittaria'' in International Plant Names Index. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> in ''Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences (Turin)''.<ref name="smith1793">James Edward Smith. 1793. ''Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences (Turin)'' 5:413, pl. 9.</ref> The [generic name](/source/Genus) is [derived](/source/Etymology) from the [Latin](/source/Latin), ''vitta'', meaning "a band or ribbon".<ref name="quattrocchiIV">Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume IV, page ?. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington, DC; USA. London, UK. {{ISBN|978-0-8493-2673-8}} (set). (see ''External links'' below).</ref>

In 1990, ''Vittaria'' was [defined](/source/Circumscription_(taxonomy)) broadly and estimated to have between 50 and 80 species.<ref name="kramer1990"/> The genus is difficult to divide into species, and many of the species are only doubtfully distinct. In a 1997 revision of the vittarioid ferns, only 34 species were recognized in ''Vittaria'' [sensu lato](/source/sensu_lato).<ref name="crane1997"/> Twenty of these were transferred to ''[Haplopteris](/source/Haplopteris)'' and eight to ''[Radiovittaria](/source/Radiovittaria)'', leaving only six in ''Vittaria''.<ref name="crane1997"/>

== Phylogeny==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=1 | Phylogeny of ''Vittaria''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nitta |first1=Joel H. |last2=Schuettpelz |first2=Eric |last3=Ramírez-Barahona |first3=Santiago |last4=Iwasaki |first4=Wataru |display-authors=et al. |year=2022 |title=An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=13 |issue= |article-number= 909768| doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.909768 |pmid= 36092417|pmc= 9449725|bibcode= |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1= |first1= |last2= |display-authors=et al. |year=2023 |title=Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL |url=https://fernphy.github.io/viewer.html |version=FTOL v1.5.0 [GenBank release 256] |access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align:top|
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
    |1=''V. isoetifolia'' <small>[Bory](/source/Jean_Baptiste_Bory_de_Saint-Vincent) 1804</small>
    |2=''[V. lineata](/source/Vittaria_lineata)'' <small>[L.](/source/Carl_Linnaeus) [Sm.](/source/James_Edward_Smith_(botanist)) 1793</small> (Shoestring fern)
     }}
  |2={{clade
    |1=''[V. appalachiana](/source/Vittaria_appalachiana)'' <small>Farrar & Mickel 1991</small> (Appalachian shoestring remote)
    |2={{clade
      |1=''V. graminifolia'' <small>[Kaulf.](/source/Georg_Friedrich_Kaulfuss) 1824</small> (Grass fern)
      |2=''V. scabrida'' <small>[Klotzsch](/source/Johann_Friedrich_Klotzsch) ex [Fée](/source/Antoine_Laurent_Apollinaire_F%C3%A9e) 1851</small> (doubtfully distinct from ''V. graminifolia'')
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
|}

Other species include:
* ''V. flavicosta'' <small>Mickel & Beitel 1988</small>
* ''[V. longipes](/source/Vittaria_longipes)'' <small>Sodiro 1893</small>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Christenhusz-2011>{{cite journal | first1=Maarten J. M. | last1=Christenhusz | first2=Xian-Chun | last2=Zhang | first3=Harald | last3=Schneider | title=A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns | journal=[Phytotaxa](/source/Phytotaxa) | volume=19 | pages=7–54 | date=18 February 2011 | doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2 | url=http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p054.pdf | issn=1179-3163}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_family=&find_genus=Vittaria&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch ''Vittaria''] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantnamesearchpage.do Plant Names] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.ipni.org/ IPNI]
* [http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849326783 CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: R-Z] At: [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF02A Botany & Plant Science] At: [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF Life Science] At: [http://www.crcpress.com/ CRC Press]
* [http://www.theplantlist.org/ The Plant List]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39534/39534-h/39534-h.htm#Vittaria Smith's original diagnosis of the genus online at Project Gutenberg]

{{Fern classification}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5873616}}
{{Authority control}}

Category:Pteridaceae
Category:Epiphytes
Category:Fern genera
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Vittaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittaria) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittaria?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.