# Vistula Veneti

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Historic Slavs near Gdańsk bay

The **Vistula Veneti**, also called **Baltic Veneti**, **Venedi** or **Venethi**, were an [Indo-European](/source/Proto-Indo-Europeans) people that inhabited the lands of [central Europe](/source/Central_Europe) east of the [Vistula River](/source/Vistula) and the [Bay of Gdańsk](/source/Bay_of_Gda%C5%84sk). [Ancient Roman](/source/Ancient_Rome) geographers first mentioned *Venedi* in the 1st century AD, differentiating a group of peoples whose manner and language differed from those of the neighbouring [Germanic](/source/Germanic_peoples) and [Sarmatian](/source/Sarmatians) tribes. In the 6th century AD, Byzantine historians described the Veneti as the ancestors of the [Slavs](/source/Slavs) who, during the second phase of the [Migration Period](/source/Migration_Period), crossed the northern frontiers of the [Byzantine Empire](/source/Byzantine_Empire).[1][2][3]

## Roman historical sources

The [Roman Empire](/source/Roman_Empire) under [Hadrian](/source/Hadrian) (117–138 AD), showing the location of the Veneti (*Venedi*) east of the upper [Vistula](/source/Vistula) region (south-eastern Poland and western Ukraine).

[Pliny the Elder](/source/Pliny_the_Elder) places the Veneti along the Baltic coast. He calls them the Sarmatian Venedi (Latin: *Sarmatae Venedi*).[4] Thereafter, the 2nd century Greco-Roman geographer [Ptolemy](/source/Ptolemy) in his section on [Sarmatia](/source/Sarmatians), places the Greater *Ouenedai* along the entire *Venedic Bay*, which is equivalent to the southern shores of the Baltic. He names tribes south of the Greater Venedae along the eastern bank of the Vistula and further east.[5]

The most exhaustive Roman treatment of the Veneti comes in *[Germania](/source/Germania_(book))* by [Tacitus](/source/Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus), who writing in AD 98, places the Veneti among the peoples on the eastern fringe of Germania. He was uncertain of their ethnic identity, classifying them as Germanic based on their way of life, but not based on their language (in comparison to, for example, the [Peucini](/source/Peucini)):

Here Suebia ends. I do not know whether to class the tribes of the Peucini, Venedi, and Fenni with the Germans or with the Sarmatians. The Peucini, however, who are sometimes called Bastarnae, are like Germans in their language, manner of life, and mode of settlement and habitation. Squalor is universal among them and their nobles are indolent. Mixed marriages are giving them something of the repulsive appearance of the Sarmatians. The Venedi have adopted many Sarmatian habits; for their plundering forays take them over all the wooded and mountainous highlands that lie between the Peucini and the Fenni. Nevertheless, they are on the whole to be classed as Germans; for they have settled homes, carry shields, and are fond of travelling—and travelling fast on foot—differing in all these respects from the Sarmatians, who live in wagons or on horseback. The Fenni are astonishingly savage and disgustingly poor.[6]

## Byzantine historical sources

Map of the Western and Eastern Roman empire in the end of the 4th century AD, identifying the location of the *Venedae* (Veneti) in central and eastern Europe.

Among the Byzantine authors, the [Gothic](/source/Goths) author [Jordanes](/source/Jordanes) in his work *[Getica](/source/Getica)* (written in 550 or 551 AD)[7] describes the Veneti as a "populous nation" whose dwellings begin at the sources of the Vistula and occupy "a great expanse of land". He describes them as the ancestors of the [Sclaveni](/source/Sclaveni) (a people who appeared on the Byzantine frontier in the early 6th century and who were the early [South Slavs](/source/South_Slavs)) and of the [Antes](/source/Antes_(people)) ([East Slavs](/source/East_Slavs)). Specifically, he states that the Sclaveni and the Antes used to be called the Veneti, but are now "chiefly" (though, by implication, not exclusively) called Sclaveni and Antes. He places the Sclaveni north of a line from the [Dniestr](/source/Dniestr) to Lake Musianus, the location of which is unclear, but which has been variously identified with [Lake Constance](/source/Lake_Constance), the [Tisa](/source/Tisa)–[Danube](/source/Danube) marshes or the Danube delta. He also places the Antes to the east of the Sclaveni.[8]

Later in *Getica*, he returns to the Veneti by stating that though "off-shoots of one stock [these people] have now three names, that is Veneti, Antes and Sclaveni" and noting that they, at one time, had been conquered by the Goths under [Ermanaric](/source/Ermanaric).[9] Consistent with the view that the Veneti were an umbrella term for these three peoples, he later also recalls the defeat of the Antes at the hands of a Gothic chieftain named [Vinitharius](/source/Vinithar), i.e., conqueror of the Veneti.[10]

Though Jordanes is the only author to explicitly associate the Veneti with the Sclaveni and Antes, the [Tabula Peutingeriana](/source/Tabula_Peutingeriana), originating from the 3rd to the 4th century AD, separately mentions the *Venedi* on the northern bank of the Danube somewhat upstream of its mouth and the *Venadi Sarmatae* along the Baltic coast.[11]

## Archaeology

In the region identified by Ptolemy and Pliny, east of the Vistula and adjoining the Baltic, there was an Iron Age culture known to archaeologists as the West Baltic Cairns Culture or West Baltic Barrow Culture, and the [Przeworsk](/source/Przeworsk_culture) and [Zarubintsy](/source/Zarubintsy_culture) cultures east of the Vistula river. The Baltic cultures are associated with the [Proto-Balts](/source/Balts). These herders lived in small settlements or in little lake dwellings built on artificial islands made of several layers of wooden logs attached by stakes. Their metals were imported, and their dead were cremated and put in urns covered by small mounds.[12] The [Przeworsk](/source/Przeworsk_culture) and [Zarubintsy](/source/Zarubintsy_culture) cultures are associated with [Proto-Slavs](/source/Early_Slavs), though the Przeworsk culture was a mix of several tribal societies and is also often linked to the Germanic tribe of Vandals.

## Ethnolinguistic character

During the Middle Ages the region east of the mouth of the Vistula river was inhabited by people speaking [Old Prussian](/source/Old_Prussian), a now-extinct Baltic language in an area described by Tacitus in AD 98 as "Suebian Sea, which washes the country of the [Aestii](/source/Aestii), who have the same customs and fashions as the [Suebi](/source/Suebi)". It is unknown what language the yet further east Veneti spoke, although the implication of Tacitus' description of them is that it was *not* a form of Germanic.

### Proto-Slavic and Baltic languages

Linguists agree that Slavic languages evolved in close proximity with the Baltic languages. The two language families probably evolved from a common ancestor, a phylogenetic Proto-[Balto/Slavic](/source/Balto-Slavic_languages) language continuum. The earliest [origins of Slavs](/source/Proto-Slavic#Origin) seem to lie in the area between the Middle [Dnieper](/source/Dnieper) and the [Bug](/source/Southern_Bug) rivers, where the most archaic Slavic [hydronyms](/source/Hydronym) have been established.[13] The vocabulary of Proto-Slavic had a heterogenous character and there is evidence that in the early stages of its evolution it adopted some [loanwords](/source/Proto-Slavic_borrowings) from [centum-type](/source/Centum-Satem_isogloss) Indo-European languages. It has been proposed that contacts of Proto-Slavs with the *Veneti* may have been one of the sources for these borrowings.[14][15] The aforementioned area of proto-Slavic hydronyms roughly corresponds with the [Zarubintsy archeological culture](/source/Zarubintsy_culture) which has been interpreted as the most likely locus of the ethnogenesis of Slavs. According to Polish archaeologist Michał Parczewski, Slavs began to settle in southeastern Poland no earlier than the late 5th century AD, the Prague culture being their recognizable expression.[16]

## Historic references to the Early Slavs

Modern historians most often link the Veneti to [Early Slavs](/source/Early_Slavs), based on Jordanes' writings from the 6th century:

The Slavs, an eastern branch of the Indo-European family, were known to the Roman and Greek writers of the 1st and 2d centuries A.D. under the name of *Venedi* as inhabiting the region beyond the Vistula... In the course of the early centuries of our era the Slavs expanded in all directions, and by the 6th century, when they were known to Gothic and Byzantine writers as *Sclaveni*, they were apparently already separated into three main divisions...

— *An [Encyclopedia of World History](/source/Encyclopedia_of_World_History)*, [William L. Langer](/source/William_L._Langer), Harvard University, 1940 & 1948[17]

It is also clear that the Franks in later centuries (see, e.g., Life of Saint Martinus, Fredegar's Chronicle, [Gregory of Tours](/source/Gregory_of_Tours)), Lombards (see, e.g., [Paul the Deacon](/source/Paul_the_Deacon)), and Anglo-Saxons (see Widsith's Song) referred to Slavs both in the Elbe-Saal region and in Pomerania generally, as *Wenden* or *Winden* (see *[Wends](/source/Wends)*), which was a later corruption of the word Veneti. Likewise, the Franks and Bavarians of Styria and Carinthia referred to their Slavic neighbours as *Windische*. A term still used sparsely today as en exonym for the Slovenes and sometimes also as an endonym by the [Carinthian Slovenes](/source/Carinthian_Slovenes).

It has not been shown that either the original Veneti or the Slavs themselves used the ethnonym *Veneti* to describe their ethnos. Of course, other peoples, e.g. the Germans (called so first by the Romans), did not have a name for themselves other than localized tribal names.[18]

## Controversies

Roland Steinacher states that "The name Veneder was introduced by Jordanes. The assumption that these were Slavs can be traced back to the 19th century to [Pavel Josef Šafařík](/source/Pavel_Josef_%C5%A0afa%C5%99%C3%ADk) from [Prague](/source/Prague), who tried to establish a *Slavic Origin*. Scholars and historians since then viewed the reports on *Venedi/Venethi* by Tacitus, Pliny and Ptolemy as the earliest historical attestation of [Slavs](/source/Slavs).[19] "Such conceptions, started in the 16th century, resurfaced in the 19th century where they provided the basis for interpretations of the history and origins of Slavs."[20]

Considering Ptolemy's *Ouenedai* and their location along the Baltic sea, the German linguist, Alexander M. Schenker, asserts that the vocabulary of the Slavic languages shows no evidence that the early Slavs were exposed to the sea. Schenker claims that [Proto-Slavic](/source/Proto-Slavic) had no maritime terminology and further claims it even lacked a word for amber. Based on this belief, and the fact that [Ptolemy](/source/Ptolemy) refers to the Baltic Sea as the "Venedic" Bay, Schenker decides against a possible identification of the *Veneti* of Ptolemy's times, with today's Slavs.[21] According to Gołąb, Schenker's conclusion is supported by the fact that to the east of the *Venedae*, Ptolemy mentions two further tribes called *Stavanoi* (Σταυανοί) and *Souobenoi* (Σουοβενοι), both of which have been interpreted as possibly the oldest historical attestations of at least some Slavs.[22]

Others scholars have interpreted these as Prussian tribes (Sudini) as they follow other known Prussian tribes in Ptolemy's listing (e.g., the Galindae (Γαλίνδαι)). Moreover, that conclusion (Gołąb, Schenker), if correct, may only account for the Byzantine Slavs of Jordanes and Procopius since Jordanes clearly (see above) understands Veneti as a group at least as broad as today's Slavs but does not understand the converse to be the case (i.e., his "Slavs" are localized around Byzantium and north through Moravia only) since his Slavs remain a subset of the broader category of Veneti.[23] It also is clear that the Byzantine term "Slav" had gradually replaced the Germanic "Winden"/"Wenden" as applied to all the people we would, today, consider Slavs.[24][18]

It has been argued that the *Veneti* were a [centum](/source/Centum) [Indo-European people](/source/Indo-European_languages), rather than satem Baltic-speakers. [Zbigniew Gołąb](/source/Zbigniew_Go%C5%82%C4%85b) considers that the hydronyms of the Vistula and Odra river basins had a North-West Indo-European character with close affinities to the [Italo-Celtic](/source/Italo-Celtic) branch, but different from the [Germanic](/source/Germanic_peoples) branch, and show similarities with those attested in the area of the [Adriatic Veneti](/source/Adriatic_Veneti) (in Northeastern Italy) as well as those attested in the Western Balkans that are attributed to [Illyrians](/source/Illyrians), which points to a possible connection between these ancient Indo-European peoples.[25]

In the 1980s and 1990s some [Slovene](/source/Slovenes) authors proposed a [theory](/source/Venetic_theory) according to which the *Veneti* were Proto-Slavs and bearers of the Lusatian culture along the [Amber Path](/source/Amber_Path) who settled the region between the [Baltic Sea](/source/Baltic_Sea) and [Adriatic Sea](/source/Adriatic_Sea) and included the [Adriatic Veneti](/source/Adriatic_Veneti), as presented in their book "Veneti – First Builders of European Community". This theory would place the Veneti as a pre-Celtic, pre-Latin and pre-Germanic population of Europe. The theory is rejected by mainstream historians and linguists.[26]

## See also

- [Lechites](/source/Lechites)

- [Veneti (disambiguation)](/source/Veneti_(disambiguation))

- [Vends](/source/Vends)

- [Wends](/source/Wends)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Kmietowicz, Frank A. (1976). *Ancient Slavs*. Stevens Point, Wisconsin: Worzalla Publishing Company. p. 125. Jordanes left no doubt that the Antes were of Slavic origin when he wrote: 'ab unastirpe exorti, tria nomina ediderunt, id est Veneti, Antes, Sclaveni' (although they derive from one nation, now they are known under three names, the Veneti, Antes and Sclaveni.)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Langer, William L.](/source/William_L._Langer) (1948). [*Encyclopedia of World History*](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.234117). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 239. The Slavs, an eastern branch of the Indo-European family, were known to the Roman and Greek writers of the 1st and 2d centuries A.D. under the name of *Venedi* as inhabiting the region beyond the Vistula.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Alexander_M._Schenker_1995_3-0)** Alexander M. Schenker, *The Dawn of Slavic: An Introduction to Slavic Philology* (1995), 1.4., including a reference to J. Ochmański, Ochmański, *Historia Litwy*, 2nd ed. (Wrocław, 1982)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Pliny, *Natural History*, IV: 96–97.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Ptolemy, *Geography*, III 5. 21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["TACITUS Germania"](https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~wstevens/history331texts/barbarians.html). *facultystaff.richmond.edu*. Retrieved 26 November 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Curta 2001: 38. Dzino 2010: 95.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Getica 5

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Getica 23

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Getica 48

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGołąb1992287–291,_295–296_11-0)** [Gołąb 1992](#CITEREFGołąb1992), p. 287–291, 295–296.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Przemyslaw Urbanczyk, Iron Age Poland in Pam Crabtree and Peter Bogucki (eds), *Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C. to A.D. 1000: An Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World* (2004).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGołąb1992300_13-0)** [Gołąb 1992](#CITEREFGołąb1992), p. 300.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Andersen 2003

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGołąb199279-86,_175_15-0)** [Gołąb 1992](#CITEREFGołąb1992), p. 79-86, 175.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Parczewski 1993.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** [Langer, William L.](/source/William_L._Langer) (1948). [*Encyclopedia of World History*](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.234117). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 239.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchramm1995161-200_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchramm1995161-200_18-1) [Schramm 1995](#CITEREFSchramm1995), p. 161-200.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Steinacher 2004; see also [Origins of Vandals](/source/Vandals#Origins).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Steinacher 2002: 31–35.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Schenker 1996: 3-5

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGołąb1992291_22-0)** [Gołąb 1992](#CITEREFGołąb1992), p. 291.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Jordanes, Getica 5

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Paul Barford, Early Slavs

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGołąb1992263-268_25-0)** [Gołąb 1992](#CITEREFGołąb1992), p. 263-268.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Z. Skrbiš, 41–56 and M. Svašek, 144.

## Sources

- Agnes, Michael (Editor in Chief) (1999). "Webster's New World College Dictionary". Cleveland: MacMillan USA, 1999. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-02-863118-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-863118-8).

- Andersen, Henning (2003), "Slavic and the Indo-European Migrations", Language contacts in prehistory: studies in stratigraphy, John Benjamins Publishing Company, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-58811-379-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58811-379-5).

- [Curta, Florin](/source/Florin_Curta) (1997). ["Slavs in Fredegar and Paul the Deacon: Medieval gens or scourge of God?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20250720060926/https://arheo.ffzg.unizg.hr/ska/tekstovi/fredegar_paul.pdf) (PDF). *Early Medieval Europe*. **6** (2): 141–167. Archived from the original on 2025-07-20. Retrieved 2026-02-03.{{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown))

- [Curta, Florin](/source/Florin_Curta) (1999). ["Hiding Behind a Piece of Tapestry: Jordanes and the Slavic Venethi"](https://www.academia.edu/227794). *Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas*. **47** (3): 321–340.

- [Curta, Florin](/source/Florin_Curta) (2001). [*The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700*](https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC&pg=PR5). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

- [Curta, Florin](/source/Florin_Curta) (2006). [*Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250*](https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

- Dzino, Daniel (2010). *Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia*. Brill, 2010.

- [Gołąb, Zbigniew](/source/Zbigniew_Go%C5%82%C4%85b) (1992). [*The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vloNAQAAMAAJ). Columbus: Slavica Publishers.

- Krahe, Hans (1957). *Vorgeschichtliche Sprachbeziehungen von den baltischen Ostseeländern bis zu den Gebieten um den Nordteil der Adria*. Mainz: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, 1957.

- Krahe, Hans (1954). *Sprache und Vorzeit: Europäische Vorgeschichte nach dem Zeugnis der Sprache*. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer, 1954.

- Okulicz, Jerzy (1986). *Einige Aspekte der Ethnogenese der Balten und Slawen im Lichte archäologischer und sprachwissenschaftlicher Forschungen*. Quaestiones medii aevi, Vol. 3, p. 7-34.

- Pokorny, Julius (1959). *Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch*. Bern, München : Francke, 1959.

- Parczewski, Michał (1993). *Die Anfänge der frühslawischen Kultur in Polen*. Wien: Österreichische Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, 1993. Veröffentlichungen der österreichischen Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte; Bd. 17.

- Pleterski, Andrej (1995). *Model etnogeneze Slovanov na osnovi nekaterih novejših raziskav* / *A model of an Ethnogenesis of Slavs based on Some Recent Research*. Zgodovinski časopis = Historical Review 49, No. 4, 1995, p. 537-556. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0350-5774](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0350-5774). English summary: [COBISS](/source/COBISS_(identifier)) [4601165](https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/en/bib/4601165)

- Schenker, Alexander M. (1996). *The Dawn of Slavic: an Introduction to Slavic Philology*. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-300-05846-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05846-2).

- Schramm, Gottfried (1995). ["Venedi, Antes, Sclaveni, Sclavi: Frühe Sammelbezeichnungen für slawische Stämme und ihr geschichtlicher Hintergrund"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41052932). *Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas*. **43** (2): 161–200.

- Skrbiš, Zlatko (2002). *The Emotional Historiography of Venetologists: Slovene Diaspora, Memory and Nationalism*. Focaal: European Journal of Anthropology 39, 2002, p. 41-56. [\[1\]](https://web.archive.org/web/20071008042716/http://www.focaal.box.nl/previous/foc39abs.pdf)

- Steinacher, Roland (2002). [Studien zur vandalischen Geschichte. Die Gleichsetzung der Ethnonyme Wenden, Slawen und Vandalen vom Mittelalter bis ins 18. Jahrhundert](https://web.archive.org/web/20070119061857/http://homepage.uibk.ac.at/~c61705/DISSERTATION-Volltext.pdf)(doctoral thesis). Wien, 2002.

- Steinacher, Roland (2004). *Wenden, Slawen, Vandalen. Eine frühmittelalterliche pseudologische Gleichsetzung und ihr Nachleben bis ins 18. Jahrhundert*. In: W. Pohl (Hrsg.): *Auf der Suche nach den Ursprüngen. Von der Bedeutung des frühen Mittelalters* (Forschungen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters 8), Wien 2004, p. 329-353.

- Svašek, Maruška. *Postsocialism politics and emotions in Central and Eastern Europe*, Berghahn Books, 2006, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-84545-124-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84545-124-4)

- [Vlasto, Alexis P.](/source/Alexis_P._Vlasto) (1970). [*The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs*](https://books.google.com/books?id=fpVOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Province of Pomerania 1815–1945 Stettin Region Köslin Region List of placenames Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975 Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998 Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998 Słupsk Voivodeship 1975–1998 Contemporary West Pomeranian Voivodeship Pomeranian Voivodeship Lauenburg-Bütow classified as Farther Pomerania or Pomerelia Duchy of Pomerania House of Pomerania List of dukes Partitions Royal Prussia Pomeranian Voivodeship Lauenburg-Bütow Pawn Brandenburgian Pomerania Lauenburg and Bütow Land Province of Pomerania 1815–1945 Köslin Region Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975 Słupsk Voivodeship 1975–1998 Contemporary Pomeranian Voivodeship Pomerelia (Kashubia, Kociewie, Tuchola Forest, Chełmno Land) Polish Pomerelia Danish Pomerelia Duchy of Eastern Pomerania Samborides Duchy of Gdańsk Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo Duchy of Białogarda Duchy of Lubiszewo Duchy of Świecie State of the Teutonic Order Royal Prussia 1466–1793 Pomeranian Voivodeship Chełmno Voivodeship Free City of Danzig 1807–1814 West Prussia Posen–West Prussia Pomeranian Voivodeship 1919–1939 (Polish Corridor) Free City of Danzig 1920–1939 Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia Gdańsk Voivodeship 1946–1975 Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1946–1975 Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975 Gdańsk Voivodeship 1975–1998 Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998 Słupsk Voivodeship 1975–1998 Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1975–1998 Toruń Voivodeship 1975–1998 Contemporary Pomeranian Voivodeship West Pomeranian Voivodeship Gmina Biały Bór Kuyavian–Pomeranian Voivodeship Ecclesiastical Roman Catholic Historical Christianization of Pomerania Diocese of Wollin/Cammin Diocese of Kolberg Diocese of Chełmno Diocese of Roskilde Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig Apostolic Administration of Tütz Prelature of Schneidemühl Apostolic Administration of Kamień (Cammin), Lubusz (Lebus) and the Prelature of Piła (Schneidemühl) with see in Gorzów Wielkopolski 1945–1972 Extant Archdiocese of Berlin Diocese of Bydgoszcz Archdiocese of Gdańsk Diocese of Koszalin–Kołobrzeg Diocese of Pelplin Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień Diocese of Toruń Diocese of Włocławek Protestant Historical Protestant Reformation Evangelical State Church in Prussia Pomeranian Evangelical Church Extant Evangelical Church in Germany Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany Lutheran Diocese of Mecklenburg and Pomerania Evangelical Reformed Church (Germany) Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław Pentecostal Church in Poland Demography and anthropology Archaeological cultures Hamburg Maglemosian Ertebølle-Ellerbek Linear Pottery Funnelbeaker Havelland Corded Ware Comb Ceramic Nordic Bronze Age Lusatian Jastorf Pomeranian Oksywie Wielbark Gustow Dębczyn (Denzin) Peoples Gepids Goths Lemovii Rugii Vidivarii Vistula Veneti Slavic Pomeranians Prissani Rani Ukrani Veleti Lutici Velunzani German Pomeranians Kashubians Poles Slovincians Major demographic events Migration Period Ostsiedlung WWII flight and expulsion of Germans Post-WWII settlement of Poles and Ukrainians Languages and dialects West Germanic Low German Low Prussian Central Pomeranian Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch East Pomeranian West Pomeranian Standard German West Slavic Polabian Polish Pomeranian Kashubian Slovincian Treaties 1200–1500 Kremmen (1236) Landin (1250) Kępno (1282) Soldin (1309) Templin (1317) Ueckermünde (1327) Kalisz (1343) Stralsund (1354) Stralsund (1370) Pyzdry (1390) Raciążek (1404) Thorn, First (1411) Eberswalde, First (1415) Melno (1422) Perleberg (1427) Eberswalde, Second (1427) Łęczyca (1433) Brześć Kujawski (1435) Soldin (1466) Thorn, Second (1466) Prenzlau (1448/1468/1472/1479) Pyritz (1493) 1500–1700 Thorn (1521) Kraków (1525) Grimnitz (1529) Augsburg (1555) Lublin (1569) Stettin (1570) Franzburg (1627) Stettin (1630) Westphalia (1648) Stettin (1653) Labiau (1656) Wehlau and Bromberg (1657) Oliva (1660) Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679) Lund (1679) 1700–present Stockholm (1719 / 1720) Frederiksborg (1720) Polish Partitions Treaties (1772/1773, 1793, 1795) Tilsit (1807) Kiel (1814) Vienna (1815) North German Confederation Treaty (1866) Peace of Prague (1866) Versailles (1919) Polish Concordat (1925) Prussian Concordat (1929) Reichskonkordat (1933) Molotov–Ribbentrop (1939) Potsdam (1945) Zgorzelec (1951) Moscow (1970) Warsaw (1970) Helsinki Accords (1975) Polish-East German Maritime Border Agreement (1989) Two Plus Four (1990) German Reunification Treaty (1990) German–Polish Border Treaty (1991) Treaty of Good Neighbourship (1991) Polish Concordat (1993) Convention on the International Commission on the Protection of the Oder against Pollution (1996) Treaty of Accession 2003

v t e Vistula River Tributaries Brda Bzura Drwęca Dunajec Narew Nida Pilica San Wda Wieprz Wisłoka Cities Gdańsk Elbląg Tczew Grudziądz Bydgoszcz Toruń Włocławek Płock Warsaw Sandomierz Kraków Notable crossings Martwa Wisła Tunnel John Paul II Bridge (Gdańsk) Anna Jagiellon Bridge Cross-City Bridge Gdańsk Bridge General Stefan Grot-Rowecki Bridge John Paul II Bridge (Puławy) Łazienki Bridge Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge Poniatowski Bridge Siekierki Bridge Silesian–Dąbrowa Bridge Solidarity Bridge Świętokrzyski Bridge Channels and artificial waterways Augustów Canal Przekop Wisły Vistula Spit canal Bydgoszcz Canal Historical and prehistoric inhabitants Oksywie culture Przeworsk culture Wielbark culture Lusatian culture Vistulans Polans Pomeranians Vistula Veneti Vistula delta Mennonites Vistula Germans Related articles Vistula–Bug offensive Vistula–Oder offensive Vistula, Indiana (likely named after the Vistula) Vistula Land Vistula Spit Vistula Lagoon Vistula University

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Vistula Veneti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_Veneti) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_Veneti?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.