# Vingulmark

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{{Short description|Old name for an area of Norway}}
right|thumb|Map of Vingulmörk and Vestfold
<br>''Norges historie fremstillet for det norske folk I-2'' (1910)
'''Vingulmark''' (Old Norse ''Vingulmǫrk'') is the old name for the area in [Norway](/source/Norway) which today makes up the counties of [Østfold](/source/%C3%98stfold), western parts of [Akershus](/source/Akershus) (excluding [Romerike](/source/Romerike)), and eastern parts of [Buskerud](/source/Buskerud) ([Hurum](/source/Hurum) and [Røyken](/source/R%C3%B8yken) municipalities), and includes the site of Norway's capital, [Oslo](/source/Oslo). During the Middle Ages, Vingulmark was an administrative unit limited to [Oslo](/source/Oslo), [Bærum](/source/B%C3%A6rum) and [Asker](/source/Asker).

==Etymology==
The [Old Norse](/source/Old_Norse) form of the name was ''Vingulmǫrk''. The first part of the name, Vingul, is the accusative case of Vingull, "[fescue](/source/Festuca)", or "[fool](/source/fool_(disambiguation))". The last element of the name, ''mark'' or plural ''mǫrk'', "forest" or "[March](/source/March_(territorial_entity))", i.e. ''the forest of fescues/fools''.<ref>[https://snl.no/Vingulmark Vingulmark - Store norske leksikon], snl.no</ref> The [Lexicon Poeticon](/source/Lexicon_Poeticon) and [Völsa Þattr](/source/V%C3%B6lsa_%C3%9Eattr) tells that 'vingull' is the name for a stallions genitalia [https://onp.ku.dk/onp/onp.php?c729637]

==History==
According to medieval [kings' sagas](/source/kings'_sagas), it was a [Viking Age](/source/Viking_Age) [petty kingdom](/source/petty_kingdom). Vingulmark was one of the four counties under the Court of Law, which together constituted the ancient landscape of [Viken](/source/Viken%2C_Norway). Archaeologists have made finds of richly endowed burials in the area around the estuary of the river [Glomma](/source/Glomma), at [Onsøy](/source/Ons%C3%B8y), [Rolvsøy](/source/Rolvs%C3%B8y) and [Tune](/source/Tune%2C_Norway), where the remains of a ship, the [Tune ship](/source/Tune_ship), were found. This indicates that there was an important center of power in this area.<ref>Bergljot Solberg, ''Jernalderen i Norge'', (Oslo, 2000), p. 279</ref>

There are indications that at least the southern part of this area was under Danish rule in the late 9th century. In the account of [Ottar](/source/Ohthere_of_H%C3%A5logaland), which was written down at the court of the English king [Alfred the Great](/source/Alfred_the_Great), Ottar says that when he sailed south from [Skiringssal](/source/Skiringssal), he had Denmark on the port side for three days. This would include parts of Vingulmark.

Snorri Sturluson writes in [Heimskringla](/source/Heimskringla) and [Fagrskinna](/source/Fagrskinna), that King [Harald Fairhair](/source/Harald_Fairhair) inherited part of Vingulmark from his father [Halfdan the Black](/source/Halfdan_the_Black). King Harald defeated King [Gandalf](/source/Gandalf_Alfgeirsson), who had previously held half of Vingulmark. [Snorri Sturluson](/source/Snorri_Sturluson) relates in ''[Heimskringla](/source/Heimskringla)'' that the area was also claimed by the Swedish King [Erik Emundsson](/source/Erik_Emundsson). The Norwegians invaded [Götaland](/source/G%C3%B6taland) to defend their claim.<ref>[http://mcllibrary.org/Heimskringla/halfdan.html ''Halfdan the Black Saga'' (Heimskringla or The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway)]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mcllibrary.org/Heimskringla/harfager.html |title=''Harald Harfager's Saga'' (Heimskringla or The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway) |access-date=2019-06-05 |archive-date=2018-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316083144/http://mcllibrary.org/Heimskringla/harfager.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Legendary rulers==
The sagas name several more or less legendary kings as rulers of Vingulmark:
* [Gudrød the Hunter](/source/Gudr%C3%B8d_the_Hunter), half of Vingulmark
* Alfgeir (Old Norse: ''Álfgeir'')
* [Gandalf Alfgeirsson](/source/Gandalf_Alfgeirsson)
* [Halfdan the Black](/source/Halfdan_the_Black)
* [Olaf Haraldsson](/source/Olaf_Haraldsson_Geirstadalf)
* [Tryggve Olafsson](/source/Tryggve_Olafsson)
* [Harald Gudrødsson Grenske](/source/Harald_Gudr%C3%B8dsson_Grenske), 976-987

==See also==
* [Germanic peoples](/source/Germanic_peoples)

==References==
{{reflist}}
==Other sources==
*{{cite book|last1=Sandnes|first1=Jørn|last2=Stemshaug|first2=Ola|title=Norsk stadnamnleksikon|place=[Oslo](/source/Oslo)|publisher=Det norske samlaget|year=1980|isbn=82-52-109993}}
*{{cite book|last=Sturlasson|first=Snorre|title=Snorres kongesagaer (Heimskringla|place=[Oslo](/source/Oslo)|year=1979|isbn=82-05-31464-0}}
==External links==
*[http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Spesial:S%C3%B8k?search=vingulmark&go=G%C3%A5 Heimskringla references] 
{{Germanic peoples}}
Category:History of Oslo
Category:Petty kingdoms of Norway

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Vingulmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vingulmark) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vingulmark?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.