# Vigneronia

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***Vigneronia*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [lichen](/source/Lichen)-forming [fungi](/source/Fungi) in the family [Roccellaceae](/source/Roccellaceae).[1] It comprises five species.[2] *Vigneronia* lichens form thin, smooth [crusts](/source/Crustose_lichen) on bark or rock and are recognized by their distinctive black, wavy, slit-like [fruiting bodies](/source/Fruiting_bodies) that erupt through the surface. The genus was established in 2014 by Damien Ertz and is named after his wife Nathalie Vigneron, who accompanied him on collecting expeditions in the Caribbean.

## Taxonomy

The genus was [circumscribed](/source/Circumscription_(taxonomy)) in 2014 by Damien Ernst, with *[Vigneronia spieri](/source/Vigneronia_spieri)* assigned as the [type species](/source/Type_species). This species, originally [described](/source/Species_description) as *Schismatomma spieri* from collections made in the [Galápagos Islands](/source/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands), has since been recorded from mainland Ecuador and the [Antilles](/source/Antilles) ([Curaçao](/source/Cura%C3%A7ao)). The genus is named after Ernst's wife, Nathalie Vigneron, who accompanied him on collecting trips.[3]

[Molecularly](/source/Molecular_phylogenetics), *Vigneronia* nests deep within the family [Roccellaceae](/source/Roccellaceae). In the Ertz and colleagues [cladogram](/source/Cladogram) it is [sister](/source/Sister_taxon) to the then-newly described *[Crocellina](/source/Crocellina)* clade, although that relationship receives only weak statistical support. [Morphologically](/source/Morphology_(biology)), *Vigneronia* differs from *Schismatomma*—to which its type species was once assigned—by lacking a true around the lirellae and by having broader, less needle-like spores; it also differs from *Crocellina* in the absence of a thallus and of the saffron-yellow [medullary layer](/source/Medulla_(lichenology)) that characterises the latter. These diagnostic traits, together with the distinct molecular signal, underpin its recognition as a separate genus within the family.[3]

## Description

Species of *Vigneronia* form a thin, crust-like body (the [thallus](/source/Thallus)) that lacks an outer protective skin (). The surface is usually smooth and may be dull white, grey or occasionally tinged pink, blending discreetly into the bark or rock it coats. A film of orange-green algal cells (*[Trentepohlia](/source/Trentepohlia_(alga))*) is embedded throughout the fungal tissue and provides the photosynthetic partner of the symbiosis. Chemical tests show no reaction with potassium hydroxide, and [thin-layer chromatography](/source/Thin-layer_chromatography) typically detects only simple [fatty acids](/source/Fatty_acid); in some specimens the lichen substances [erythrin](/source/Erythrin) or [gyrophoric acid](/source/Gyrophoric_acid) are also present, though in trace amounts.[3]

The reproductive structures ([ascomata](/source/Ascomata)) are the most conspicuous features of *Vigneronia*. They appear as black, often strongly sinuous slits (technically ) that erupt through the thallus and may reach 0.5–4 mm long by up to 1 mm wide. Each lirella is rimmed by a persistent black margin that may be dusted with a faint white bloom; unlike many relatives, there is no true . Internally, a firm brown-black forms the side-walls, while a pale- to dark-brown supports the spore-bearing layer. The [asci](/source/Ascus) are club-shaped and release eight colourless ascospores, each spindle-shaped, commonly curved, divided by three [cross-walls](/source/Septum) and measuring roughly 23–39 [μm](/source/%CE%9Cm) long by 4.5–6 μm wide; the spores lack the gelatinous outer coat typical of many other members of the Roccellaceae. Minute black [pycnidia](/source/Pycnidia) ([asexual](/source/Asexual_reproduction) fruit bodies) are often scattered in the thallus; they exude curved, needle-fine [conidia](/source/Conidia) about 10–17 μm long and less than 1 μm thick that assist in [dispersal](/source/Biological_dispersal).[3]

## Species

As of June 2025, [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) (in the [Catalogue of Life](/source/Catalogue_of_Life)) accept five species of *Vigneronia*:[1]

- *[Vigneronia caceresiana](/source/Vigneronia_caceresiana)* [4] – Brazil
- *[Vigneronia cypressi](/source/Vigneronia_cypressi)* – [Florida](/source/Florida); [French West Indies](/source/French_West_Indies)
- *[Vigneronia mexicana](/source/Vigneronia_mexicana)* [4] – Mexico
- *[Vigneronia robustula](/source/Vigneronia_robustula)* – Chile
- *[Vigneronia spieri](/source/Vigneronia_spieri)* – Galápagos Islands; Ecuador; Antilles

## References

1. Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K. et al. (2022). ["Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798332). *Mycosphere*. **13** (1): 53–453 [90]. [doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2](https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2). [hdl:10481/76378](https://hdl.handle.net/10481/76378)

1. Ertz, Damien; Tehler, Anders; Irestedt, Martin; Frisch, Andreas; Thor, Göran; van den Boom, Pieter (2014). "A large-scale phylogenetic revision of Roccellaceae (Arthoniales) reveals eight new genera". *Fungal Diversity*. **70** (1): 31–53. [doi:10.1007/s13225-014-0286-5](https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-014-0286-5)

1. Herrera-Campos, María de los Ángeles; Barcenas-Peña, Alejandrina; Miranda-González, Ricardo; Mejía, Maricarmen Altamirano; González, Joshua A. Bautista; Colín, Paola Martínez; Téllez, Norberto Sánchez; Lücking, Robert (2019). "New lichenized Arthoniales and Ostropales from Mexican seasonally dry tropical forest". *The Bryologist*. **122** (1): 62–83. [doi:10.1639/0007-2745-122.1.062](https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-122.1.062)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Vigneronia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigneronia) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigneronia?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.