# Vid Flumina

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Rivers of liquid methane and ethane on Saturn's moon Titan

Vid Flumina Synthetic aperture radar image from Cassini of Vid Flumina flowing into Ligeia Mare on Titan Etymology From the Við or Vimur River from Norse Mythology Location Moon Titan Physical characteristics Mouth Ligeia Mare Length >400 km[1] Discharge • average 40 m3/s (2013, predicted)[2]: 629 Basin features Discoverer Cassini

[Synthetic aperture radar](/source/Synthetic_aperture_radar) image mosaic of Titan's north polar region

**Vid Flumina** is a [river system](/source/Drainage_system_(geomorphology)) (termed *[Flumen](/source/Flumen_(planetary_geology))*) of liquid [methane](/source/Methane) and [ethane](/source/Ethane) on [Saturn](/source/Saturn)'s moon [Titan](/source/Titan_(moon)). It is more than 400 km (249 mi) long and flows into Titan's second largest hydrocarbon sea, [Ligeia Mare](/source/Ligeia_Mare).[1] The surface of Titan is mostly water ice, so Vid Flumina is a river of methane and ethane flowing across and cutting canyons into ice as though it were bedrock. NASA scientists think that it likely has rapids, whirlpools and falls, just like rivers on Earth.

## Discovery and naming

### Earlier findings

In 2004, [NASA](/source/NASA)'s probe, [*Cassini*](/source/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens) arrived at Saturn to study it and its moons. The scientists at NASA were expecting to find some evidence for liquid methane because of Titan's surface temperature and its methane-rich atmosphere. However, *Cassini*'s early findings that were focused on Titan's equator revealed no traces of seas or rivers.[3]

The early disappointment changed as the *Cassini*'s orbit shifted and allowed the researchers at NASA to bounce radar off other regions of the moon. The radar signals were then routinely reflected off angled, rough features such as sand dunes and rocks and cliffs, but when the radar reached the polar regions of Titan, the regular signals ceased. These non-reflecting dark spots were actually reminiscent of the lakes, rivers and tributaries on Earth.[3]

### Discovery

In December 2012, [Jani Radebaugh](/source/Jani_Radebaugh), a scientist on *Cassini*'s team along with an international team of colleagues, announced that they had discovered a liquid methane river of over 200 miles resembling the [Nile](/source/Nile) from an image taken on 26 September 2012.[3]

### Naming

The river is named after a mythological river in [Norse mythology](/source/Norse_mythology) that was part of the [Élivágar](/source/%C3%89liv%C3%A1gar) system of extremely cold and poisonous rivers in [Ginnungagap](/source/Ginnungagap). The name was approved by the [International Astronomical Union](/source/International_Astronomical_Union) on 13 February 2013.[4]

## Geology

The river flows along a relatively straight course, suggesting that it follows one or more [fault lines](/source/Fault_line), similar to other large nearby rivers.[5][6] The river slices through a rough and slanted terrain, which suggests operation of processes similar to tectonic movements on Earth.

Radar studies show that Vid Flumina and its tributaries flow through canyons about one km wide and 0.57 km deep, with slopes of about 40°. Flowing methane was detected in the channels. The elevation of the main channel was found to be within 1 m of that of [Ligeia Mare](/source/Ligeia_Mare), while tributary channels have higher elevations. The canyons are thought to have formed by erosion stimulated either by uplift of the area or a decline in the level of Ligeia Mare.[7][8]

## See also

- [Elivagar Flumina](/source/Elivagar_Flumina)

- [Saraswati Flumen](/source/Saraswati_Flumen)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-AGUcanyons_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-AGUcanyons_1-1) ["Methane-filled canyons line Titan's surface, study finds"](https://news.agu.org/press-release/methane-filled-canyons-line-titans-surface-study-finds/). *AGU*. Retrieved 1 April 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Tokano2019_2-0)** Tokano, Tetsuya; Lorenz, Ralph D. (February 2019). ["Modeling of Seasonal Lake Level Fluctuations of Titan's Seas/Lakes"](https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2018JE005898). *Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets*. **124** (2): 617–635. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2019JGRE..124..617T](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JGRE..124..617T). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1029/2018JE005898](https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2018JE005898).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-discovermagazine.com_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-discovermagazine.com_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-discovermagazine.com_3-2) ["Cassini Finds a New Nile River on Titan"](https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/cassini-finds-a-new-nile-river-on-titan). *Discover Magazine*. Retrieved 25 October 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-USGS_4-0)** ["Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature - Vid Flumina"](https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/15088). *wr.usgs.gov*. Retrieved 27 November 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["NASA - Cassini Spots Mini Nile River on Saturn Moon"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220105051050/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/cassini20121212.html). Archived from [the original](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/cassini20121212.html) on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Yang, Koh Xuan (24 May 2013). ["Beyond Earthly Skies: A River on Titan"](https://beyondearthlyskies.blogspot.com/2013/05/a-river-on-titan.html).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-AGU-JPL2016_7-0)** ["Methane-filled canyons line Titan's surface, study finds"](http://news.agu.org/press-release/methane-filled-canyons-line-titans-surface-study-finds/). *news.AGU.org*. [American Geophysical Union](/source/American_Geophysical_Union) and [Jet Propulsion Laboratory](/source/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory). 10 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Poggiali2016_8-0)** Poggiali, V.; Mastrogiuseppe, M.; Hayes, A. G.; Seu, R.; Birch, S. P. D.; Lorenz, R.; Grima, C.; Hofgartner, J. D. (9 August 2016). ["Liquid-filled canyons on Titan"](https://iris.uniroma1.it/bitstream/11573/932488/1/Poggiali_Liquid-filled_2016.pdf) (PDF). *Geophysical Research Letters*. **43** (15): 7887–7894. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2016GeoRL..43.7887P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeoRL..43.7887P). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/2016GL069679](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016GL069679). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[11573/932488](https://hdl.handle.net/11573%2F932488). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [132445293](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132445293).

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Vid Flumina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid_Flumina) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid_Flumina?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.