# Vero cell > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Vero_cell > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Vero_cell.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vero_cell > Source revision: 1292974222 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Cell lineage used in cell cultures}} [[Image:Vero cells.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[Phase-contrast microscopic](/source/Phase-contrast_microscopy) image of Vero cells (under green light at 100-fold magnification)]] '''Vero cells''' are a lineage of [cells](/source/cell_(biology)) used in [cell cultures](/source/cell_cultures).''History and Characterization of the Vero Cell Line -- A Report prepared by CDR Rebecca Sheets, Ph.D., USPHS CBER/OVRR/DVRPA/VVB for the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting to be held on May 12, 2000 OPEN SESSION'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20030403095248/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/00/backgrd/3616b1a.pdf www.fda.gov pdf] The 'Vero' lineage was isolated from [kidney](/source/kidney) [epithelial](/source/epithelial) cells extracted from an [African green monkey](/source/African_green_monkey) (''[Chlorocebus](/source/Chlorocebus)'' sp.; formerly called ''Cercopithecus aethiops'', this group of monkeys has been split into several different species). The lineage was developed on 27 March 1962 by Yasumura and Kawakita at the [Chiba University](/source/Chiba_University) in [Chiba, Japan](/source/Chiba%2C_Chiba).{{cite journal |vauthors=Yasumura Y, Kawakita M | title = The research for the SV40 by means of tissue culture technique | journal = Nippon Rinsho | year = 1963 | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = 1201–1219 | url= https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yasumura+Kawakita&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&hl=en&btnG=Search }} The original cell line was named ''[Vero](/source/%3Aeo%3AVero)'' after an [abbreviation](/source/abbreviation) of {{lang|eo|[verda](/source/%3Aeo%3AVerdo) [reno](/source/%3Aeo%3AReno)}}, which means 'green kidney' in [Esperanto](/source/Esperanto), while {{lang|eo|vero}} itself means 'truth' in Esperanto.{{cite book|author = Shimizu B|veditors=Seno K, Koyama H, Kuroki T |title=Manual of selected cultured cell lines for bioscience and biotechnology|language=ja|year=1993|publisher=Kyoritsu Shuppan|location=Tokyo|pages=299–300|isbn=978-4-320-05386-1|url=https://www.amazon.co.jp/gp/switch-language/product/4320053869/?ie=UTF8&language=en%5FJP}} ==Characteristics== The Vero cell lineage is continuous and [aneuploid](/source/aneuploid), meaning that it has an abnormal number of [chromosomes](/source/chromosomes). A [continuous cell lineage](/source/Immortalised_cell_line) can be replicated through many cycles of division and not become [senescent](/source/senescent).{{cite web | title = Main Types of Cell Culture | work = Fundamental Techniques in Cell Culture: a Laboratory Handbook | url = http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/Area_of_Interest/Life_Science/Cell_Culture/Key_Resources/ECACC_Handbook/Cell_Culture_Techniques_5.html | access-date=2006-09-28}} Vero cells are [interferon](/source/interferon)-deficient; unlike normal mammalian cells, they do not secrete [interferon](/source/interferon) alpha or beta when infected by viruses.{{cite journal |vauthors=Desmyter J, Melnick JL, Rawls WE |title=Defectiveness of Interferon Production and of Rubella Virus Interference in a Line of African Green Monkey Kidney Cells (Vero) |journal=J. Virol. |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=955–61 |date=October 1968 |pmid=4302013 |pmc=375423 }} However, they still have the [Interferon-alpha/beta receptor](/source/Interferon-alpha%2Fbeta_receptor), so they respond normally when recombinant interferon is added to their culture media. The whole genome sequence of a Vero cell line was determined by Japanese investigators in 2014.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Osada N, Kohara A, Yamaji T, Hirayama N, Kasai F, Sekizuka T, Kuroda M, Hanada K |title=The genome landscape of the African green monkey kidney-derived Vero cell line |journal=DNA Research |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=673–83 |year=2014 |doi=10.1093/dnares/dsu029 |pmid=25267831 |pmc=4263300}} Chromosome 12 of Vero cells has a homozygous ~9-Mb deletion, causing the loss of the [type I interferon](/source/type_I_interferon) gene cluster and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors ''[CDKN2A](/source/CDKN2A)'' and ''[CDKN2B](/source/CDKN2B)'' in the genome. Although African green monkeys were previously classified as ''[Cercopithecus aethiops](/source/Cercopithecus_aethiops)'', they have been placed within the genus ''[Chlorocebus](/source/Chlorocebus)'', which includes several species.{{cite journal | vauthors = Haus T, Akom E, Agwanda B, Hofreiter M, Roos C, Zinner D | title = Mitochondrial diversity and distribution of African green monkeys (chlorocebus gray, 1870) | journal = Am. J. Primatol. | volume = 75 | issue = 4 | pages = 350–60 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23307319 | pmc = 3613741 | doi = 10.1002/ajp.22113 }} The genome analysis indicated that the Vero cell lineage is derived from a female ''[Chlorocebus sabaeus](/source/Chlorocebus_sabaeus)''. ==Uses in research== Vero cells are used for many purposes, including: * screening for the toxin of ''[Escherichia coli](/source/Escherichia_coli)'', first named "Vero toxin" after this cell line, and later called "[Shiga-like toxin](/source/Shiga-like_toxin)" due to its similarity to [Shiga toxin](/source/Shiga_toxin) isolated from ''[Shigella dysenteriae](/source/Shigella_dysenteriae)'' * as host cells for growing viruses; for example, to measure replication in the presence or absence of a research pharmaceutical, the testing for the presence of [rabies](/source/rabies) virus, or the growth of viral stocks for research purposes. As a recent example, [CoronaVac](/source/CoronaVac), COVID-19 vaccine developed by Sinovac Biotech uses vero cells in production and "Vero" term can be seen on the vaccine container. * as host cells for [eukaryotic](/source/Eukaryote) [parasite](/source/parasite)s, specially of the [trypanosomatid](/source/trypanosomatid)s ==Lineages== * Vero ([http://www.atcc.org/ATCCAdvancedCatalogSearch/ProductDetails/tabid/452/Default.aspx?ATCCNum=CCL-81&Template=cellBiology ATCC No. CCL-81]) :Isolated from ''C. aethiops'' kidney on 27 Mar 1962 * Vero 76 ([http://www.atcc.org/ATCCAdvancedCatalogSearch/ProductDetails/tabid/452/Default.aspx?ATCCNum=CRL-1587&Template=cellBiology ATCC No. CRL-1587]) :Isolated from Vero in 1968, it grows to a lower saturation density (cells per unit area) than the original Vero. It is useful for detecting and counting [hemorrhagic fever](/source/hemorrhagic_fever) viruses by [plaque assays](/source/Virus_quantification). * Vero E6, also known as Vero C1008 ([https://www.atcc.org/products/crl-1586 ATCC No. CRL-1586]) :This line is a [clone](/source/Clone_(cell_biology)) from Vero 76. Vero E6 cells show some [contact inhibition](/source/contact_inhibition), so are suitable for propagating viruses that replicate slowly. * Research strains transfected with viral genes: :Vero F6 is a cell transfected with the gene encoding [HHV-1](/source/Herpesviridae) [entry](/source/Viral_entry) [protein](/source/protein) [glycoprotein](/source/glycoprotein)-H (gH).{{cite journal | vauthors = Forrester A, Farrell H, Wilkinson G, Kaye J, Davis-Poynter N, Minson T | title = Construction and properties of a mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1 with glycoprotein H coding sequences deleted | journal = J. Virol. | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | pages = 341–8 | date = January 1992 | pmid = 1309250 | pmc = 238293 }} Vero F6 was transfected via a concatenated plasmid with the ''gH'' gene after a copy of the HHV-1 glycoprotein-D (gD) [promoter](/source/promotor_(biology)) region. In Vero lineage F6, expression of ''gH'' is under the control of the promoter region of gD. (Also F6B2; obs. F6B1.1) ==See also== * [HeLa cells](/source/HeLa) * [Immortalised cell line](/source/Immortalised_cell_line) ==References== ==External links== {{Commons category|Vero cells}} *[http://www.cellosaurus.org/CVCL_0059 Cellosaurus entry for Vero] *[http://www.cellosaurus.org/CVCL_0603 Cellosaurus entry for Vero 76] *[http://www.cellosaurus.org/CVCL_0574 Cellosaurus entry for Vero C1008] *[http://www.cellosaurus.org/CVCL_L036 Cellosaurus entry for Vero F6] {{DEFAULTSORT:Vero Cell}} Category:Monkey cell lines --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Vero cell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vero_cell) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vero_cell?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.