# Varisulca

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> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Varisulca.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varisulca
> Source revision: 1338617933
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{{Short description|Proposed subphylum of protists}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Ancyromonas.png
| image_alt = "Ancyromonas" sp.
| image_caption = ''[Ancyromonas](/source/Ancyromonas)'' sp.
| taxon = Varisulca
| authority = [Cavalier-Smith](/source/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith), 2002
| display_parents = 3
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
| subdivision_ranks = Classes
| subdivision =
* [Hilomonadea](/source/Hilomonadea)
* [Diphyllatea](/source/Diphyllatea)
* [Glissodiscea](/source/Glissodiscea)
}}

'''Varisulca''' is a proposed [basal](/source/Basal_(phylogenetics)) [podiate](/source/Podiata) [taxon](/source/taxon).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cavalier-Smith|first1=Thomas|last2=Chao|first2=Ema E.|last3=Snell|first3=Elizabeth A.|last4=Berney|first4=Cédric|last5=Fiore-Donno|first5=Anna Maria|last6=Lewis|first6=Rhodri|date=2014-12-01|title=Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=81|pages=71–85|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012|pmid=25152275|doi-access=free |bibcode=2014MolPE..81...71C }}</ref> It encompassed several lineages of [heterotrophic](/source/heterotrophic) [protist](/source/protist)s, most notably the [ancyromonads](/source/ancyromonads) (planomonads), [collodictyonids](/source/collodictyonids) (diphylleids), [rigifilids](/source/rigifilids) (''Rigifila'', ''Micronuclearia'') and [mantamonads](/source/Mantamonas). Recent evidence suggests that the latter three are closely related to each other, forming a clade called [CRuMs](/source/CRuMs), but that this is unlikely to be specifically related to ancyromonads.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Matthew W|last2=Heiss|first2=Aaron A|last3=Kamikawa|first3=Ryoma|last4=Inagaki|first4=Yuji|last5=Yabuki|first5=Akinori|last6=Tice|first6=Alexander K|last7=Shiratori|first7=Takashi|last8=Ishida|first8=Ken-Ichiro|last9=Hashimoto|first9=Tetsuo|date=2018-01-19|title=Phylogenomics Places Orphan Protistan Lineages in a Novel Eukaryotic Super-Group|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution|language=en|volume=10|issue=2|pages=427–433|doi=10.1093/gbe/evy014|issn=1759-6653|pmc=5793813|pmid=29360967}}</ref>

[Cavalier-Smith](/source/Cavalier-Smith) had proposed the new subphylum Varisulca which consists of the classes [Hilomonadea](/source/Hilomonadea), [Diphyllatea](/source/Diphyllatea) and [Glissodiscea](/source/Glissodiscea).<ref name=Cavalier-Smith2013>{{cite journal | author = Cavalier-Smith T | year = 2013 | title = Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa | journal = Eur J Protistol | volume = 49 | issue = 2| pages = 115–78 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001 | pmid=23085100}}</ref> The validity of this proposed taxonomy has yet to ruled upon by the Society of Protistologists. It is unlikely to be widely accepted, since Varisulca appears to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic (ancyromonads are not inferred to be the sister group to CRuMs). Glissodiscea and Multirhiza (a taxon encompassing Diphyllatea and Glissodiscea) also appear paraphyletic or polyphyletic, since ''Mantamonas'' belongs to CRuMs but ancyromonads do not.

Varisulca appear to be paraphyletic stem [Podiata](/source/Podiata). So the other basal Podiata such as [Malawimonas](/source/Malawimonas), [Metamonad](/source/Metamonad)a and/or [Amoebozoa](/source/Amoebozoa) and Amorphea may have emerged in the Varisulca.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cavalier-Smith|first=Thomas|date=2017-02-05|title=Origin of animal multicellularity: precursors, causes, consequences—the choanoflagellate/sponge transition, neurogenesis and the Cambrian explosion|journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B|language=en|volume=372|issue=1713|article-number=20150476|doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0476|issn=0962-8436|pmid=27994119|pmc=5182410 |bibcode=2017PTRSB.37250476C }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cavalier-Smith|first1=Thomas|last2=Chao|first2=Ema E.|last3=Lewis|first3=Rhodri|title=187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=99|pages=275–296|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.023|pmid=27001604|year=2016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2016MolPE..99..275C }}</ref> Some groups of [Apusozoa](/source/Apusozoa) are now considered Varisulca. The [Apusomonadida](/source/Apusomonadida) (e.g. ''[Thecamonas](/source/Thecamonas)'') now not directly associated with Varisulca but are considered sister of the [opisthokont](/source/opisthokont)s. [Sulcozoa](/source/Sulcozoa) (originally only Varisulca and Apusozoa)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ruggiero|first1=Michael A.|last2=Gordon|first2=Dennis P.|last3=Orrell|first3=Thomas M.|last4=Bailly|first4=Nicolas|last5=Bourgoin|first5=Thierry|last6=Brusca|first6=Richard C.|last7=Cavalier-Smith|first7=Thomas|last8=Guiry|first8=Michael D.|last9=Kirk|first9=Paul M.|date=2015-04-29|title=A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|article-number=e0119248|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0119248|pmid=25923521|pmc=4418965|issn=1932-6203|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1019248R|doi-access=free}}</ref> now encompasses the [Unikont](/source/Unikont)a/Amorphea and becomes equivalent to (stem) Podiata and Sarcomastigota.{{fact|date=January 2021}}

{{clade |style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%
|label1=[Eukaryotes](/source/Eukaryotes)
|1={{Clade
   |label1=[Scotokaryotes](/source/Scotokaryotes)/|sublabel1=[Opimoda](/source/Unikont)/[Neozoa](/source/Neozoa)
   |1={{Clade
      |state1=dashed
      |1='''[Metamonada](/source/Metamonada)'''
      |2={{Clade
         |state1=dashed
         |1='''''[Malawimonas](/source/Malawimonas)'''''
         |label2=[Podiata](/source/Podiata)
         |2={{Clade
            |state1=double
            |1='''Varisulca'''
            |label2=[Amorphea](/source/Amorphea)/|sublabel2=[Unikont](/source/Unikont)
            |2={{Clade
               |1=[Amoebozoa](/source/Amoebozoa)
               |label2=[Obazoa](/source/Obazoa)
               |2={{Clade
                  |1=[Breviata](/source/Breviata)
                  |2={{Clade
                     |1=[Apusomonadida](/source/Apusomonadida)
                     |2=[Opisthokonta](/source/Opisthokonta)
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   |2=[Corticata](/source/Corticata)/[Diphoda](/source/Bikont)/[Diaphoretickes](/source/Diaphoretickes)/[Bikont](/source/Bikont)
   }}
}}
[Mantamonadida](/source/Mantamonadida) appear to be sister to [Apusomonadida](/source/Apusomonadida) in the [Apusozoa](/source/Apusozoa) in some findings.<ref name="pmid20884290">{{cite journal|date=September 2010|title=The Novel Marine Gliding Zooflagellate Genus Mantamonas (Mantamonadida ord. n.: Apusozoa)|journal=Protist|volume=162|issue=2|pages=207–221|doi=10.1016/j.protis.2010.06.004|pmid=20884290|vauthors=Glücksman E, Snell EA, Berney C, Chao EE, Bass D, Cavalier-Smith T}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Orr|first1=Russell J. S.|last2=Zhao|first2=Sen|last3=Klaveness|first3=Dag|last4=Yabuki|first4=Akinori|last5=Ikeda|first5=Keiji|last6=Makoto|first6=Watanabe M.|last7=Shalchian-Tabrizi|first7=Kamran|title=Enigmatic Diphyllatea eukaryotes: Culturing and targeted PacBio RS amplicon sequencing reveals a higher order taxonomic diversity and global distribution |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=2018 |volume=18 |issue=1 |article-number=115 |doi=10.1186/s12862-018-1224-z |doi-access=free |pmid=30021531 |bibcode=2018BMCEE..18..115O |biorxiv=10.1101/199125|pmc=6052632}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
[Warning:  Varisulca, Multirhiza and Glissodiscea lack molecular phylogenetic support and are strongly non-monophyletic in recent studies]

Subphylum '''Varisulca''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2012</small>
* Superclass [Hilomonadia](/source/Hilomonadia) <small>Cavalier-Smith 2012</small>
** Class [Hilomonadea](/source/Hilomonadea) <small>Cavalier-Smith 2008 em. 2012</small>
*** Order [Rigifilida](/source/Rigifilida) <small>Cavalier-Smith & Yabuki 2012</small>
**** Family [Rigifilidae](/source/Rigifilidae) <small>Cavalier-Smith & Yabuki 2012</small>
***** Genus ''[Rigifila](/source/Rigifila)'' <small>Cavalier-Smith & Yabuki 2012</small>
**** Family [Micronucleariidae](/source/Micronucleariidae) <small>Cavalier-Smith 2008</small>
***** Genus ''[Micronuclearia](/source/Micronuclearia)'' <small>Mikrjukov & Mylnikov 2001</small>
* Superclass [Multirhiza](/source/Multirhiza) <small>Cavalier-Smith 2012</small>
** Class [Diphyllatea](/source/Diphyllatea) <small>Cavalier-Smith 2003</small> [Anisomonadea]
*** Order [Diphylleida](/source/Diphylleida) <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small> [Collodictyonida]
**** Family [Sulcomonadidae](/source/Sulcomonadidae) <small>Cavalier-Smith 2012</small>
***** Genus ''[Sulcomonas](/source/Sulcomonas)'' <small>Brugerolle 2006</small>
**** Family [Diphylleidae](/source/Diphylleidae) <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993</small> [Collodictyonidae <small>Brugerolle et al. 2002</small>]
***** Genus ''[Diphylleia](/source/Diphylleia_rotans)'' <small>Massart 1920 non Michaux 1803</small>
***** Genus ''[Collodictyon](/source/Collodictyon)'' <small>Carter 1865</small>
** Class [Glissodiscea](/source/Glissodiscea) <small>Cavalier-Smith 2012</small>
*** Order [Discocelida](/source/Discocelida) <small>Cavalier-Smith 1997</small>
**** Family [Discoceliidae](/source/Discoceliidae) <small>Cavalier-Smith 2012</small>
***** Genus ''[Discocelia](/source/Discocelia)'' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> [''[Discocelis](/source/Discocelis)'' <small>Vørs 1988 non Ehrenberg 1836</small>]
*** Order [Mantamonadida](/source/Mantamonadida) <small>Cavalier-Smith Glücksman et al. 2011</small>
**** Family [Mantamonadidae](/source/Mantamonadidae) <small>Cavalier-Smith Glücksman et al. 2011</small>
***** Genus ''[Mantamonas](/source/Mantamonas)'' <small>Cavalier-Smith Glücksman et al. 2011</small>
*** Order [Planomonadida](/source/Planomonadida) <small>Cavalier-Smith 2008</small><ref name="Glücksman, Snell & Cavalier-Smith 2013">{{cite journal | author = Glücksman, Snell & Cavalier-Smith | year = 2013 | title = Phylogeny and evolution of Planomonadida (Sulcozoa): Eight new species and new genera Fabomonas and Nutomonas | journal = European Journal of Protistology| volume = 49 | issue =2 | pages = 179–200 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejop.2012.08.007| pmid = 23369787 }}</ref> ([Ancyromonadida](/source/Ancyromonadida) <small>Cavalier-Smith 1998 emend. Atkins 2000</small>)
**** Family [Ancyromonadidae](/source/Ancyromonadidae) <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>
***** Genus ''[Ancyromonas](/source/Ancyromonas)'' <small>Kent 1880</small>
**** Family [Planomonadidae](/source/Planomonadidae) <small>Cavalier-Smith 2008</small>
***** Genus ''[Fabomonas](/source/Fabomonas)'' <small>Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013</small>
***** Genus ''[Planomonas](/source/Planomonas)'' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2008 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2013</small>
**** Family [Nutomonadidae](/source/Nutomonadidae) <small>Cavalier-Smith 2013</small>
***** Genus ''[Nutomonas](/source/Nutomonas)'' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2013</small>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q24048475}}

Category:Eukaryote subphyla
Category:Podiata

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Varisulca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varisulca) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varisulca?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.