# Valvulinidae

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The **Valvulinidae** is a family of [Paleocene](/source/Paleocene) to recent [benthic](/source/Benthos) [textulariid](/source/Textulariida) Foraminifera characterized by trochospiral tests in the early stage which may become uniserial in the later. Walls are of cemented agglutinated material and have cavities created by micro-tubules, i.e. are canaliculate. Apertures have a valvular tooth or flap, at least in early stage, but may become multiple and areal in the later stage.

Three subfamilies have been defined, the [Valvulininae](/source/Valvulininae), [Siphobigenerininae](/source/Siphobigenerininae), and [Tritaxilininae](/source/Tritaxilininae).

## References

- Loeblich and Tappan (1988). ["Valvuliniae"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150120112623/http://www.gsi.ir/General/Lang_en/Page_48/SubOrderId_66/SuperFamilyId_793/FamilyId_856/Action_FamilyView/VALVULINIDAE.html). *Foraminiferal genera and their classification*. Archived from [the original](http://www.gsi.ir/General/Lang_en/Page_48/SubOrderId_66/SuperFamilyId_793/FamilyId_856/Action_FamilyView/VALVULINIDAE.html) on 2015-01-20. Retrieved 2012-10-08.
- ["Foraminifera"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120616112446/http://www.gsi.ir/General/Lang_en/Page_48/Action_FirstPageView/FORAMINIFERIDA.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.gsi.ir/General/Lang_en/Page_48/Action_FirstPageView/FORAMINIFERIDA.html) on 2012-06-16. Retrieved 2012-06-16.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Valvulinidae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvulinidae) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvulinidae?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.