# Valencian language > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Valencian_language > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Valencian_language.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_language > Source revision: 1356370354 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Language of the Valencian Community}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}} {{Infobox language | name = Valencian | nativename = {{lang|ca-valencia|valencià}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|ca-valencia|valensiˈa|}} | states = [Spain](/source/Spain) | ethnicity = [Valencians](/source/Valencians) | region = [Valencian Community](/source/Valencian_Community), [Region of Murcia](/source/Region_of_Murcia) ([Carche](/source/Carche))
See also [geographic distribution of Catalan](/source/Catalan_language) | speakers = 2.5 million | date = 2025 | ref = {{Cite conference |last1=Luján |first1=Míriam |last2=Martínez |first2=Carlos D. |last3=Alabau |first3=Vicente |title=Evaluation of several Maximum Likelihood Linear Regression variants for language adaptation |url=http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/217_paper.pdf |conference=Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, LREC 2008 |pages=860 |quote=the total number of people who speak Catalan is 7,200,000, (...). The Valencian dialect is spoken by 27% of all Catalan speakers.}} citing Vilajoana, Jordi, and Damià Pons. 2001. Catalan, Language of Europe. Generalitat de Catalunya, Department de Cultura. Govern de les Illes Balears, Conselleria d'Educació i Cultura. | speakers2 = | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [Italic](/source/Italic_languages) | fam3 = [Latino-Faliscan](/source/Latino-Faliscan_languages) | fam4 = [Latin](/source/Latin) | fam5 = [Romance](/source/Romance_languages) | fam6 = [Italo-Western](/source/Italo-Western_languages) | fam7 = [Western Romance](/source/Western_Romance_languages) | fam8 = {{nowrap|[Gallo-Romance](/source/Gallo-Romance_languages)}}{{efn|Catalan is also classified as [Iberian Romance](/source/Iberian_Romance_languages).}} | fam9 = {{nowrap|[Occitano-Romance](/source/Occitano-Romance_languages)}} | fam10 = [Catalan](/source/Catalan_language) | fam11 = {{nowrap|[Western Catalan](/source/Catalan_dialects)}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2006}} | ancestor = [Old Latin](/source/Old_Latin) | ancestor2 = [Vulgar Latin](/source/Vulgar_Latin) | ancestor3 = [Old Occitan](/source/Old_Occitan) | ancestor4 = [Old Catalan](/source/Old_Catalan) | dia1 = [Northern](/source/Northern_Valencian) | dia2 = [Central](/source/Central_Valencian) | dia3 = [Southern](/source/Southern_Valencian) | dia4 = Alicante | dia5 = [Murcian](/source/Murcian_Catalan) † | script = [Valencian orthography](/source/Valencian_orthography)
([Latin script](/source/Latin_script)) | nation = Spain * Valencian Community | minority = Spain * Carche, Region of Murcia | agency = ''[Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua](/source/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua)'' (AVL) | isoexception = dialect | iso3 = | iso6 = [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Iso639-6_iren.png vlca] | glotto = vale1252 | ietf = ca-valencia | map = {{switcher|250px|Map of the Valencian Community (Valencian speaking areas in green)|250px|Extension of the whole language in Europe|}} | mapscale = 1 | notice = IPA }} {{Catalan-speaking world | image = 100px }} '''Valencian'''{{efn|English pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|v|ə|ˈ|l|ɛ|n|s|i|ə|n|,_|-|ʃ|(|i|)|ən}} {{respell|və|LEN|see|ən|,_-|sh(ee|)ən}}.}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|valencià}}){{efn|Valencian pronunciation: {{IPA|ca-valencia|valensiˈa|}}. Alternative local pronunciations include: {{IPA|ca-valencia|valenˈsja|}} (diphthongisation) and {{IPA|ca-valencia|balenˈsja|}} ([betacism](/source/betacism) and diphthongisation).
Catalan pronunciation: {{IPA|ca|bələnsiˈa|}} ([Central](/source/Central_Catalan) and [Northern](/source/Northern_Catalan)), {{IPA|ca|vələnsiˈa|}} ([Balearic](/source/Balearic_dialect)), {{IPA|ca|balensiˈa|}} (North-Western) and {{IPA|ca|valansiˈa|}} ([Algherese](/source/Algherese_dialect)).}} or the '''Valencian language'''{{cite web |url=http://www.docv.gva.es/datos/2006/04/11/pdf/2006_4177.pdf |title=Ley Orgánica 1/2006, de 10 de abril, de Reforma de la Ley Orgánica 5/1982, de 1 de julio, de Estatuto de Autonomía de la Comunidad Valenciana. |access-date=17 February 2013 |publisher=Generalitat Valenciana |date=10 April 2006 }} ({{lang|ca-valencia|llengua valenciana}}){{efn|Also known as {{lang|ca-valencia|idioma valencià}}.}} is the official, historical and traditional name used in the [Valencian Community](/source/Valencian_Community) to refer to the [Romance language](/source/Romance_language) also known as [Catalan](/source/Catalan_language),{{efn|name=DNV|The ''Valencian Normative Dictionary'' of the Valencian Academy of the Language states that Valencian is a "Romance language spoken in the Valencian Community, as well as in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, the French department of the {{lang|fr|Pyrénées-Orientales}}, the Principality of Andorra, the eastern flank of Aragon and the Sardinian town of Alghero (unique in Italy), where it receives the name of 'Catalan'."}}{{Cite web |url=http://dle.rae.es/?id=bHykki2 |title=Valenciano, na |access-date=9 June 2017 |publisher=[Real Academia Española](/source/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola) |work=[Diccionario de la Real Academia Española](/source/Diccionario_de_la_Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola) |language=Spanish }}[http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/330167/0/catalan/sentencia/filologia/ «Otra sentencia equipara valenciano y catalán en las oposiciones, y ya van 13.»] ''20 minutos'', 7 January 2008.[https://www.docv.gva.es/portal/portal/2008/06/10/pdf/2008_7155.pdf Decreto 84/2008, de 6 de junio, del Consell, por el que se ejecuta la sentencia de 20 de junio de 2005, de la Sala de lo Contencioso-Administrativo del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de la Comunitat Valenciana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325074228/https://www.docv.gva.es/portal/portal/2008/06/10/pdf/2008_7155.pdf |date=25 March 2010 }}.{{cite web|url=https://sindicat.net/n.php?n=7087|title=Sindicat|website=sindicat.net|access-date=20 February 2019|archive-date=17 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142244/https://sindicat.net/n.php?n=7087|url-status=dead}}{{cite news |agency=Europa Press |title=La AVL publica una 'Gramàtica Valenciana Bàsica' con las formas más "genuinas" y "vivas" de su tradición histórica |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/2728807/0/avl-publica-gram-tica-valenciana-b-sica-con-formas-m-genuinas-vivas-su-tradicion-historica/ |access-date=23 April 2016 |work=20minutos.es |date=22 April 2016}} either as a whole{{efn|name=IEC|The ''Catalan Language Dictionary'' of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans states in the sixth definition of Valencian that it is equivalent to Catalan language in the Valencian Community.}} or in its Valencia-specific linguistic forms.{{efn|name=IEC2|The ''Catalan Language Dictionary'' of the {{lang|ca|Institut d'Estudis Catalans}} states in the second definition of Valencian that it is the Western dialect of Catalan spoken in the Valencian Community.}}{{cite web |author=Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua |date=9 February 2005 |title=Acord de l'Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL), adoptat en la reunió plenària del 9 de febrer del 2005, pel qual s'aprova el dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià |pages=52 |language=ca-valencia |url=http://www.avl.gva.es/va/acords-AVL/main/03/document/NOMENTITAT.pdf |access-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181117/http://www.avl.gva.es/va/acords-AVL/main/03/document/NOMENTITAT.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015}}{{cite web|author1=Institut d'Estudis Catalans|title=Resultats de la consulta: valencià|url=http://dlc.iec.cat/results.asp?txtEntrada=valenci%E0&operEntrada=0|work=DIEC 2|language=ca-valencia |access-date=23 February 2016|quote=2 6 m. [FL] Al País Valencià, llengua catalana.}} The Valencian Community's 1982 [Statute of Autonomy](/source/Statute_of_Autonomy) officially recognises ''Valencian'' as the name of the native language.{{cite web |url=http://www.docv.gva.es/datos/2005/05/06/pdf/2005_4906.pdf |title=Dictamen sobre los principios y criterios para la defensa de la denominación y entidad del valenciano |quote=It is a fact the in Spain there are two equally legal names for referring to this language: Valencian, as stated by the Statute of Autonomy of the Valencian Community, and Catalan, as recognised in the Statutes of Catalonia and Balearic Islands.}} Valencian displays transitional features between [Ibero-Romance languages](/source/Ibero-Romance_languages) and [Gallo-Romance languages](/source/Gallo-Romance_languages). According to philological studies, the varieties of this language spoken in the Valencian Community and [Carche](/source/Carche) cannot be considered a single dialect restricted to these borders: the several dialects of Valencian (''Alacantí Valencian'', Southern Valencian, Central Valencian or {{lang|ca-valencia|Apitxat}}, Northern Valencian or ''Castellonenc Valencian'' and Transitional Valencian) belong to the Western group of Catalan dialects.{{cite book |last=Alcover |first=Antoni Maria |author-link=Antoni Maria Alcover i Sureda |title=Per la llengua |access-date=26 September 2012 |language=ca |year=1983 |place=Barcelona |isbn=9788472025448 |pages=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnPgDeA8aToC |publisher=Secció de Filologia Catalana, Universitat de Palma }}{{cite book |last=Moll |first=Francesc de Borja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmEQAQAAIAAJ |title=Gramàtica catalana: Referida especialment a les Illes Balears |publisher=Editorial Moll |year=1968 |isbn=84-273-0044-1 |location=Palma de Mallorca |pages=12–14 |language=ca |trans-title=Catalan grammar: Referring especially to the Balearic Islands |author-link=Francesc de Borja Moll i Casasnovas}} There is political controversy within the Valencian Community regarding whether it is a [glottonym](/source/glottonym) or an independent language. The position of the Valencian people that it is an independent language has a majority according to the official reports, from 2/3 in 2004 to a slight majority in 2015.{{Cite report |url=http://www.argos.gva.es/fileadmin/argos/Documentos/Encuestas/201404A_cruce.pdf |title=Baròmetre d'abril 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Presidència de la Generalitat Valenciana |access-date=29 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405160945/http://www.argos.gva.es/fileadmin/argos/Documentos/Encuestas/201404A_cruce.pdf|archive-date=2016-04-05}}{{Cite news |date=9 December 2004 |title=Casi el 65% de los valencianos opina que su lengua es distinta al catalán, según una encuesta del CIS |trans-title=Almost 65% of Valencians think that their language is different from Catalan, according to a CIS survey |work=La Vanguardia |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20041209/51262801790/casi-el-65-de-los-valencianos-opina-que-su-lengua-es-distinta-al-catalan-segun-una-encuesta-del-ci.html |access-date=12 October 2017}} According to the 2006 [Statute of Autonomy](/source/Statute_of_Autonomy), Valencian is regulated by the {{lang|ca-valencia|[Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua](/source/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua)}} (AVL), following the legacy established by the [Castelló Norms](/source/Normes_de_Castell%C3%B3),{{Cite web |title=Ley 7/1998, de 16 de septiembre, de creación de la Academia Valenciana de la Lengua. | pages=34727–34733 |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1998-24262 |language=es |via=Boletín Oficial de España}} which adapt Catalan orthography to Valencian idiosyncrasies. Some of the most important works of [Valencian literature](/source/Valencian_literature) experienced a [Golden Age](/source/Golden_Age) during the [Late Middle Ages](/source/Late_Middle_Ages) and the [Renaissance](/source/Renaissance). Important works include [Joanot Martorell](/source/Joanot_Martorell)'s [chivalric romance](/source/chivalric_romance) {{lang|ca-valencia|[Tirant lo Blanch](/source/Tirant_lo_Blanch)}}, and [Ausiàs March](/source/Ausi%C3%A0s_March)'s poetry. The first book produced with [movable type](/source/movable_type) in the [Iberian Peninsula](/source/Iberian_Peninsula) was printed in the Valencian variety.{{lang|ca-valencia|Trobes en llaors de la Verge Maria}} ("Poems of praise of the Virgin Mary") 1474.{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} The earliest recorded [chess](/source/chess) game with modern rules for moves of the [queen](/source/queen_(chess)) and [bishop](/source/bishop_(chess)) was in the Valencian poem {{lang|ca-valencia|[Scachs d'amor](/source/Scachs_d'amor)}} (1475). == History == The Valencian language is usually assumed to have spread in the [Kingdom of Valencia](/source/Kingdom_of_Valencia) when Catalan and Aragonese colonists settled the territory after the conquests carried out by [James the Conqueror](/source/James_I_of_Aragon).{{cite book |last=Coll i Alentorn |first=Miquel |title=Història |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxeCPuOYLzkC&dq=pa%C3%ADs+valenci%C3%A0+repoblaci%C3%B3+aragonesos&pg=PA346 |publisher=L'Abadia de Montserrat |date=1992 |pages=346 |isbn=8478263616}} A new resettlement in the 17th century, after the [expulsion of the Moriscos](/source/expulsion_of_the_Moriscos), largely led by Castilians, defined the Spanish language varieties of inland Valencia. However, Valencian has historically been the predominant and administrative language in the kingdom. The first documental reference to the usage of the term {{lang|ca-valencia|valencià}} to refer to the spoken language of the Valencians is found in a judicial process of Minorca against Gil de Lozano, dated between 1343 and 1346, in which it is said that the mother of the indicted, Sibila, speaks {{lang|ca|valencianesch}} because she was from [Orihuela](/source/Orihuela) (formerly Oriola).{{cite book |last1=Ferrando i Francés |first1=Antoni |last2=Nicolás Amorós |first2=Miquel |title=Història de la llengua catalana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhcpsXJH-osC&dq=valencianesch&pg=PA105 |publisher=Editorial UOC |date=2011 |pages=105 |isbn=978-8497883801}} The concept of Valencian language appeared in the second half of the 14th century and it was progressively consolidated at the same time that its meaning changed due to events of a diverse nature (political, social, economic).{{sfn|Beltran i Calvo|Segura i Llopes|2018|p=24}} In the previous centuries the Catalan spoken in the territory of the Kingdom of Valencia was called in different ways: {{lang|ca|romanç}} (13th century) and {{lang|ca|catalanesch}} (during the 14th century, for the medieval concept of nation as a linguistic community). The concept of the Valencian language appeared with a particularistic character due to the reinforced nature of the legal entity of the Kingdom of Valencia for being the Mediterranean commercial power during the 14th and 15th centuries, becoming in the cultural and literary centre of the Crown of Aragon. Thus, the Valencians, together with the Majorcans, presented themselves to other peoples as Catalans while they referred to themselves as Valencians and Majorcans to themselves to emphasise the different legal citizenship of each kingdom.{{sfn|Beltran i Calvo|Segura i Llopes|2018|p=35}} In the 15th century, the so-called Valencian Golden Age, the name "Valencian" was already the usual name of the predominant language of the [Kingdom of Valencia](/source/Kingdom_of_Valencia), and the names of {{lang|ca|vulgar}}, {{lang|ca|romanç}} or {{lang|ca|catalanesch}} had fallen into disuse. [Joanot Martorell](/source/Joanot_Martorell), author of the novel ''[Tirant lo Blanch](/source/Tirant_lo_Blanch)'', said: "{{literal|''Me atrevire expondre: no solament de lengua anglesa en portuguesa. Mas encara de portuguesa en vulgar valenciana: per ço que la nacio d·on yo so natural se·n puxa alegrar''}}." ("I dare to express myself: not only in English in Portuguese. But even so from Portuguese to vulgar Valencian: for that the nation I am from born can rejoice"). Since the [Spanish democratic transition](/source/Spanish_democratic_transition), the autonomy or heteronomy of Valencian with respect to the rest of the Valencian-Catalan linguistic system has been the subject of debate and controversy among Valencians, usually with a political background. Although in the academic field (universities and institutions of recognised prestige) of linguists the unity of the language has never been questioned since studies of the [Romance languages](/source/Romance_languages), part of Valencian public opinion believes and affirms that Valencian and Catalan are different languages, an idea that began to spread during the turbulent Valencian transition by sectors of the regionalist right and by the so-called {{lang|ca-valencia|[blaverism](/source/blaverism)e}} (Blaverism). There is an alternative secessionist linguistic regulation, the ''[Normes del Puig](/source/Normes_del_Puig)'' (Norms of El Puig), drawn up by the [Royal Academy of Valencian Culture](/source/Royal_Academy_of_Valencian_Culture) ({{lang|ca-valencia|Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana}}, RACV), an institution founded in 1915 by the Deputation of Valencia, but its use is very marginal. == Official status == The official status of Valencian is regulated by the [Spanish Constitution](/source/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978) and the Valencian [Statute of Autonomy](/source/Statute_of_Autonomy), together with the Law on the Use and Teaching of Valencian [(ca)](/source/%3Aca%3ALlei_d'%C3%9As_i_Ensenyament_del_Valenci%C3%A0). Article 6 of the Valencian Statute of Autonomy sets the legal status of Valencian, establishing that:{{cite web|url=http://www.congreso.es/consti/estatutos/estatutos.jsp?com=79&tipo=2&ini=1&fin=7&ini_sub=1&fin_sub=1|title=Título I. La Comunitat Valenciana – Estatuto de Autonomía|website=Congreso.es|access-date=12 October 2017}} :*''The native language{{efn|The original text says "{{lang|ca-valencia|llengua pròpia}}", a term that does not have an equivalent in English.}} of the Valencian Community is Valencian.'' :*''Valencian is the official language in the Valencian Community, along with Spanish, which is the official language of Spain. Everyone shall have the right to know and use them, and to receive education on Valencian and in Valencian.'' :*''No one can be discriminated against by reason of their language''. :*''Special protection and respect shall be given to the recuperation of Valencian''. :*''The {{lang|ca-valencia|Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua}} shall be the normative institution of the Valencian language''. Passed in 1983, the Law on the Use and Teaching of Valencian develops this framework, providing for the implementation of a [bilingual education](/source/bilingual_education)al system, regulating the use of Valencian in the public administration and judiciary system, where citizens can freely use it when acting before both, or establishing the right to be informed by media in Valencian among others. Valencian is also protected under the [European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages](/source/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages), ratified by Spain. However, the Committee of Experts of the Charter has pointed out a considerable number of deficiencies in the application of the Charter by the Spanish and Valencian governments.{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/report/EvaluationReports/SpainECRML2_es.pdf|title=Aplicación de la Carta en España, segundo ciclo de supervisión. Estrasburgo, 11 de diciembre de 2008. A.1.3.28 pag 7; A.2.2.5 |page=107|publisher=Coe.int|access-date=1 March 2015}} == Distribution and usage == === Distribution === Unlike in other bilingual [autonomous communities](/source/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain), Valencian has not historically been spoken to the same extent throughout the [Valencian Community](/source/Valencian_Community). Slightly more than a quarter of its territory, equivalent to 10-15% of the population (its inland and southernmost areas), is [Spanish-speaking](/source/Spanish_language) since the Middle Ages. Additionally, it is also spoken by a small number of people in the [Carche](/source/Carche) [comarca](/source/comarca), a rural area in the [Region of Murcia](/source/Region_of_Murcia) adjoining the Valencian Community.{{cite web |url=http://www.avl.gva.es/va/gabinet-de-comunicacio/notes-de-premsa-historic/El-valenci--continua-viu-en-la-comarca-murciana-del-Carxe |title=El valencià continua viu en la comarca murciana del Carxe |access-date=13 September 2014 |author=Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua |date=23 July 2013 |language=ca-valencia |work=avl.gva.es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913174418/http://www.avl.gva.es/va/gabinet-de-comunicacio/notes-de-premsa-historic/El-valenci--continua-viu-en-la-comarca-murciana-del-Carxe |archive-date=13 September 2014 }}{{cite news |title=El valenciano 'conquista' El Carche |url=http://www.laopiniondemurcia.es/municipios/2016/02/11/generalitat-anuncia-ayudas-promocion-valenciano/713266.html |date=12 February 2016 |access-date=21 February 2016 |work=La Opinión de Murcia }}{{cite news |title=En Murcia quieren hablar valenciano|url=http://www.elmundo.es/comunidad-valenciana/2016/02/21/56c8a76c22601d5d298b45d7.html|date=21 February 2016|access-date=21 February 2016|author=Miquel Hernandis |work=El Mundo }} Nevertheless, Valencian does not have any official recognition in this area. Nowadays about 600 people are able to speak Valencian in Carche.{{Cite news |last=Martínez |first=D. |date=26 November 2011 |title=Una isla valenciana en Murcia |language=es |trans-title=A Valencian island in Murcia |work=ABC |url=http://www.abc.es/20111226/comunidad-valencia/abcp-isla-valenciana-murcia-20111226.html |access-date=13 July 2017}} The Valencian language is traditionally spoken along the coast and in some inland areas in the provinces of Alicante and Castellon, from [Vinaròs](/source/Vinar%C3%B2s) (northernmost point of the extension of Valencian on the coast of the Valencian Community) to [Guardamar](/source/Guardamar_del_Segura) (southernmost point of Valencian). === Knowledge and usage === [[File:Coneixement del valencià (domini promig)-Cens del 2001.png|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Knowledge of Valencian according to the 2001 census. The light green areas inland and in the southernmost part are not historically Valencian speaking ([large](/source/Media%3AConeixement_del_valenci%C3%A0_(domini_promig)-Cens_del_2001.png)).]] In 2010 the [Generalitat Valenciana](/source/Generalitat_Valenciana), or Valencian government, published a study, {{lang|ca-valencia|Coneixement i ús social del valencià}} (Knowledge and Social Use of Valencian),{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=''Servei d'Investigació i Estudis Sociolingüístics'' (Research Service and Sociolinguistic Studies) |url=http://www.edu.gva.es/polin/docs/sies_docs/encuesta2010/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210094400/http://www.edu.gva.es/polin/docs/sies_docs/encuesta2010/index.html |archive-date=10 December 2010 |access-date=1 July 2010 |publisher=Servei d'Investigació i Estudis Sociolingüístics}} which included a survey sampling more than 6,600 people in the provinces of Castellon, Valencia, and Alicante. The survey simply collected the answers of respondents and did not include any testing or verification. The results were: * Valencian was the language "always, generally, or most commonly used": ** at home: 31.6% ** with friends: 28.0% ** in internal business relations: 24.7% * For ability: ** 48.5% answered they can speak Valencian "perfectly" or "quite well" (54.3% in the Valencian-speaking areas and 10% in the Spanish-speaking areas) ** 26.2% answered they can write Valencian "perfectly" or "quite well" (29.5% in the Valencian-speaking areas and 5.8% in the Spanish-speaking areas) The survey shows that, although Valencian is still the common language in many areas in the Valencian Community, where slightly more than half of the Valencian population are able to speak it, most Valencians do not usually use Valencian in their social relations. Moreover, according to the most recent survey in 2021,{{Cite web |title=Enquestes sobre la situació del valencià - Política Lingüística - Generalitat Valenciana |url=https://ceice.gva.es/ca/web/dgplgm/enquestes-situacio-valencia |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Direcció General de Política Lingüística i Gestió del Multilingüisme |language=ca-ES}} there is a downward trend in everyday Valencian users. The lowest numbers are in the major cities of [Valencia](/source/Valencia) and [Alicante](/source/Alicante), where the percentage of everyday speakers is at single-digit numbers. However, the percentage of residents who claim to be able to understand and read Valencian seems to have increased since 2015. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |+ Knowledge of Valencian in the Valencian Community (2021){{cite web|url=https://ceice.gva.es/documents/161863132/174616028/enquesta+%C3%BAs+del+valencia%CC%80+2021_web.pdf/6a3e6836-f136-bffc-8593-0381eedc297b?t=1674558043543|title=Coneixement i ús social del valencià|year=2021|language=ca-valencia|publisher=Generalitat Valenciana}} |- ! ! Valencian-speaking zone ! Spanish-speaking zone !Total |- ! Understands it |79.4% |54% |75.8% |- ! Can speak it |54.9% |24.2% |50.6% |- ! Can read it |60.9% |35% |57.2% |- ! Can write it |44.4% |19.5% |40.8% |} Due to a number of political and social factors, including repression, immigration and lack of formal instruction in Valencian, the number of speakers has severely decreased, and the influence of Spanish has led to the appearance of a number of [barbarisms](/source/Barbarism_(linguistics)).{{Cite journal |last=Casanova |first=Emili |date=1980 |title=Castellanismos y su cambio semántico al penetrar en el catalán |url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/Ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/aepe/pdf/boletin_23_13_80/boletin_23_13_80_04.pdf |journal=Boletín de la Asociación Europea de Profesores de Español |volume=12 |issue=23 |pages=15–25}} == Features of Valencian == [[File:Catalan dialects-en.png|thumb|right|upright=0.8|The main [dialects of Catalan](/source/Catalan_dialects). The Western Catalan block comprises the two dialects of North-Western Catalan and Valencian.{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=6}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=2}}{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|p=4}}]] This is a list of features of the main forms of Valencian. There is a great deal of variety within the Valencian Community, and by no means do the features below apply to every local version. For more general information about other linguistic varieties, see [Catalan language](/source/Catalan_language). The {{lang|ca-valencia|[Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua](/source/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua)}} (AVL) specifies Standard Valencian as having some specific syntax, vocabulary, verb conjugations and accent marks compared to [Standard Catalan](/source/Standard_Catalan). === Phonology === {{Main|Catalan phonology}} {{Self-reference|For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Standard Valencian for Wikipedia articles, see Help:IPA/Catalan.}} ==== Vowels ==== thumb|180px|Vowels of Valencian, from {{harvnb|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=23}} {| class="wikitable" |+ {{nowrap|Vowels of Valencian}}{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=23}}{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=52}}{{Citation |last=Lacreu i Cuesta |first=Josep |title=Manual d'ús de l'estàndard oral |pages=40–4 |year=2002 |trans-title=Manual for the use of the oral standard |chapter=Valencian |edition=6th |place=Valencia |publisher=Universitat de València |isbn=84-370-5390-0}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.avl.gva.es/PDF/Diccionari/Oral.pdf|title=''L'estàndard oral del valencià''|year=2002|publisher=[Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua](/source/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930022057/http://www.avl.gva.es/PDF/Diccionari/Oral.pdf |archive-date = 30 September 2010 }} !| ! scope="col" | [Front](/source/Front_vowel) ! scope="col" | [Back](/source/Back_vowel) |- align=center ! scope="row" rowspan ="2" | Close | {{IPA link|i}} | {{IPA link|u}} |- align=center | {{IPA link|e}} | {{IPA link|o}} |- align=center ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | Open | {{IPA link|ɛ̞|ɛ}} | {{IPA link|ɔ̞|ɔ}} |- align=center | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɐ|a}} |} * The stressed vowel system of Valencian (V) is the same as that of Eastern Catalan (EC): ** {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, and {{IPA|/u/}} (with {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}} being considerably lower than in EC).{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|p=58}} :; Close (and close-mid) vowels :* The vowels {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} are more open and centralised than in Spanish. :** This effect is more pronounced in unstressed syllables, where the phones are best transcribed {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɪ}}, {{IPAplink|ʊ}}]}}{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|pp=65-69, 141-142}} (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|x'''i'''quet}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃɪˈke̞t]}} 'boy'). As the process is completely predictable, the latter symbols are not used elsewhere in the article. :*** (Due to the proximity of unstressed close and/or close-mid/mid vowels, non-standard colloquial Valencian may feature further lowerings producing vowel alterations or [metathesis](/source/metathesis_(linguistics)), e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|piscina}} → *{{lang|ca-valencia|pescina}} 'pool').{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=46}} :* The vowel {{IPA|/e/}} is somewhat retracted {{IPAblink|e|e̠}} and {{IPA|/o/}} is somewhat advanced {{IPAblink|o|o̟}} both in stressed and unstressed syllables (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|m'''e'''tr'''o'''}} {{IPA|[ˈme̠tɾo̟]}} 'metro'). :** {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} can be realised as mid vowels {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|e̞}}, {{IPAplink|o̞}}]}} in some cases. This occurs more often with {{IPA|/o/}} (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|am'''o'''r}} {{IPA|[aˈmo̞ɾ]}} 'love').{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|pp=69-77, 135-140}} :; Open vowels :* The so-called "[open vowels](/source/mid-open_vowel)", {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, are generally as low as {{IPA|/a/}} in most Valencian dialects. The phonetic realisations of {{IPA|/ɛ/}} approaches {{IPAblink|æ}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}} is as open as {{IPAblink|ɔ̞|ɒ}} (as in traditional [RP](/source/Received_Pronunciation) ''d'''o'''g''). This feature is also found in [Balearic](/source/Balearic_dialect).{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|pp=81-90, 130-133}} For a list showing the frequency of these vowels, see [cases where /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are found in Valencian](/source/cases_where_%2F%C9%9B%2F_and_%2F%C9%94%2F_are_found_in_Valencian). :** {{IPA|/ɛ/}} is slightly more open and centralised {{IPAblink|æ̠}} before liquids {{IPA|/l, ɾ, r/}} (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|univ'''e'''rs}} {{IPA|[uniˈvæ̠ɾs]}} 'universe') and in monosyllabics ({{lang|ca-valencia|s'''e'''t}} {{IPA|[ˈsæ̠t]}} 'seven').{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=27}} :** {{IPA|/ɔ/}} is most often a back vowel ({{lang|ca-valencia|s'''o'''c}} {{IPA|[ˈsɒk]}} 'clog', {{lang|ca-valencia|b'''o'''u}} {{IPA|[ˈbɒw]}} 'bull'). :*** In some dialects (including Balearic) {{IPA|/ɔ/}} can be unrounded ({{IPA|[ˈsɑk]}}, {{IPA|[ˈbɑw]}}).{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=29}} :* The vowel {{IPA|/a/}} is slightly more fronted and closed than in Central EC (but less fronted and closed than in Majorcan). The precise phonetic realisation of the vowel {{IPA|/a/}} in Valencian is [{{IPA link|ɐ}} ~ {{IPA link|ä}}], this vowel is subject to assimilation in many instances.{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|pp=90-104}} :** Stressed {{IPA|/a/}} can be retracted to {{IPAblink|ɑ}} in contact with velar consonants (including the velarised {{IPAblink|ɫ}}):{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|pp=90-104}} {{lang|ca-ca-valencia|p'''a'''l}} {{IPA|[ˈpɑl]}} ('stick'); and fronted to {{IPAblink|a}} in contact with palatals:{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|pp=90-104}} {{lang|ca-ca-valencia|ny'''a'''p}} {{IPA|[ˈɲap]}} ('botched job'). This is not transcribed in the article. :*** The palatal pronunciation of {{IPA|/a/}} may merge with {{IPA|/ɛ/}} by some speakers: {{lang|ca-valencia|r'''a'''ig}} {{IPA|[ˈræt͡ʃ]}} ('ray').{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|pp=24-25}} :; Vowel reduction :* There are five general unstressed vowels {{IPA|/a, e, i, o, u/}} (rare instances of {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}} are found through compounding and vowel harmony). Although unstressed vowels are more stable than in EC dialects, there are many cases where they merge:{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|pp=59-142}} :** {{IPA|/a/}}: final unstressed {{IPA|/a/}} may have the following values: [{{IPA link|ɜ|ɛ̈}} ~ {{IPA link|ɞ|ɔ̈}} ~ {{IPA link|ɐ|ä̝}}] (phonetically {{IPA|[ɜ ~ ɞ ~ ɐ]}}, and traditionally transcribed without diacritics and/or atypical characters: {{IPA|/ɛ, ɔ, a/}} for simplicity), depending on the preceding sounds and/or dialect (see "vowel harmony" below). :*** In some regions of the Valencian Community (especially Southern Valencian) unstressed {{IPA|/a/}} followed by stressed {{IPA|/i/}} becomes {{IPAblink|ə}}: {{lang|ca-valencia|r'''a'''ïm}} {{IPA|[rəˈim]}} ('grape'). {{Harvcoltxt|Beltran i Calvo|2000}} states,{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=131}} that final {{IPA|/a/}} is close to {{IPA|[ə]}} in some towns of Marina Alta: {{lang|ca-valencia|xic'''a'''}} {{IPA|[ˈt͡ʃikə]}} ('girl'). :** {{IPA|/e/}}: unstressed {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/ɛ/}} may be realised as {{IPA|[a]}}, {{IPA|[ɐ̃]}}, {{IPA|[ɑ̃]}} in initial position in contact with sibilants, nasals and certain approximants and liquids (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|'''e'''ixam}} {{IPA|[ajˈʃam]}} 'swarm'). :*** Similarly (although not recommended by the AVL), unstressed {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/ɛ/}} merges with {{IPA|/i/}} (phonetically {{IPA|[ɪ]}}) in contact with palatal consonants (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|g'''e'''noll}} {{IPA|[d͡ʒiˈnoʎ]}} 'knee'), and especially (in this case it is accepted) in lexical derivation with the suffix {{lang|ca-valencia|-ix'''e'''ment}} (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|coneix'''e'''ment}} {{IPA|[konejʃiˈment]}} 'knowledge'). :**** In the standard ({{IPA|/e/}} → {{IPA|/i/}} {{IPA|[ɪ]}}) is only accepted in words with the suffix {{lang|ca-valencia|-ixement}}.{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|pp=45-47}} :** {{IPA|/i/}}: it is more open and centralised {{IPA|[ɪ]}} in unstressed position. :** {{IPA|/o/}}: unstressed {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}} may be realised as {{IPA|[ʊ]}} before labial consonants (e.g. ''c'''o'''berts'' {{IPA|[kuˈbɛɾ(t)s]}} 'cutlery'), before a stressed syllable with a high vowel (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|s'''o'''spira}} {{IPA|[susˈpiɾa]}} 'he/she sighs') and in some given names (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|J'''o'''sep}} {{IPA|[d͡ʒuˈzɛp]}} 'Joseph'). :*** Note in some colloquial speeches initial unstressed {{IPA|/o/}} can diphthongise to {{IPA|[aw]}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|'''o'''lor}} {{IPA|[awˈloɾ]}}) 'smell ([n](/source/noun).)'. This is regarded as non-standard. :** {{IPA|/u/}}: it is more open and centralised {{IPA|[ʊ]}} in unstressed position. ::; Vowel harmony {{Anchor|Anchor vowel harmony}} ::* Many Valencian dialects feature some sort of [vowel harmony](/source/vowel_harmony) ({{lang|ca-valencia|harmonia vocàlica}}). This process is normally progressive (i.e. preceding vowels affect those pronounced afterwards) over the last unstressed vowel of a word; e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|t'''e'''l'''a'''}} {{IPA|/ˈtɛla/}} > {{IPA|[ˈtɛlɛ]}} 'fabric, cloth', {{lang|ca-valencia|h'''o'''r'''a'''}} {{IPA|/ˈɔɾa/}} > {{IPA|[ˈɔɾɔ]}} 'hour'. However (although regarded as non-standard), there are cases where regressive metaphony occurs over pretonic vowels; e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|'''a'''f'''e'''ct'''a'''}} {{IPA|/aˈfɛkta/}} > {{IPA|[ɛˈfɛktɛ]}} 'affects', {{lang|ca-valencia|t'''o'''v'''a'''ll'''o'''l'''a'''}} {{IPA|/tovaˈʎɔla/}} > {{IPA|[tɔvɔˈʎɔlɔ]}} 'towel'. ::** Vowel harmony differs greatly from dialect to dialect, while many varieties assimilate both to the height and the quality of the preceding stressed vowel (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|terra}} {{IPA|[ˈtɛrɛ]}} 'Earth, land' and {{lang|ca-valencia|dona}} {{IPA|[ˈdɔnɔ]}} 'woman'); in other varieties, it is just the height that assimilates, so that {{lang|ca-valencia|terra}} and {{lang|ca-valencia|dona}} can be realised with either {{IPA|/ɛ/}} ({{IPA|[ˈtɛrɛ]}} and/or {{IPA|[ˈdɔnɛ]}}) or with {{IPA|/ɔ/}} ({{IPA|[ˈtɛrɔ]}} and/or {{IPA|[ˈdɔnɔ]}}), depending on the region and speaker.{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|pp=34-36}} ::*** In some subvarieties the unstressed vowels produced by vowel harmony may actually be higher than the stressed ones (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|port'''a'''}} {{IPA|[ˈpɔɾtɔ̝]}} 'door'). ::* In a wider sense, vowel assimilations can occur in further instances (that is all or most instances of final unstressed {{IPA|/а/}}, regardless of the preceding sounds and involving palatalisation and/or velarisation): {{lang|ca-valencia|xic'''a'''}} {{IPA|[ˈt͡ʃikɛ]}} or {{IPA|[ˈt͡ʃikɔ]}} ('girl'). This is considered non-standard. ::; Elision and diphthongisation {{Anchor|Anchor elision and diphthongisation}} ::* In certain cases, unstressed {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/e/}} become silent when followed or preceded by a stressed vowel: ::** Unstressed {{IPA|/a/}}: {{lang|ca-valencia|quin'''a''' hora és?}} {{IPA|[ˌkin‿ˈɔɾɔ ˈes]}} or {{IPA|[ˌkin‿ˈɔɾa ˈes]}} ('what time is it?'). ::** Unstressed {{IPA|/e/}}: {{lang|ca-valencia|est'''e''' home}} {{IPA|[ˌest‿ˈɔme]}} ('this man'). ::* Valencian has many [diphthong](/source/diphthong)s with {{IPA|/i/}} {{IPA|[j]}} and {{IPA|/u/}} {{IPA|[w]}} (see also "semivowels"). Diphthongs can be falling (or decreasing), which glide from a higher or more prominent vowel to a lower or less prominent one (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|her'''oi'''}} {{IPA|[eˈɾɔj]}} 'hero'); or raising (or ascending), which move from a lower vowel sound to a higher one (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|'''io'''de}} {{IPA|[ˈjɔðe]}} 'iodine'). ::**Occasionally, {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} may become [syllabic](/source/syllable) and form diphthongs ([synaloepha](/source/synaloepha)), e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|ja h'''e'''m parlat d'açò}} {{IPA|[ˈja e̯m paɾlad daˈsɔ]}} ('we already talked about this') and {{lang|ca-valencia|allà '''o'''n vulgues}} {{IPA|[aˈʎa o̯ɱ ˈvulɡes]}} ('there where you want'). Standard non-syllabic forms with {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} also diphthongise in colloquial Valencian (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|Valènc'''i'''a}}, standard {{IPA|[vaˈlensia]}} vs. colloquial {{IPA|[vaˈlensja]}} 'Valencia'). ::** In some accents, vowels occurring at the end of a [prosodic unit](/source/prosodic_unit) may be realised as centring diphthongs for special emphasis, so that {{lang|ca-valencia|Eh tu! Vine ací}} 'Hey you ({{abbr|s.|singular}})! Come here!' may be pronounced {{IPA|[ˈe ˈtuə̯ ˈvin(e) a̯ˈsiə̯]}}. The non-syllabic {{IPA|[a̯]}} (phonetically {{IPA|[ɐ̯]}}) is unrelated to this phenomenon as it is an unstressed non-syllabic allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} that occurs after vowels, much like in Spanish. :; Other sound changes ::; Vowel nasalisation ::* All vowels are phonetically nasalised between nasal consonants or when preceding a syllable-final nasal (e.g. {{lang|ca-ca-valencia|dium'''e'''nge}} {{IPA|[diwˈmẽɲd͡ʒe]}}, colloquial {{IPA|[duˈmẽɲd͡ʒe]}} 'Sunday').{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|pp=59-142}} ::; Vowel coalescence and lengthening ::* The linguistic phenomenon where two tonic (stressed) vowels or adjacent vowel sounds fuse into a single sound is found in Valencian: ''qu'''è''' h'''a'''s fet?'' ('what have you done?') is pronounced {{IPA|[ˌkas ˈfet]}}. ::* Vowels can be lengthened in some contexts{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|pp=59-142}} (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|c'''oo'''rdinació}} {{IPA|[koːɾðinasiˈo]}} 'coordination'). {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto" |+Main vocalic allophones{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=?}}{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|pp=59-142}} |- ! [Phoneme](/source/Phoneme) ! [Allophone](/source/Allophone) ! Usage ! Example ! English |- | rowspan="10" style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|/a/}}{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|pp=90-104}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ä] ~ [ɐ]}} || - Found in most instances || {{lang|ca-valencia|m'''à'''}} || {{lang|en|hand}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[a]}} || - Before/after palatals, may be higher {{IPA|[æ]}} (both in stressed and unstressed position) || {{lang|ca-valencia|ny'''a'''p}} || {{lang|en|botched job}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ã]}} || {{nowrap|- Same than {{IPA|[a]}}, but followed by a nasal; may be higher {{IPA|[æ̃]}} (both in stressed and unstressed position)}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|ll'''a'''mp}} || {{lang|en|lightning}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ɑ]}} || - Before/after velars, usually higher in unstressed position {{IPA|[ʌ]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|po'''a'''l}} || {{lang|en|bucket}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ɑ̃]}} || - Same than {{IPA|[ɑ]}}, but followed by a nasal; usually higher in unstressed position {{IPA|[ʌ̃]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|s'''a'''ng}} || {{lang|en|blood}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ɐ]}} || - In unstressed position || {{lang|ca-valencia|'''a'''bans}} || {{lang|en|before}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ɐ̃]}} || - Nasal {{IPA|[ɐ]}}; that is, {{IPA|[ɐ]}} followed by or in between nasals || {{lang|ca-valencia|ll'''a'''nçat}} || {{lang|en|thrown}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{nowrap|{{IPA|[ɛ̈] ~ [ɔ̈]}}}} || - Final unstressed syllables (vowel harmony), may be lower {{IPA|[ɛ̞̈]}} and {{IPA|[ɔ̞̈]}} || {{nowrap|{{lang|ca-valencia|terr'''a'''}} / {{lang|ca-valencia|don'''a'''}}}} || {{lang|en|Earth, land}}; {{lang|en|woman}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || - Silent. In unstressed position, when followed or preceded by a stressed vowel || {{lang|ca-valencia|un'''a''' hora}} || {{lang|en|one hour}} |- | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|pp=81-90}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[æ̠]}} || - Before liquids and in monosyllabic terms || {{lang|ca-valencia|s'''e'''t}} || {{lang|en|seven}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[æ̠̃]}}|| - Before nasals || {{lang|ca-valencia|d'''e'''ns}} || {{lang|en|dense}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ɛ]}} || - Rest of cases, may be lower {{IPA|[ɛ̞]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|t'''e'''si}} || {{lang|en|thesis}} |- | rowspan="10" style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|/e/}}{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|pp=69-77}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[e]}} || - Found in stressed and unstressed syllables, may be lower {{IPA|[e̞]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|s'''e'''c}} || {{lang|en|dry}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ẽ]}} || - In stressed and unstressed position followed by or in between nasals, may be lower {{IPA|[ẽ̞]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|l'''e'''nt}} || {{lang|en|slow}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[a]}} || - In some cases, in initial unstressed position before palatals; may be higher {{IPA|[æ]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|'''e'''ixam}} || {{lang|en|swarm}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ɐ]}} || - In some cases, in unstressed position || {{lang|ca-valencia|t'''e'''rrós}} || {{lang|en|earthy}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ɐ̃]}} || - In some cases, in initial unstressed position before nasals (except velar nasals) || {{lang|ca-valencia|'''e'''ntén}} || {{lang|en|he/she understands}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ɑ]}} || - In some cases, in unstressed position in contact with velars; may be higher {{IPA|[ʌ]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|cl'''e'''vill}} || {{lang|en|crevice}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ɑ̃]}} || - In some cases, in initial unstressed position before velar nasals; may be higher {{IPA|[ʌ̃]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|'''e'''nclusa}} || {{lang|en|anvil}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ɪ]}}{{efn-lr|name="extension of palatalized 'e'"|In colloquial speech, {{IPA|/e/}} is reduced to {{IPA|[i]}} (phon. {{IPA|[ɪ]}}) in further cases in contact with any sibilant, e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|g'''e'''noll}} {{IPA|[dʒiˈnoʎ]}} ('knee') and {{lang|ca-valencia|'''e'''stiu}} {{IPA|[isˈtiw]}} ('summer').}}|| - Found in the suffix -''ixement''{{efn-lr|name="extension of palatalized 'e'"}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|naix'''e'''ment}} || {{lang|en|birth}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || - Silent. In unstressed position, when followed or preceded by a stressed vowel || {{lang|ca-valencia|mà '''e'''squerra}} || {{lang|en|left hand}} |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|/i/}}{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|pp=65-69}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[i]}} || - Especially found in stressed syllables || {{lang|ca-valencia|s'''i'''s}} || {{lang|en|six}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ĩ]}} || - Nasal {{IPA|[i]}}; that is, {{IPA|[i]}} followed by or in between nasals || {{lang|ca-valencia|d'''i'''ns}} || {{lang|en|in, within, inside}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ɪ]}} || - Unstressed position || {{lang|ca-valencia|x'''i'''quet}} || {{lang|en|boy}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ɪ̃]}} || - Nasal {{IPA|[ɪ]}}; that is, {{IPA|[ɪ]}} followed by or in between nasals || {{lang|ca-valencia|m'''i'''nvar}} || {{nowrap|{{lang|en|to decrease, to wane}}}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[j]}} || - Unstressed position before/after vowels || {{lang|ca-valencia|'''i'''ogurt}} || {{lang|en|yoghurt}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || - Silent. In the digraph {{angbr|ig}} {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}, and dialectally also in the digraph {{angbr|ix}}{{efn-lr|name="e+iʃ"|In colloquial speech, the combination ''e'' + ''ix'' is pronounced {{IPA|[iʃ]}} (phon. {{IPA|[ɪʃ]}}), e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|'''eix'''ida}} {{IPA|[iˈʃiða]}} ('exit').}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|ra'''i'''g}} || {{lang|en|ray}} |- | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|/ɔ/}}{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|pp=130-133}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ɒ]}} || - Found before stops and in monosyllabic terms || {{lang|ca-valencia|r'''o'''ig}} || {{lang|en|red}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ɒ̃]}} || - Before nasals || {{lang|ca-valencia|p'''o'''nt}} || {{lang|en|bridge}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ɔ]}} || - Rest of cases, may be lower {{IPA|[ɔ̞]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|d'''o'''na}} || {{lang|en|woman}} |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|/o/}}{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|pp=135-140}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[o]}} || - Found in stressed and unstressed syllables || {{lang|ca-valencia|m'''o'''lt}} || {{lang|en|much, very}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[õ]}} || - Nasal {{IPA|[o]}}; that is, {{IPA|[o]}} followed by or in between nasals || {{lang|ca-valencia|'''o'''n}} || {{lang|en|where}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[o̞]}} || - Found in the suffix -''dor'' and in coda stressed syllables || {{lang|ca-valencia|canç'''ó'''}} || {{lang|en|song}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ʊ]}} || - Unstressed position before labials, a syllable with a high vowel and in some given names || {{lang|ca-valencia|J'''o'''sep}} || {{lang|en|Joseph}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ʊ̃]}} || - Same as {{IPA|[ʊ]}}, but followed by a nasal || {{lang|ca-valencia|c'''o'''mplit}} || {{lang|en|to fulfill}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ew]}}{{efn-lr|name="diphthongisation of initial 'o'"|In colloquial speech, many instances of initial {{IPA|/o/}} are pronounced {{IPA|[aw]}} (phon. {{IPA|[ɐw]}}), e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|'''o'''lor}} {{IPA|[awˈloɾ]}} ('smell').}} || - Found in most cases with the weak pronoun ''ho'' || {{lang|ca-valencia|h'''o'''}} || {{lang|en|it}} |- | rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|/u/}}{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|pp=141-142}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[u]}} || - Especially found in stressed syllables || {{lang|ca-valencia|ll'''u'''ç}} || {{lang|en|hake}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ũ]}} || - Nasal {{IPA|[u]}}; that is, {{IPA|[u]}} followed by or in between nasals || {{lang|ca-valencia|f'''u'''m}} || {{lang|en|smoke}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ʊ]}} || - Unstressed position || {{lang|ca-valencia|s'''u'''car}} || {{lang|en|to soak, to dip}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ʊ̃]}} || - Nasal {{IPA|[ʊ]}}; that is, {{IPA|[ʊ]}} followed by or in between nasals || {{lang|ca-valencia|m'''u'''ntó}} || {{lang|en|a lot}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[w]}} || - Unstressed position before/after vowels || {{lang|ca-valencia|te'''u'''a}} || {{lang|en|your}} ({{abbr|f.|femenine}}) |- | style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || - Silent. After the velars {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} in the digraphs {{angbr|qu}} and {{angbr|gu}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|q'''u'''i}} || {{lang|en|who}} |} :Notes: {{Notelist-lr}} ==== Consonants ==== {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;" |+ Consonants of Valencian{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=52}} |- ! colspan="2" | ! scope="col" colspan=2 | [Labial](/source/Labial_consonant) ! scope="col" colspan=2 | [Dental](/source/Dental_consonant)/
[Alveolar](/source/Alveolar_consonant) ! scope="col" colspan=2 | [Palatal](/source/Palatal_consonant) ! scope="col" colspan=2 | [Velar](/source/Velar_consonant) |- ! scope="row" colspan="2" | [Nasal](/source/Nasal_consonant) | style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|m}} | style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|n}} | style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|ɲ}} | style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | ({{IPA link|ŋ}}) |- ! scope="row" colspan="2" | [Plosive](/source/Plosive_consonant) | style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| {{IPA link|p}} || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|b}} | style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| {{IPA link|t̪|t}} || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|d̪|d}} | colspan=2 | | style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| {{IPA link|k}} || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|ɡ}} |- ! scope="row" colspan="2" | [Affricate](/source/Affricate_consonant) | colspan=2 | | style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| {{IPA link|t̠s̠|t͡s}} || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|d̠z̠|d͡z}} | style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| {{IPA link|tɕ|t͡ʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|dʑ|d͡ʒ}} | colspan=2 | |- ! scope="row" colspan="2" | [Fricative](/source/Fricative_consonant) | style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| {{IPA link|f}} || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|v}} | style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| {{IPA link|s̠|s}} || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|z̠|z}} | style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| {{IPA link|ɕ|ʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | ({{IPA link|ʑ|ʒ}}) | colspan=2 | |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [Approximant](/source/Approximant_consonant) ! [Median](/source/Median_consonant) | colspan=2 | | colspan=2 | | style="border-right: 0;"| || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|j}} | style="border-right: 0;"| || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|w}} |- ! scope="row" | [Lateral](/source/Lateral_consonant) | colspan=2 | | style="border-right: 0;"| || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|l}} | style="border-right: 0;"| || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ʎ}} | colspan=2 | |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [Rhotic](/source/Rhotic_consonant) ! [Tap](/source/Tap_and_flap_consonants) | colspan=2 | | style="border-right: 0;"| || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ɾ}} | colspan=2 | | colspan=2 | |- ! scope="row" | [Trill](/source/Trill_consonant) | colspan=2 | | style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|r}} | colspan=2 | | colspan=2 | |} ; Nasals * {{IPA|/m/}} is bilabial, except before {{IPA|/v/}} and {{IPA|/f/}} where it becomes labiodental {{IPA|[ɱ]}}. * {{IPA|/n/}} is apical front alveolar {{IPA|[n̺]}}, and laminal denti-alveolar {{IPA|[n̪]}} before {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}}. ** In addition, {{IPA|/n/}} is postalveolar {{IPA|[n̠]}} or alveolo-palatal {{IPA|[ɲ̟]}} before {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/ʃ/}}; velar {{IPA|[ŋ]}} before {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/k/}}; and labiodental {{IPA|[ɱ]}} before {{IPA|/v/}} and {{IPA|/f/}}, where it merges with {{IPA|/m/}}. It also merges with {{IPA|/m/}} (to {{IPA|[m]}}) before {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/p/}}. * {{IPA|/ɲ/}} is laminal front alveolo-palatal {{IPA|[ɲ̟]}}. * {{IPA|/ŋ/}} is velar and is only found in the coda. ; Obstruents {{Anchor|Anchor obstruents}} * Coda obstruents assimilate to the voicing of the following consonant (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|anè'''c'''dota}} {{IPA|[aˈnɛɡdota]}} 'anecdote'). In the standard, coda fricatives also assimilate to the voicing of the following vowel: {{lang|ca-valencia|el'''s''' amics}} {{IPA|[elz‿aˈmiks]}} ('the friends'). In regular speech in some dialects (but not in the standard), final plosives may assimilate to the voicing of the following vowel (see "plosives"). ** Voiced obstruents undergo [final-obstruent devoicing](/source/final-obstruent_devoicing) so that {{lang|ca|fre'''d'''}} ('cold' [{{abbr|m.|masculine}}, {{abbr|s.|singular}}]) is pronounced with {{IPA|[t]}} (or {{IPA|[d̥]}}) {{IPA|[ˈfɾet]}} while {{lang|ca|fre'''d'''es}} ('cold' [{{abbr|f.|feminine}}, {{abbr|pl.|plural}}]) is pronounced with {{IPA|[ð]}} {{IPA|[ˈfɾeðes]}}. (See also "plosives" and "affricates and fricatives"). :; Plosives {{Anchor|Anchor plosives}} :* {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/p/}} are bilabial. :** {{IPA|/b/}} is lenited to the approximant (or fricative) {{IPAblink|β̞}} (or {{IPAblink|β}}) in [betacist](/source/betacism) dialects, after a [continuant](/source/continuant), i.e. a vowel or any type of consonant other than a [stop](/source/stop_consonant) or [nasal](/source/nasal_consonant) (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|ca'''b'''ut}} {{IPA|[kaˈβ̞ut]}} 'big head, stubborn' vs. {{lang|ca-valencia|can'''v'''i}} {{IPA|[ˈkambi]}} 'change', Standard without betacism: {{IPA|[kaˈbut]}} and {{IPA|[ˈkaɱvi]}}). :** Voiced contrast is lost word finally, so {{lang|ca-valencia|cu'''b'''}} ('cube') and {{lang|ca-valencia|cu'''p'''}} ('winepress') are both pronounced with final {{IPA|[p]}} (also represented as {{IPA|[b̥]}}). :*** Final {{IPA|/p/}} may be lenited before a vowel: {{lang|ca|ca'''p''' estret}} {{IPA|[ˈkab‿esˈtɾet]}} or {{IPA|[ˈkaβ̞‿esˈtɾet]}} ('narrow head').{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=53}} :*** Final {{IPA|/p/}} after nasals is preserved in most dialects: {{lang|ca-valencia|cam'''p'''}} {{IPA|[ˈkamp]}} ('field'). :* {{IPA|/d/}} and {{IPA|/t/}} are laminal denti-alveolar {{IPA|[t̪]}} and {{IPA|[d̪]}}. After {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/z/}}, they are laminal alveolar {{IPA|[t̻]}} and {{IPA|[d̻]}}. :** {{IPA|/d/}} is [lenited](/source/lenition) to the approximant (or fricative) {{IPAblink|ð̞}} (or {{IPAblink|ð}}), after a [continuant](/source/continuant), i.e. a vowel or any type of consonant other than a [stop](/source/stop_consonant) or [nasal](/source/nasal_consonant) (exceptions include {{IPA|/d/}} after [lateral consonant](/source/lateral_consonant)s): {{lang|ca-valencia|fa'''d'''es}} {{IPA|[ˈfað̞es]}} 'fairies' vs. {{lang|ca-valencia|fal'''d'''es}} {{IPA|[ˈfal̪des]}} ('skirts'). :*** {{IPA|/d/}} {{IPA|[ð]}} is often elided between vowels following a stressed syllable (found notably in feminine participles, {{IPA|/ada/}} → {{IPA|[aː]}}, phon. {{IPA|[ɑː]}}, and in the suffix {{lang|ca-valencia|-dor}}); e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|fideuà}} {{IPA|[fiðeˈwaː]}} ( < {{lang|ca-valencia|fideua'''d'''a}}) '[fideuà](/source/fideu%C3%A0)', {{lang|ca-valencia|moca'''d'''or}} {{IPA|[mokaˈoɾ]}} 'tissue' (note this feature, although widely spread in south Valencia, is not recommended in Standard Valencian, except for reborrowed terms such as {{lang|ca-valencia|Albà}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|Roà}}, the previously mentioned {{lang|ca-valencia|fideuà}}, etc.). :** Voiced contrast is lost word finally, so {{lang|ca-valencia|sor'''d'''}} ('deaf') and {{lang|ca-valencia|sor'''t'''}} ('luck') are both pronounced with final {{IPA|[t]}} (also represented as {{IPA|[d̥]}}). :*** Final {{IPA|/t/}} may be lenited before a vowel: {{lang|ca|to'''t''' açò}} {{IPA|[ˈtoð‿aˈsɔ]}} ('all this').{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=53}} :*** Final {{IPA|/t/}} after nasals and laterals is preserved in most dialects: {{lang|ca-valencia|cen'''t'''}} {{IPA|[ˈsen̪t]}} ('hundred') and {{lang|ca-valencia|mol'''t'''}} {{IPA|[ˈmol̪t]}} ('very'). :* {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} are velar. :** {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} are [fronted](/source/fronting_(sound_change)) to pre-velar position [{{IPA link|ɟ̠}}, {{IPA link|c̠}}] before [front vowel](/source/front_vowel)s: {{lang|ca-valencia|'''qu'''i}} {{IPA|[ˈc̠i]}} ('who'). This is not transcribed in broader transcriptions of Valencian. :** {{IPA|/ɡ/}} is [lenited](/source/lenition) to the approximant (or fricative) {{IPAblink|ɰ|ɣ̞}} (or {{IPAblink|ɣ}}) after a [continuant](/source/continuant), i.e. a vowel or any type of consonant other than a [stop](/source/stop_consonant) or [nasal](/source/nasal_consonant). :*** In some dialects, {{IPA|/ɡ/}} may lenite {{IPA|[ɣ]}} in all environments (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|'''g'''at}} {{IPA|[ˈɣ̞at]}}), except after nasal ({{lang|ca-valencia|an'''g'''oixa}} {{IPA|[aŋˈɡojʃa]}} 'anguish').{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=57}} :** Voiced contrast is lost word finally, so {{lang|ca-valencia|re'''g'''}} ('irrigation') and {{lang|ca-valencia|re'''c'''}} ('irrigation ditch') are both pronounced with final {{IPA|[k]}} (also represented as {{IPA|[ɡ̥]}}). :*** Final {{IPA|/k/}} may be lenited before a vowel: {{lang|ca|po'''c''' alt}} {{IPA|[ˈpɔɣ‿ˈal̪t]}} ('not very tall').{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=53}} :*** Final {{IPA|/k/}} after nasals is preserved in most dialects: {{lang|ca-valencia|ban'''c'''}} {{IPA|[ˈbaŋk]}} ('bank'). :; Affricates and fricatives {{Anchor|Anchor affricates and fricatives}} :* {{IPA|/d͡z/}} and {{IPA|/t͡s/}} are apical alveolar {{IPA|[d͡z̺]}} and {{IPA|[t͡s̺]}}. They may be somewhat fronted, so that the stop component is laminal denti-alveolar, while the fricative component is apical post-dental. {{IPA|/t͡s/}} is rare and may not be phonemic. :** In the Standard, intervocalic {{IPA|/d͡z/}}, e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|se'''tz'''e}} ('sixteen'), and {{IPA|/t͡s/}}, e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|po'''ts'''er}} ('maybe'), are recommended to be pronounced with a gemination of the stop element ({{IPA|[dd͡z]}} and {{IPA|[tt͡s]}}, respectively. However this is not transcribed in standard transcriptions. :*** Note {{IPA|/d͡z/}} is deaffricated to {{IPAblink|z}} in verbs ending in {{lang|ca-valencia|-itzar}} and derivatives: {{lang|ca-valencia|anali'''tz'''ar}} {{IPA|[analiˈzaɾ]}} ('to analyse'), {{lang|ca-valencia|organi'''tz'''ació}} {{IPA|[oɾɣanizasiˈo]}} ('organisation'). Also in words like {{lang|ca-valencia|bo'''tz'''ina}} {{IPA|[boˈzina]}} ('horn'), {{lang|ca-valencia|hori'''tz'''ó}} {{IPA|[oɾiˈzo]}} ('horizon') and {{lang|ca-valencia|maga'''tz'''em}} {{IPA|[maɣaˈzem]}} ('storehouse') (cf. {{lang|ca-valencia|gui'''tz'''a}} {{IPA|[ˈɡid͡za]}}, 'kick' (from an animal)). :* {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}, ({{IPA|[ʒ]}}), and {{IPA|/ʃ/}} are described as back alveolo-palatal, or postalveolar. :** Valencian has preserved in most of its varieties the mediaeval [voiced pre-palatal affricate](/source/voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate) {{IPAslink|d͡ʑ|d͡ʒ}} (similar to the ''j'' in English "jeep") in contexts where other modern dialects have developed [fricative consonant](/source/fricative_consonant)s {{IPA|/ʒ/}} (like the ''si'' in English "vision"), e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|di'''j'''ous}} {{IPA|[diˈd͡ʒɔws]}} ('Thursday'). :** Note the fricative {{IPAblink|ʑ|ʒ}} (and {{IPA|[jʒ]}}) appears only as a voiced [allophone](/source/allophone) of {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (and {{IPA|/jʃ/}}) before vowels and voiced consonants; e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|pe'''ix''' al forn}} {{IPA|[ˈpejʒ al ˈfoɾn]}} ('oven fish'). :** Unlike other Catalan dialects, {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} and {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} do not geminate (in most accents): {{lang|ca-valencia|me'''tg'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈmed͡ʒe]}} ('medic'), and {{lang|ca-valencia|co'''tx'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈkot͡ʃe]}} ('car'). Exceptions may include learned terms like {{lang|ca-valencia|pi'''dg'''in}} {{IPA|[ˈpidd͡ʒin]}} ('pidgin'). :** Final etymological {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} is devoiced to {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}: {{lang|ca-valencia|lle'''ig'''}} {{IPA|[ˈʎet͡ʃ]}} ('ugly'). :* {{IPA|/z/}} and {{IPA|/s/}} are apical back alveolar {{IPA|[z̺]}} and {{IPA|[s̺]}}, also described as postalveolar. :** In some dialects, {{IPA|/s/}} is pronounced {{IPAblink|ʃ}} (or {{IPAblink|s̠ʲ}}, often represented as {{angbr|ʂ}}) after {{IPA|/i, j, ʎ, ɲ/}}. In the Standard only is accepted after {{IPA|/i/}} (in the inchoative form with {{IPA|/sk/}} → {{IPA|[ʃk]}}), and after {{IPA|/ʎ, ɲ/}}: {{lang|ca-valencia|ell'''s'''}} {{IPA|[ˈeʎʃ]}} ('they'). In some variants the result may be an affricate.{{sfn|Recasens Vives|2014|pp=253-254}} :** Final {{IPA|/z/}} is devoiced to {{IPA|[s]}} (also represented as {{IPA|[z̥]}}): {{lang|ca-valencia|brun'''z'''}} {{IPA|[ˈbɾuns]}} ('he/she buzzes'). :* {{IPA|/v/}} and {{IPA|/f/}} are labiodental. :** {{IPA|/v/}} occurs in Balearic,{{sfn|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=53}} [Alguerese](/source/Algherese_dialect), Standard Valencian and some areas in southern Catalonia (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|'''v'''iu}} {{IPA|[ˈviw]}}, 'he/she lives').{{sfn|Veny|2007|p=51}} It has [merged](/source/betacism) with {{IPA|/b/}} [elsewhere](/source/Catalan_language).{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=13}} :*** {{IPA|/v/}} is realised as an approximant {{IPAblink|ʋ}} after continuants: {{lang|ca-valencia|a'''v'''anç}} {{IPA|[aˈʋans]}} ('advance'). This is not transcribed in this article. :*** Final {{IPA|/v/}} is devoiced to {{IPA|[f]}} (also represented as {{IPA|[v̥]}}): {{lang|ca-valencia|sal'''v'''}} {{IPA|[ˈsalf]}} ('save, except'). ; Liquids {{nobold|(rhotics and laterals)}} * {{IPA|/l/}} is apical front alveolar {{IPA|[l̺]}}, and laminal denti-alveolar {{IPA|[l̪]}} before {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}}. (In addition, {{IPA|/l/}} is postalveolar {{IPA|[l̠]}} or alveolo-palatal {{IPA|[ʎ̟]}} before {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/ʃ/}}). ** {{IPA|/l/}} is normally [velarised](/source/velarization) ({{IPAblink|ɫ}}), especially in the coda. *** {{IPA|/l/}} is generally [dropped](/source/elision) in the word {{lang|ca-valencia|a'''l'''tre}} {{IPA|[ˈatɾe]}} ('other'), as well as in derived terms. * {{IPA|/ʎ/}} is laminal front alveolo-palatal {{IPA|[ʎ̟]}}. * {{IPA|/ɾ/}} is apical front alveolar {{IPA|[ɾ̺]}} and {{IPA|/r/}} is apical back alveolar {{IPA|[r̺]}}, also described as postalveolar. ** Between vowels, the two rhotics contrast (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|mi'''r'''a}} {{IPA|[ˈmiɾa]}} 'he/she looks' vs. {{lang|ca-valencia|mi'''rr'''a}} {{IPA|[ˈmira]}} 'myrrh'), but they are otherwise in complementary distribution. {{IPAblink|ɾ}} appears in the [onset](/source/syllable_onset), except in word-initial position ({{lang|ca-valencia|'''r'''uc}} 'donkey'), after {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, and {{IPA|/s/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|fol'''r'''e}} 'lining', {{lang|ca-valencia|hon'''r'''a}} 'honour', and {{lang|ca-valencia|Is'''r'''ael}} 'Israel'), and in [compounds](/source/compound_(linguistics)) ({{lang|ca-valencia|infra'''r'''oig}} 'infrared'), where {{IPAblink|r}} is used. ** {{IPA|/ɾ/}} is mostly retained in the coda (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|ana'''r'''}} {{IPA|[aˈnaɾ]}}, 'to go'), except for some cases where it can be dropped: {{lang|ca-valencia|p'''r'''endre}} {{IPA|[ˈpendɾe]}} ('to take'), {{lang|ca-valencia|a'''r'''bre}} {{IPA|[ˈabɾe]}} ('tree'), and {{lang|ca-valencia|dine'''r'''s}} {{IPA|[diˈnes]}} ('money'). *** In some dialects {{IPA|/ɾ/}} can be further dropped in combinatory forms with infinitives and pronouns ({{lang|ca-valencia|ana'''r'''-me'n}} {{IPA|[aˈna.men]}} 'to go away, to leave' [myself]). *** In other dialects, further instances of final {{IPA|/ɾ/}} (like nouns and/or infinitives, regardless of combinatory forms with pronouns) are lost: {{lang|ca-valencia|ana'''r'''}} {{IPA|[aˈna]}} ('to go'). ; Semivowels {{Anchor|Anchor semivowels}} * The vowels {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} have as non-vocalic correlates the semivowels {{IPA|[j]}} and {{IPA|[w]}}, respectively, which form a diphthong with the preceding or following vowel (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|h'''i'''ena}} {{IPA|[ˈjena]}} 'hyena', {{lang|ca-valencia|fe'''i'''a}} {{IPA|[ˈfeja]}} 'I or he/she was doing', {{lang|ca-valencia|me'''u'''a}} {{IPA|[ˈmewa]}} 'mine', {{lang|ca-valencia|pasq'''u'''a}} {{IPA|[ˈpaskwa]}} 'Easter'). ** According {{Harvcoltxt|Wheeler|2005}},{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=101}} the sequences {{IPA|[ɡw]}} or {{IPA|[kw]}} are regarded as labiovelar phonemes {{IPA|/ɡʷ/}} and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;" |+Valencian diphthongs |- ! colspan="6" | Falling |- | {{IPA|[aj]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|'''ai'''gua}} || 'water' || {{IPA|[aw]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|t'''au'''la}} || 'table' |- | {{IPA|[ɛj]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|ol'''ei'''c}} || 'oleic' || {{IPA|[ɛw]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|p'''eu'''}} || 'foot' |- | {{IPA|[ej]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|r'''ei'''}} || 'king' || {{IPA|[ew]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|s'''eu'''}} || 'his/her' |- | {{IPA|[ij]}} ({{IPA|/iː/}}) || {{lang|ca-valencia|ant'''ii'''matge}} || 'anti-image' || {{IPA|[iw]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|r'''iu'''}} || 'river' |- | {{IPA|[ɔj]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|her'''oi''' }} || 'hero' || {{IPA|[ɔw]}}{{efn-lr|{{IPA|[ɔw]}} (phon. {{IPA|[ɒw]}}) may merge with {{IPA|[aw]}} (phon. {{IPA|[ɑw]}}) in Southern Valencian, thus {{lang|ca-valencia|'''ou'''}} ('egg') and {{lang|ca-valencia|'''au'''}} ('bird') sound the same.}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|'''ou'''}} || 'egg' |- | {{IPA|[oj]}}{{efn-lr|Mainly found as part of the digraph {{angbr|ix}} (i.e. ''o'' + ''ix''), it merges with {{IPA|[o]}} in yod-dropping accents (including some Valencian dialects and most Eastern Catalan dialects), and with {{IPA|[uj]}} in unstressed position (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|M'''oi'''sés}}/{{lang|ca|M'''oi'''sès}} 'Moses'), in most Eastern Catalan dialects.}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|F'''oi'''x }} || '[Foix](/source/Foix)' || {{IPA|[ow]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|s'''ou'''}} || 'you ({{abbr|pl.|plural}}) are' |- | {{IPA|[uj]}}{{efn-lr|Merges with {{IPA|[wi]}} in some dialects, in others it contrasts with {{IPA|[wi]}} {{lang|ca-valencia|h'''ui'''}} ('today').}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|b'''ui'''t}} || 'empty' || {{IPA|[uw]}} ({{IPA|/uː/}}) || {{lang|ca-valencia|d'''uu'''}} || 'he/she carries' |- ! colspan="6" | Rising |- | {{IPA|[ja]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|'''ia'''io}} || 'grandpa' || {{IPA|[wa]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|q'''ua'''tre}} || 'four' |- | {{IPA|[jɛ]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|A'''ie'''lo}} || '[Aielo](/source/Aielo)' || {{IPA|[wɛ]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|seq'''üè'''ncia}} || 'sequence' |- | {{IPA|[je]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|ba'''ie'''s}} || 'berries' || {{IPA|[we]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|ung'''üe'''nt}} || 'ointment' |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | || {{IPA|[wi]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|ping'''üí'''}} || 'penguin' |- | {{IPA|[jɔ]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|'''io'''de}} || 'iodine' || {{IPA|[wɔ]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|q'''uò'''rum}} || 'quorum' |- | {{IPA|[jo]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|Fo'''io'''s}} || '[Foios](/source/Foios)' || {{IPA|[wo]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|q'''uo'''tidià}} || 'daily, quotidian' |- |{{IPA|[ju]}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|'''iu'''goslau}} || 'Yugoslav' || colspan="3" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | |} Notes: {{Notelist-lr}} ; Clusters [Clusters](/source/Consonant_cluster) may consist of a consonant plus a semivowel (C{{IPA|[j]}}, C{{IPA|[w]}}) or an obstruent plus a liquid. * Word-initial clusters from Graeco-Latin learned words tend to drop the first phoneme: {{lang|ca-valencia|'''gn'''om}} {{IPA|[ˈnom]}} ('gnome'), {{lang|ca-valencia|'''mn'''emotècnia}} {{IPA|[nemoˈtɛŋnia]}} ('mnemotechnical'), {{lang|ca-valencia|'''pn'''eumàtic}} {{IPA|[newˈmatik]}} ('pneumatic'), {{lang|ca-valencia|'''ps'''eudònim}} {{IPA|[sewˈðɔnim]}} ('pseudonym'), {{lang|ca|'''pt'''erodàctil}} {{IPA|[teɾoˈðaktil]}} ('pterodactylus'), etc.{{sfn|Recasens Vives|1996|p=175}} * Word-medial codas are restricted to one consonant + {{IPA|[s]}} (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|extra}} {{IPA|[ˈeks.tɾa]}} ('extra').{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=166}} * In the coda position, voice contrasts among obstruents are neutralised (see "obstruents" above).{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=145}}. ** The pronunciation of final {{IPA|/mp, nt, nk/}} (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|ca'''mp'''}} 'field', {{lang|ca-valencia|pu'''nt'''}} 'point' and {{lang|ca-valencia|ba'''nc'''}} 'bank') is usually retained in the standard and most Valencian dialects, this includes plural forms (+ {{IPA|[s]}}): {{lang|ca-valencia|ca'''mps'''}} {{IPA|[ˈkamps]}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|pu'''nts'''}} {{IPA|[ˈpun̪ts]}} and {{lang|ca-valencia|ba'''ncs'''}} {{IPA|[ˈbaŋks]}}. Medial {{angbr|mp}} before consonant merges with {{IPA|/m/}}, e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|co'''mp'''te}} ('account') and {{lang|ca-valencia|co'''m'''te}} ('count') are pronounced as {{IPA|[ˈkomte]}}. ** Other clusters include {{IPA|/lp/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|Ca'''lp'''}} '[Calp](/source/Calpe)'), {{IPA|/lt/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|a'''lt'''}} 'high, tall'), {{IPA|/lk/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|ta'''lc'''}} 'talc'); {{IPA|/ɾp/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|se'''rp'''}} 'snake'), {{IPA|/ɾt/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|ce'''rt'''}} 'true, certain'), {{IPA|/ɾk/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|ma'''rc'''}} 'frame'); and {{IPA|/sp/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|cre'''sp'''}} 'curly'), {{IPA|/st/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|gu'''st'''}} 'taste'), {{IPA|/sk/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|ca'''sc'''}} 'helmet'). ; Metathesis * In some places, some terms can undergo [sound change](/source/sound_change)s (such as metathesis), like {{lang|ca-valencia|cridar}} → *{{lang|ca-valencia|crid(r)ar}} or {{lang|ca-valencia|quid(r)ar}} ('to call'). This is heard frequently in the term {{lang|ca-valencia|aigua}} (standard) → {{lang|ca-valencia|àuia}} (colloquial) ('water'). === Morphology === * The present first-person singular of verbs differs from Central Catalan. All those forms without final -''o'' are more akin to mediaeval Catalan and contemporary Balearic Catalan. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;" |+ '''Comparison of present first-person singular with Central Catalan''' |- ! scope="col" rowspan="3" | Stem !! scope="col" colspan="2" | Infinitive !! scope="col" colspan="5" | Present first person singular |- ! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Catalan !! scope="col" rowspan=2 | English !! scope="col" colspan="2" | Valencian !! scope="col" colspan="2" | Central !! scope="col" rowspan="2" | English |- ! !! scope="col" | IPA !! !! scope="col" | IPA |- | scope="row" | -''ar'' || {{lang|ca|parlar}} || to speak || {{lang|ca-valencia|parle}} || {{IPA|[ˈpaɾle]}} || {{lang|ca|parlo}} || {{IPA|[ˈpaɾlu]}} || I speak |- | scope="row" | -''re'' || {{lang|ca|batre}} || to beat || {{lang|ca-valencia|bat}} || {{IPA|[ˈbat]}} || {{lang|ca|bato}} || {{IPA|[ˈbatu]}} || I beat |- | scope="row" | -''er'' || {{lang|ca|témer}} || to fear || {{lang|ca-valencia|tem}} || {{IPA|[ˈtem]}} || {{lang|ca|temo}} || {{IPA|[ˈtemu]}}|| I fear |- | scope="row" rowspan="2" | -''ir'' || rowspan="2" | {{lang|ca|sentir}} || rowspan="2" | to feel || {{lang|ca-valencia|sent}} || {{IPA|[ˈsent]}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|ca|sento}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ˈsentu]}}|| rowspan="2" | I feel |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|senc}} (col.) || {{IPA|[ˈseŋk]}} |- | scope="row" rowspan="2" | inchoative -''ir'' || rowspan="2" | {{lang|ca|patir}} || scope="col"rowspan="2" | to suffer || {{lang|ca-valencia|patisc}} || {{IPA|[paˈtisk]}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|ca|pateixo}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[pəˈtɛʃu]}} || rowspan="2" | I suffer |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|patesc}} ||{{IPA|[paˈtesk]}} |} * Present subjunctive is more akin to medieval Catalan and Spanish; -''ar'' infinitives end {{angle bracket|e}}, -''re'', -''er'' and -''ir'' verbs end in {{angle bracket|a}} (in contemporary Central Catalan present subjunctive ends in {{angle bracket|i}}). * An exclusive feature of Valencian is the [subjunctive](/source/subjunctive_mood) imperfect morpheme -''ra'': {{lang|ca-valencia|que ell vinguera}} ('that he might come'). * Valencian has -''i''- as theme vowel for inchoative verbs of the third conjugation; e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|servix}} ('he/she serves'), like North-Western Catalan. Although, again, this cannot be generalised since there are Valencian dialects that utilise -''ei''-, e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|serveix}}. * In Valencian the simple past tense (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|cantà}} 'he sang') is more frequently used in speech than in Central Catalan, where the periphrastic past (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|va cantar}} 'he sang') is prevailing and the simple past mostly appears in written language. The same, however, may be said of the Balearic dialects. * The second-person singular of the present tense of the verb {{lang|ca-valencia|ser}} ('to be'), {{lang|ca-valencia|ets}} ('you [{{abbr|s.|singular}}] are'), has been replaced by {{lang|ca-valencia|eres}} in colloquial speech. * The infinitive {{lang|ca-valencia|veure}} ('to see') has the variant {{lang|ca-valencia|vore}}, which belongs to more informal and spontaneous registers. * The usage of the periphrasis of obligation {{lang|ca-valencia|tindre}} + {{lang|ca-valencia|que}} + infinitive is widely spread in colloquial Valencian, instead of the Standard {{lang|ca-valencia|haver}} + {{lang|ca-valencia|de}} (equivalent to English "have to"). * In colloquial speech the first person [singular] of the verb ''haver'' 'to have' (''he''), found mainly in the present perfect tense (''haver'' + past participle), has merged with the third person [singular] (''ha''). Thus, ''m'he comprat uns calcetins'' ('I have bought some socks') becomes ''m'ha comprat uns calcetins''. ;Clitics * In general, use of modern forms of the determinate article ({{lang|ca-valencia|el}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|els}} 'the') and the third-person unstressed object pronouns ({{lang|ca-valencia|el}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|els}} 'him, them'), though some dialects (for instance the one spoken in [Vinaròs](/source/Vinar%C3%B2s) area) preserve etymological forms {{lang|ca-valencia|lo}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|los}} as in [Lleida](/source/Lleida). For the other unstressed object pronouns, etymological old forms ({{lang|ca-valencia|me}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|te}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|se}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|ne}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|mos}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|vos}}...) can be found, depending on places, in conjunction with the more modern reinforced ones ({{lang|ca-valencia|em}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|et}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|es}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|en}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|ens}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|us}}...). ** Several local variations for {{lang|ca-valencia|nosaltres}} ('we'), {{lang|ca-valencia|vosaltres}} ('you [{{abbr|pl.|plural}}]'): {{lang|ca-valencia|mosatros}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|moatros}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|matros}}, etc. and {{lang|ca-valencia|vosatros}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|voatros}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|vatros}}, etc.; also for the weak form {{lang|ca-valencia|mos}}/{{lang|ca-valencia|-mos}} instead of standard {{lang|ca-valencia|ens}}/{{lang|ca-valencia|'ns}}/{{lang|ca-valencia|-nos}} ('us') and {{lang|ca-valencia|vos}}/{{lang|ca-valencia|-vos}} instead of {{lang|ca-valencia|us}}/{{lang|ca-valencia|-vos}} ('you {{abbr|pl.|plural}}'), the latter ({{lang|ca-valencia|vos}}, instead of {{lang|ca-valencia|us}}) is considered standard. * The adverbial pronoun {{lang|ca-valencia|hi}} ('there') is almost never used in speech and is replaced by other pronouns. The adverbial pronoun {{lang|ca-valencia|en}} ('him/her/them/it') is used less than in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands.{{cite book|first=Antoni M.|last=Badia i Margarit|title=Gramática de la llengua catalana: Descriptiva, normativa, diatópica, diastrática|publisher=Proa|location=Barcelona|year=1995|language=ca}} * [Combined weak clitics](/source/Catalan_personal_pronouns) with {{lang|ca-valencia|li}} ('him/her/it') preserve the {{lang|ca-valencia|li}}, whereas in Central Catalan it is replaced by {{lang|ca-valencia|hi}}. For example, the combination {{lang|ca-valencia|li}} + {{lang|ca-valencia|el}} gives {{lang|ca-valencia|li'l}} in Valencian ({{lang|ca|l'hi}} in Central Catalan). * The weak pronoun {{lang|ca-valencia|ho}} ('it') is pronounced as: ** {{IPA|[ew]}}, when it forms syllable with a pronoun: {{lang|ca-valencia|m'ho dona}} {{IPA|[mew ˈðona]}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|dona-m'ho}} {{IPA|[ˈdonamew]}} ('he/she gives it to me') ** {{IPA|[ew]}} or {{IPA|[u]}}, when it comes before a verb starting with consonant: {{lang|ca-valencia|ho dona}} {{IPA|[ew ˈðona]}} (or {{IPA|[u ˈðona]}}) ('he/she gives it') ** {{IPA|[w]}}, when precedes a vowel or when coming after a vowel: {{lang|ca-valencia|li ho dona}} {{IPA|[liw ˈðona]}} ('he/she gives it to her/him'), {{lang|ca-valencia|dona-ho}} {{IPA|[ˈdonaw]}} ('you [{{abbr|s.|singular}}] give it') ** {{IPA|[o]}}, when it comes after a consonant or a semivowel: {{lang|ca-valencia|donar-ho}} {{IPA|[doˈnaɾo]}} ('to give it'). * The personal pronoun {{lang|ca-valencia|jo}} ('I') and the adverb {{lang|ca-valencia|ja}} ('already') are not pronounced according to the spelling, but to the etymology ({{IPA|[ˈjɔ]}} and {{IPA|[ˈja]}}, instead of {{IPA|/ˈ(d)ʒɔ/}} and {{IPA|/ˈ(d)ʒa/}}). Similar pronunciations can be heard in North-Western Catalan and Ibizan. * The preposition {{lang|ca-valencia|amb}} ('with') merges with {{lang|ca-valencia|en}} ('in') in most Valencian dialects. * The compound preposition {{lang|ca-valencia|per a}} ('for') is usually reduced to {{lang|ca-valencia|p'a}} in colloquial Valencian. * Valencian preserves the mediaeval system of demonstratives with three different levels of demonstrative precision ({{lang|ca-valencia|este}} or {{lang|ca-valencia|aquest}}/{{lang|ca-valencia|açò}}/{{lang|ca-valencia|ací}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|eixe}} or {{lang|ca-valencia|aqueix}}/{{lang|ca-valencia|això}}/{{lang|ca-valencia|ahí}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|aquell}}/{{lang|ca-valencia|allò}}/{{lang|ca-valencia|allí}} or {{lang|ca-valencia|allà}}, where {{lang|ca-valencia|aquest}} and {{lang|ca-valencia|aqueix}} are almost never used) (feature shared with modern Ribagorçan and Tortosan). ** The colloquial variant of {{lang|ca-valencia|açò}} ('this'), {{lang|ca-valencia|astò}}, is heard frequently in ''Alacantí Valencian''. === Vocabulary === Valencian vocabulary contains words both restricted to the Valencian-speaking domain, as well as words shared with other Catalan varieties, especially with [North-Western ones](/source/Northwestern_Catalan). Words are rarely spread evenly over the Valencian Community, but are usually contained to parts of it, or spread out into other dialectal areas. Examples include {{lang|ca-valencia|hui}} 'today' (found in all of Valencia except transitional dialects, in Northern dialects {{lang|ca-valencia|avui}}) and {{lang|ca-valencia|espill}} 'mirror' (shared with North-Western dialects, Central Catalan {{lang|ca|mirall}}). There is also variation within Valencia, such as 'corn', which is {{lang|ca-valencia|dacsa}} in Central and Southern Valencian, but {{lang|ca-valencia|panís}} in Alicante and Northern Valencian (as well as in North-Western Catalan). Since Standard Valencian is based on the Southern dialect, words from this dialect are often used as primary forms in the standard language, despite other words traditionally being used in other Valencian dialects. Examples of this are {{lang|ca-valencia|tomaca}} 'tomato' (which is {{lang|ca-valencia|tomata}} outside of Southern Valencian) and {{lang|ca-valencia|matalaf}} 'mattress' (which is {{lang|ca-valencia|matalap}} in parts of Valencia, including the Southern Valencian area). {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 1em;" |+ Written varieties (phonetics) ! Valencian ([AVL](/source/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua)) ! Catalan ([IEC](/source/Institut_d'Estudis_Catalans)) ! English |- | '''{{lang|ca-valencia|anglés}}''' | '''{{lang|ca|anglès}}''' | English |- | '''{{lang|ca-valencia|conéixer}}''' | '''{{lang|ca|conèixer}}''' | to know |- | '''{{lang|ca-valencia|traure}}''' | '''{{lang|ca|treure}}''' | take out |- | '''{{lang|ca-valencia|nàixer}}''' | '''{{lang|ca|néixer}}''' | to be born |- | '''{{lang|ca-valencia|cànter}}''' | '''{{lang|ca|càntir}}''' | pitcher |- | '''{{lang|ca-valencia|redó}}''' | '''{{lang|ca|rodó}}''' | round |- | '''{{lang|ca-valencia|meua}}''' | '''{{lang|ca|meva}}''' | my, mine |- | '''{{lang|ca-valencia|huit}}''' | '''{{lang|ca|vuit}}''' | eight |- | '''{{lang|ca-valencia|ametla}}''' | '''{{lang|ca|ametlla}}''' | almond |- | '''{{lang|ca-valencia|estrela}}''' | '''{{lang|ca|estrella}}''' | star |- | '''{{lang|ca-valencia|colp}}''' | '''{{lang|ca|cop}}''' | hit |- | '''{{lang|ca-valencia|llangosta}}''' | '''{{lang|ca|llagosta}}''' | lobster |- | '''{{lang|ca-valencia|hòmens}}''' | '''{{lang|ca|homes}}''' | men |- | '''{{lang|ca-valencia|servici}}''' | '''{{lang|ca|servei}}''' | service |} Below are a selection of words which differ or have different forms in Standard Valencian and Catalan. In many cases, both standards include this variation in their respective dictionaries, but differ as to what form is considered primary. In other cases, Valencian includes colloquial forms not present in the IEC standard. Primary forms in each standard are shown in bold (and may be more than one form). Words in brackets are present in the standard in question, but differ in meaning from how the [cognate](/source/cognate) is used in the other standard. :{| class="wikitable" |- ! Standard Valencian ([AVL](/source/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua))''Diccionari Normatiu Valencià''. http://www.avl.gva.es/lexicval/ !! Standard Catalan ([IEC](/source/Institut_d'Estudis_Catalans))''Diccionari de la llengua catalana'', ''Segona edició''. http://dlc.iec.cat/index.html !! English |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''ací'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|aquí}} || {{lang|ca|'''aquí'''}}, {{lang|ca|ací}} || here |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''avi'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|iaio}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|uelo}} || {{lang|ca|'''avi'''}}, {{lang|ca|iaio}} || grandpa |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''així'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|aixina}} || {{lang|ca|'''així'''}} || like this |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''artista'''}}; {{lang|ca-valencia|artiste}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|-a}} || {{lang|ca|'''artista'''}} || artist |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''bou'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|brau}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|toro}} || {{lang|ca|'''toro'''}}, {{lang|ca|bou}}, {{lang|ca|brau}} || bull |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''brull'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|brossat}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|mató}} || {{lang|ca|'''mató'''}}, {{lang|ca|brull}}, {{lang|ca|brossat}} || curd cheese |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''bresquilla'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|préssec}} || {{lang|ca|'''préssec'''}}, {{lang|ca|bresquilla}} || peach |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''festa'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|comboi}} || {{lang|ca|'''festa'''}} || fest |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''corder'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|xai}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|anyell}} || {{lang|ca|'''xai'''}}, {{lang|ca|corder}}, {{lang|ca|anyell}} || lamb |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''creïlla'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|patata}} || {{lang|ca|'''patata'''}}, {{lang|ca|creïlla}} || potato |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''dacsa'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|panís}} || {{lang|ca|'''blat de moro'''}}, {{lang|ca|panís}} || corn |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''dènou'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|dèneu}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|dinou}} || {{lang|ca|'''dinou'''}}, {{lang|ca|dènou}} || nineteen |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''dos'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|dues}} || {{lang|ca|'''dues'''}}, {{lang|ca|dos}} || two ({{abbr|f.|femenine}}) |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''eixe'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|'''aqueix'''}} || {{lang|ca|'''aqueix'''}}, {{lang|ca|eixe}} || that |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''eixir'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|sortir}} || {{lang|ca|'''sortir'''}}, {{lang|ca|eixir}} || to exit, leave |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''engrunsador(a)'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|gronxador(a)}} || {{lang|ca|'''gronxador(a)'''}} || swing |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''espill'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|mirall}} || {{lang|ca|'''mirall'''}}, {{lang|ca|espill}} || mirror |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''este'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|'''aquest'''}} || {{lang|ca|'''aquest'''}}, {{lang|ca|este}} || this |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''fraula'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|maduixa}} || {{lang|ca|'''maduixa'''}}, {{lang|ca|fraula}} || strawberry |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''germà'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|tete}} || {{lang|ca|'''germà'''}} || brother |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''granera'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|escombra}} || {{lang|ca|'''escombra'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|granera}} || broom |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''hui'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|avui}} || {{lang|ca|'''avui'''}}, {{lang|ca|hui}} || today |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''llaurador'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|pagés}} || {{lang|ca|'''pagès'''}}, {{lang|ca|laurador}} || farmer |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''lluny'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|llunt}} || {{lang|ca|'''lluny'''}} || far |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''matalaf'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|matalap}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|matalàs}} || {{lang|ca|'''matalàs'''}}, {{lang|ca|matalaf}} || mattress |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''melic'''}} || {{lang|ca|'''llombrígol'''}}, {{lang|ca|melic}} || belly button |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''meló d'Alger'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|meló d'aigua}}, {{lang|ca|síndria}} || {{lang|ca|'''síndria'''}}, {{lang|ca|meló d'Alger}}, {{lang|ca|meló d'aigua}} || watermelon |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''mitat'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|meitat}} || {{lang|ca|'''meitat'''}}, {{lang|ca|mitat}} || half |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''palometa'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|papallona}} || {{lang|ca|'''papallona'''}}, {{lang|ca|palometa}} || butterfly |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''paréixer'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|semblar}} || {{lang|ca|'''semblar'''}}, {{lang|ca|parèixer}} || to seem |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''per favor'''}} || {{lang|ca|'''si us plau'''}}, {{lang|ca|per favor}} || please |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''poal'''}} || {{lang|ca|'''galleda'''}} || bucket |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''quint'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|cinqué}} || {{lang|ca|'''cinquè'''}}, {{lang|ca|quint}} || fifth |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''rabosa'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|guineu}} || {{lang|ca|'''guineu'''}}, {{lang|ca|rabosa}} || fox |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''roí(n)'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|dolent}} || {{lang|ca|'''dolent'''}}, {{lang|ca|roí}} || bad, evil |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''roig'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|vermell}} || {{lang|ca|'''vermell'''}}, {{lang|ca|roig}} || red |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''safanòria'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|'''carlota'''}} || {{lang|ca|'''pastanaga'''}}, {{lang|ca|safanòria}}, {{lang|ca|carrota}} || carrot |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''sext'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|sisé}} || {{lang|ca|'''sisè'''}}, {{lang|ca|sext}} || sixth |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''tindre'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|tenir}} || {{lang|ca|'''tenir'''}}, {{lang|ca|tindre}} || to have |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''tomaca'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|tomàquet}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|tomata}} || {{lang|ca|'''tomàquet'''}}, {{lang|ca|tomaca}}, {{lang|ca|tomata}} || tomato |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''vacacions'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|vacances}} || {{lang|ca|'''vacances'''}}, {{lang|ca|vacacions}} || holidays |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''vesprada'''}} || {{lang|ca|'''tarda'''}} || afternoon |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''veure'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|vore}} || {{lang|ca|'''veure'''}} || to see |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''vindre'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|venir}} || {{lang|ca|'''venir'''}}, {{lang|ca|vindre}} || to come |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''xicotet'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|petit}} || {{lang|ca|'''petit'''}}, {{lang|ca|xicotet}} || small |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''xiquet'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|nen}} || {{lang|ca|'''nen'''}}, {{lang|ca|nin}}, {{lang|ca|xiquet}} || rowspan="2" | boy |- | {{lang|ca-valencia|'''xic'''}}  || {{lang|ca|'''noi'''}}, {{lang|ca|xic}} |} == Writing system == {{Main|Catalan orthography}} {{See also|Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan}}
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align: center;" ! Main
forms | {{lang|ca-valencia|[A](/source/A)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[a](/source/a)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[B](/source/B)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[b](/source/b)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-ca-valencia|[C](/source/C)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[c](/source/c)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[D](/source/D)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[d](/source/d)|italic=unset}} | colspan="2" | {{lang|ca-valencia|[E](/source/E)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[e](/source/e)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[F](/source/F)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[f](/source/f)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[G](/source/G)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[g](/source/g)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[H](/source/H)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[h](/source/h)|italic=unset}} | colspan="2" | {{lang|ca-valencia|[I](/source/I)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[i](/source/i)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[J](/source/J)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[j](/source/j)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[K](/source/K)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[k](/source/k)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[L](/source/L)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[l](/source/l)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[M](/source/M)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[m](/source/m)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[N](/source/N)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[n](/source/n)|italic=unset}} | colspan="2" | {{lang|ca-valencia|[O](/source/O)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[o](/source/o)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[P](/source/P)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[p](/source/p)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[Q](/source/Q)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[q](/source/q)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[R](/source/R)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[r](/source/r)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[S](/source/S)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[s](/source/s)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[T](/source/T)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[t](/source/t)|italic=unset}} | colspan="2" | {{lang|ca-valencia|[U](/source/U)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[u](/source/u)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[V](/source/V)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[v](/source/v)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[W](/source/W)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[w](/source/w)|italic=unset}} | colspan="2" | {{lang|ca-valencia|[X](/source/X)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[x](/source/x)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[Y](/source/Y)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[y](/source/y)|italic=unset}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|[Z](/source/Z)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[z](/source/z)|italic=unset}} |- ! {{Abbr|Mod.|Modified}}
forms | {{lang|ca-valencia|[À](/source/%C3%80)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[à](/source/%C3%A0)|italic=unset}} | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | | {{lang|ca-valencia|[Ç](/source/%C3%87)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[ç](/source/%C3%A7)|italic=unset}} | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | | {{lang|ca-valencia|[É](/source/%C3%89)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[é](/source/%C3%A9)|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|[È](/source/%C3%88)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[è](/source/%C3%A8)|italic=unset}} | colspan="3" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | | {{lang|ca-valencia|[Í](/source/%C3%8D)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[í](/source/%C3%AD)|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|[Ï](/source/%C3%8F)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[ï](/source/%C3%AF)|italic=unset}} | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | | {{lang|ca-valencia|[ĿL](/source/Catalan_orthography)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[ŀl](/source/%C5%80l)|italic=unset}} | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | | {{lang|ca-valencia|[Ó](/source/%C3%93)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[ó](/source/%C3%B3)|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|[Ò](/source/%C3%92)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[ò](/source/%C3%B2)|italic=unset}} | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | | {{lang|ca-valencia|[Ú](/source/%C3%9A)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[ú](/source/%C3%BA)|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca-valencia|[Ü](/source/%C3%9C)|italic=unset}}
{{lang|ca-valencia|[ü](/source/%C3%BC)|italic=unset}} | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | |- ! IPA | {{IPA|/a/}}{{efn-lr|name="[e]"|In Valencian, final {{angbr|a}} in the masculine forms of the suffix -''ista'' is pronounced {{IPA|[e]}} (e.g. ''artist'''a''''' {{IPA|[aɾˈtiste]}} 'artist', m.). This is sometimes reflected in the orthography (''artiste'').}} | {{IPA|/b/}}{{efn-lr|name="lenition"|Voiced stops {{IPA|/b, d, g/}} become [fricative](/source/fricative)s or [approximant](/source/approximant)s in syllable onsets, after [continuant](/source/continuant)s: {{IPA|/b/ → [β]}} (e.g. ''o'''b'''ert'' 'open'), {{IPA|/d/ → [ð]}} (e.g. ''fa'''d'''a'' 'fairy'), {{IPA|/ɡ/ → [ɣ]}} (e.g. ''se'''g'''on'' 'second'). Exceptions include {{IPA|/d/}} after [lateral consonant](/source/lateral_consonant)s and {{IPA|/b/}} after the labiodental {{IPA|/f/}}. In {{IPA|/b/}}-{{IPA|/v/}} distinguishing dialects (which includes the standard) {{IPA|/b/}} fails to lenite.}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"|The consonants and digraphs {{angbr|b, d, g, v / w, z, (i)g / j, tz}} {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ, v, z, d͡ʒ, d͡z/}} become {{IPA|[p, t, k, f, s, t͡ʃ, t͡s]}} in final position (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|clu'''b'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|fre'''d'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|re'''g'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|sal'''v'''}} / ''Tomászo'''w''''', {{lang|ca-valencia|brun'''z'''}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|mi'''g'''}} / ''Ra'''j''''', {{lang|ca-valencia|Her'''tz'''}}).}} | {{IPA|/k/}}{{efn-lr|name="central and back"}}
{{IPA|/s/}}{{efn-lr|name="front"}} | {{IPA|/d/}}{{efn-lr|name="lenition"}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"}} | {{IPA|/e/}}{{efn-lr|name="[a]"|In Valencian, initial {{angbr|e}} is often pronounced {{IPA|[a]}}, especially before [nasals](/source/nasal_consonant) (e.g. '''''e'''nclusa'' {{IPA|[aŋˈkluza]}} 'anvil') or a [sibilant](/source/sibilant) ('''''e'''ixam'' {{IPA|[ajˈʃam]}} 'swarm').}}{{efn-lr|name="-ixement"|In Valencian, {{angbr|e}} is often pronounced {{IPA|[i]}} in the suffix -''ix'''e'''ment'' (e.g. ''coneix'''e'''ment'' {{IPA|[konejʃiˈment]}} 'knowledge').}} | {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | {{IPA|/f/}} | {{IPA|/ɡ/}}{{efn-lr|name="central and back"}}{{efn-lr|name="lenition"}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"}}{{efn-lr|name="gn"|{{angbr|g}} before [nasals](/source/nasal_consonant) (e.g. the group {{angbr|gn}} {{IPA|/ɡn/}}) is often assimilated to {{IPA|[ŋ]}} in both Catalan and Valencian (e.g. ''sa'''g'''na'' {{IPA|[ˈsaŋna]}} 'he/she bleeds').}}
{{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}{{efn-lr|name="front"}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"}} | ∅{{efn-lr|name="h"|{{IPA|/h/}} in [loanword](/source/loanword)s (e.g. '''''h'''awaià'' 'Hawaiian', '''''h'''ippy'' 'hippy') and [interjection](/source/interjection)s (''e'''h'''em'' 'ahem').}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/i/}}
{{IPA|/j/}}{{efn-lr|name="semivowels"|Before or after another vowel (also transcribed as {{IPA|/i̯/}} and/or {{IPA|/u̯/}}).}} | {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}{{efn-lr|name="central and back"}}{{efn-lr|name="exceptions before e and i"|For etymological reasons, {{angbr|j}} is written before {{lang|ca-valencia|e}} {{IPA|/e/}} in certain cases, such as {{lang|ca-valencia|'''j'''erarquia}} ('hierarchy'), {{lang|ca-valencia|'''j'''eroglífic}} ('hieroglyph'), {{lang|ca-valencia|'''j'''ersei}} ('jersey'), {{lang|ca-valencia|'''j'''esuïta}} ('Jesuit'), {{lang|ca-valencia|ma'''j'''estat}} ('majesty'), etc., and before the groups -{{lang|ca-valencia|ecc}}- and -{{lang|ca-valencia|ect}}-: {{lang|ca-valencia|in'''j'''ecció}} ('injection'), {{lang|ca-valencia|ob'''j'''ecte}} ('object'), etc. In fewer cases, and mainly in loanwords, {{angbr|j}} is also found before {{lang|ca-valencia|i}} {{IPA|/i/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|Bei'''j'''ing}} 'Beijing', {{lang|ca-valencia|fi'''j'''ià}} 'Fijian', {{lang|ca-valencia|Fu'''j'''i}} 'Fuji', {{lang|ca-valencia|'''J'''im}} 'Jim', etc.).}}{{efn-lr|name="j"|In Valencian, {{angbr|j}} is pronounced {{IPA|/j/}} ([yod](/source/yod_(sound))) in terms like '''''j'''o'' ('I') and '''''j'''a'' ('already').
The Spanish {{angbr|j}} {{IPA|/x/}} is found in loanwords like ''oru'''j'''o'' ('grape liqueur') or ''La Rio'''j'''a'' ('La Rioja').}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"}} | {{IPA|/k/}} | {{IPA|/l/}} | {{IPA|/m/}} | {{IPA|/n/}} | {{IPA|/o/}}{{efn-lr|name="[u]"|In Valencian, {{angbr|o}} is sometimes pronounced {{IPA|[u]}}, particularly before [labials](/source/labial_consonant) (e.g. ''c'''o'''bert'' {{IPA|[kuˈbɛɾt]}} 'covered, cutlery' ) or a [syllable](/source/syllable) with the vowel {{IPA|/i/}} (''s'''o'''spira'' {{IPA|[susˈpiɾa]}} 'he or she sighs').}} | {{IPA|/ɔ/}} | {{IPA|/p/}} | {{IPA|/k/}} | {{IPA|/r/}}{{efn-lr|name="r"}}
{{IPA|/ɾ/}}{{efn-lr|name="r"}} | {{IPA|/s/}}{{efn-lr|name="s"}}
{{IPA|/z/}}{{efn-lr|name="s"}} | {{IPA|/t/}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/u/}}
{{IPA|/w/}}{{efn-lr|name="gu, qu"|After {{IPA|[ɡ]}} or {{IPA|[k]}} (often analysed as labiovelar consonants {{IPA|/ɡʷ/}} and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}).}}{{efn-lr|name="semivowels"}} | {{IPA|/v/}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"}} | {{IPA|/w/}}{{efn-lr|name="semivowels"}}
{{IPA|/v/}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"}} | {{IPA|/ks/}}{{efn-lr|name="ics"|The {{angbr|x}} {{IPA|/ks/}} pronunciation is found between vowels (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|mà'''x'''im}} 'maximum'), between a vowel and voiceless consonant ({{lang|ca-valencia|e'''x'''tens}} 'extensive') and word finally, after a vowel ({{lang|ca-valencia|anne'''x'''}} 'annexe') or consonant ({{lang|ca-valencia|larin'''x'''}} 'larynx'). The letter {{angbr|x}} is pronounced {{IPA|/ɡz/}} in the initial groups {{lang|ca-valencia|e'''x'''-}} and {{lang|ca-valencia|ine'''x'''-}} followed by vowel, {{angbr|h}} or a voiced consonant ({{lang|ca-valencia|e'''x'''amen}} 'exam', {{lang|ca-valencia|e'''x'''hortar}} 'to exhort', {{lang|ca-valencia|e'''x'''diputat}} 'ex-deputy', {{lang|ca-valencia|ine'''x'''orable}} 'inexorable').}}
{{IPA|/ɡz/}}{{efn-lr|name="ics"}} | {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}{{efn-lr|name="xeix"|In Valencian, {{angbr|x}} is usually pronounced {{IPA|/ʃ/}} after the high vocoid {{IPA|/i/}} {{angbr|i}} (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|i'''x'''}} 'he/she goes out', {{lang|ca-valencia|pi'''x'''ar}} 'to pee', exceptions include learned terms: {{lang|ca-valencia|fi'''x'''ar}} 'to fix' and {{lang|ca-valencia|proli'''x'''}} 'prolix', pronounced with {{IPA|/ks/}}), in proper names or place names like {{lang|ca-valencia|'''X'''àtiva}} '[Xàtiva](/source/X%C3%A0tiva)' (often mispronounced with an epenthetic ''ei-'') and learned terms like {{lang|ca-valencia|'''x'''enofòbia}} ('xenophobia') and {{lang|ca-valencia|'''x'''erografia}} ('xerography'). In other cases it alternates with {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}: {{lang|ca-valencia|'''x'''arop}} {{IPA|[ʃaˈɾɔp]}} or {{IPA|[t͡ʃaˈɾɔp]}} ('syrup'), or it is only pronounced {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|'''x'''iular}} 'to whistle', {{lang|ca-valencia|'''x'''in'''x'''a}} 'bedbug').
Note also final {{angbr|x}} {{IPA|/ʃ/}} is voiced to {{IPA|[ʒ]}} before vowels and voiced consonants (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|i'''x''' ara}} 'he/she goes out now').}}
{{IPA|/ʃ/}}{{efn-lr|name="xeix"}} | {{IPA|/j/}}{{efn-lr|name="semivowels"}}
{{IPA|/i/}} | {{IPA|/z/}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"}} |}
Valencian and Catalan use the [Latin script](/source/Latin_script), with some added symbols and digraphs.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=6}} The Catalan-Valencian orthographies are systematic and largely phonologically based.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=6}} Standardisation of Catalan was among the topics discussed during the First International Congress of the Catalan Language, held in Barcelona October 1906. Subsequently, the Philological Section of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC), founded in 1911, published the ''Normes ortogràfiques'' in 1913 under the direction of [Antoni Maria Alcover](/source/Antoni_Maria_Alcover) and [Pompeu Fabra](/source/Pompeu_Fabra). In 1932, Valencian writers and intellectuals gathered in [Castelló de la Plana](/source/Castell%C3%B3_de_la_Plana) to make a formal adoption of the so-called ''[Normes de Castelló](/source/Normes_de_Castell%C3%B3)'' (Castelló Norms), a set of guidelines following Pompeu Fabra's Catalan language norms.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUu_apMqBF0C |title=The Architect of Modern Catalan: Selected writings |date=2009 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-9027289247 |editor-last=Carreras |editor-first=Joan Costa |language=en |translator-last=Yates |translator-first=Alan}} The letters [k](/source/k), [y](/source/y) and [w](/source/w) only appear in loanwords. In the case of y it also appears in the digraph [ny](/source/ny_(digraph)). Most of the letters are pronounced the same in both standards (Valencian and Catalan). The letters [c](/source/c) and [g](/source/g) have a soft and hard pronunciation similar to English and other Romance languages, [ç](/source/%C3%A7) (found also in Portuguese and French) always has a soft pronunciation and may appear in word final position. The only differences between the main standards are the contrast of [b](/source/b) {{IPA|/b/}} and [v](/source/v) {{IPA|/v/}} (also found in Insular Catalan), the treatment of long consonants with a tendency to simplification in Valencian (see table with main digraphs and letter combinations), the affrication ({{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}) of both soft [g](/source/g) (after front vowels) and [j](/source/j) (in most cases), the affrication ({{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}) of initial and postconsonantal [x](/source/x) (except in some cases){{efn-lr|name="xeix"}} and the lenition (deaffrication) of [tz](/source/tz_(digraph)) {{IPA|/d͡z/}} in most instances (especially the -''itzar'' suffix). {| | style="vertical-align: top" | :{|class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" | Main [digraphs](/source/digraph_(orthography)) and letter combinations |- ! rowspan="2" | Spelling ! colspan="2" | IPA ! rowspan="2" | Example ! rowspan="2" | Meaning |- ! Catalan ! Valencian |- | [gu](/source/gu_(digraph)){{efn-lr|name="front"|Before front vowels ({{IPA|/e, i/}}). Also before [schwa](/source/schwa) {{IPA|[ə]}} in Catalan.}}{{efn-lr|name="gu/qu"|Before the vowels {{IPA|/a, o/}} (spelled {{angbr|a}} and {{angbr|o}}) it is pronounced {{IPA|/ɡw/}} and {{IPA|/qw/}} (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|'''gu'''ants}} 'gloves', {{lang|ca-valencia|'''qu'''ota}} 'share, fee').}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɡ/}} | ''à'''gu'''ila'' | eagle |- | [ig](/source/ig_(digraph)){{efn-lr|name="coda"|Only found in the syllable coda.}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} | ''ra'''ig''''' | ray |- | [ix](/source/ix_(digraph)){{efn-lr|name="ix"|In some Valencian dialects (as well as Standard Catalan) the [yod](/source/yod_(sound)) in the digraph {{angbr|ix}} {{IPA|/jʃ/}} → {{IPA|/ʃ/}} is dropped (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|pe'''ix'''}} {{IPA|[ˈpeʃ]}} 'fish'). The general (Valencian) pronunciation retains {{IPA|/j/}} ({{IPA|[ˈpejʃ]}}).
Before vowels and voiced consonants, the {{angbr|ix}} digraph {{IPA|/jʃ/}} (or ({{IPA|/ʃ/}}) is voiced to {{IPA|[(j)ʒ]}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|pe'''ix''' blau}} 'blue fish'). }} | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} | {{IPA|/jʃ/}} | ''e'''ix'''ida'' | exit |- | [ll](/source/ll_(digraph)){{efn-lr|name="all"|In any position.}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʎ/}} | ''bro'''ll'''ar'' | to sprout |- | [ŀl](/source/%C5%80l){{efn-lr|name=ŀl|"In Valencian {{angbr|ŀl}} is only geminated in very formal registers.
In Catalan it is geminated in careful speech.}} | {{nowrap|{{IPA|/lː/}} or {{IPA|/l/}}}} | {{IPA|/l/}} | ''co'''ŀl'''egi'' | school, college |- | [ny](/source/ny_(digraph)){{efn-lr|name="all"}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɲ/}} | ''se'''ny'''al'' | signal |- | [qu](/source/qu_(digraph)){{efn-lr|name="front"}}{{efn-lr|name="gu/qu"}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}} | '''''qu'''è'' | what |- | [rr](/source/rr_(digraph)){{efn-lr|name="between"|Only found between vowels.}}{{efn-lr|name="r"|Initial {{angbr|r}} is pronounced {{IPA|/r/}} (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|'''r'''os}} 'blond'); while intervocalic {{angbr|r}} is pronounced {{IPA|/ɾ/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|vo'''r'''a}} 'edge'), except in compounds ({{lang|ca-valencia|a'''r'''ítmia}} 'arrhythmia', pronounced with {{IPA|/r/}}).}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/r/}} | ''ga'''rr'''a'' | shank, claw |- | [sc](/source/sc_(digraph)){{efn-lr|name="between"}}{{efn-lr|name="front"}} | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/s/}} | ''a'''sc'''ens'' | rise |- | [ss](/source/ss_(digraph)){{efn-lr|name="between"}}{{efn-lr|Also found after consonant (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|qual'''ss'''evol}} 'any, whichever' [pl.]).}} {{efn-lr|name="s"|Initial {{angbr|s}} is pronounced {{IPA|/s/}} (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|'''s'''uc}} 'juice'); while intervocalic {{angbr|s}} is pronounced {{IPA|/z/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|co'''s'''a}} 'thing'), except in compounds ({{lang|ca-valencia|ante'''s'''ala}} 'antechamber', pronounced with {{IPA|/s/}}).}} | ''bo'''ss'''a'' | bag, purse |- | [tg](/source/tg_(digraph)){{efn-lr|name="between"}}{{efn-lr|name="front"}} | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} | ''fe'''tg'''e'' | liver |- | [tj](/source/tj_(digraph)){{efn-lr|name="between"}}{{efn-lr|name="central and back"|Before central ({{IPA|/a/}}, including [schwa](/source/schwa) in Catalan) and back vowels ({{IPA|/o, u/}}).}} | ''via'''tj'''ar'' | to travel |- | [tl](/source/tl_(grapheme)){{efn-lr|name="between"}}{{efn-lr|name="tl, tll, tm, tn"|In Valencian {{angbr|tl}} and {{angbr|tn}} can be pronounced with gemination or not,
{{angbr|tm}} and {{angbr|tll}} are only geminated in very formal registers.
In Catalan {{angbr|tl}}, {{angbr|tll}}, {{angbr|tm}} and {{angbr|tn}} are geminated in careful speech.}} | {{IPA|/lː/}} | {{IPA|/l/}} or {{IPA|/lː/}} | ''Be'''tl'''em'' | Bethlehem |- | [tll](/source/tll_(grapheme)){{efn-lr|name="between"}}{{efn-lr|name="tl, tll, tm, tn"}} | {{IPA|/ʎː/}} | {{IPA|/ʎ/}} | ''bi'''tll'''et'' | {{nowrap|bank note, ticket}} |- | [tm](/source/tm_(grapheme)){{efn-lr|name="between"}}{{efn-lr|name="tl, tll, tm, tn"}} | {{IPA|/mː/}} | {{IPA|/m/}} | ''se'''tm'''ana'' | week |- | [tn](/source/tn_(grapheme)){{efn-lr|name="between"}}{{efn-lr|name="tl, tll, tm, tn"}} | {{IPA|/nː/}} | {{nowrap|{{IPA|/n/}} or {{IPA|/nː/}}}} | ''co'''tn'''a'' | pork rind |- | [ts](/source/ts_(digraph)){{efn-lr|name="all"}}{{efn-lr|name="ts"|In Valencian initial {{angbr|ts}} (found only in loanwords, e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|'''ts'''ar}} 'tsar') is deaffricated.
However, it may be pronounced in very formals registers.}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/t͡s/}} | ''po'''ts'''er'' | maybe |- | [tx](/source/tx_(digraph)){{efn-lr|name="all"}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} | ''co'''tx'''e'' | car |- | rowspan="2" | [tz](/source/tz_(digraph)){{efn-lr|name="between"}}{{efn-lr|In Valencian {{angbr|tz}} is deaffricated in most instances.}}{{efn-lr|name="final devoicing"}} | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/d͡z/}} | {{IPA|/d͡z/}} | ''se'''tz'''e'' | sixteen |- | {{IPA|/z/}} | ''anali'''tz'''ar'' | to analyse |- | colspan="5" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" |   |- ! colspan="5" | Other letter combinations
{{no bold|(foreign and/or old style)}} |- ! rowspan="2" | Spelling ! colspan="2" | IPA ! rowspan="2" | Example ! rowspan="2" | Meaning |- ! Catalan ! Valencian |- | rowspan="2" | [ch](/source/ch_(digraph)){{efn-lr|name="coda"|Only found in the syllable coda.}}{{efn-lr|name="ch"}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}} | ''Fol'''ch''''' | Folch |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/x/}} | ''Ba'''ch''''' | [Bach](/source/Johann_Sebastian_Bach) |- | [kh](/source/kh_(digraph)){{efn-lr|name="all"}} | ''Txé'''kh'''ov'' | Chekhov |- | [ph](/source/ph_(digraph)){{efn-lr|name="all"}}{{efn-lr|name="ph"}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}} | '''''ph'''olis'' | [pholis](/source/pholis) |- | [th](/source/th_(digraph)){{efn-lr|name="all"}}{{efn-lr|name="th"}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/θ/}} | '''''th'''eta'' | theta |} | style="vertical-align: top;" | :{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em;" ! colspan="4" | [Diacritic](/source/Diacritic)s{{efn-lr|name="accents"|The acute (´) and grave (`) accents indicate stress and vowel height.}}{{efn-lr|name="diaeresis"|The diaeresis (¨) is used to indicate a [vowel hiatus](/source/vowel_hiatus) or a non-silent {{IPA|/u/}} after {{angbr|g}} or {{angbr|q}}.}} |- ! Spelling !! IPA !! Example !! Meaning |- | [à](/source/%C3%A0) || {{IPA|/a/}} || ''but'''à''''' || butane |- | colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" |   |- ! Spelling !! IPA !! Example !! Meaning |- | [é](/source/%C3%A9) || {{IPA|/e/}} || ''m'''é'''s'' || more |- | [è](/source/%C3%A8) || {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || ''r'''è'''tol'' || {{nowrap|sign, label}} |- | colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" |   |- ! Spelling !! IPA !! Example !! Meaning |- | [ó](/source/%C3%B3) || {{IPA|/o/}} || ''emoci'''ó''''' || emotion |- | [ò](/source/%C3%B2) || {{IPA|/ɔ/}} || '''''ò'''bila'' || barn owl |- | colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" |   |- ! Spelling !! IPA !! Example !! Meaning |- | [í](/source/%C3%AD) || rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/i/}} || ''f'''í'''sic'' || physical |- | [ï](/source/%C3%AF) || ''ru'''ï'''na'' || ruin |- | colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" |   |- ! Spelling !! IPA !! Example !! Meaning |- | [ú](/source/%C3%BA) || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/u/}} || ''dej'''ú''''' || fasting |- | rowspan="2" | [ü](/source/%C3%BC) || ''pe'''ü'''c'' || bootee |- | {{IPA|/w/}}{{efn-lr|name="gu, qu"}} || ''aig'''ü'''es'' || waters |} | style="vertical-align: top;" | {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em;" ! colspan="4" | ''C trencada'' |- ! Spelling !! IPA !! Example !! Meaning |- | [ç](/source/%C3%A7){{efn-lr|name=ç|Before central ({{IPA|/a/}}, including [schwa](/source/schwa) in Catalan) and back vowels ({{IPA|/o, u/}}),
also after any vowels in the coda.}} || {{IPA|/s/}} || ''bra'''ç''''' || arm |} |} Other combinations include: * Double consonants like {{angbr|bb}} {{IPA|/bː/}} (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|su'''bb'''ètic}} 'Subbaetic') and {{IPA|/b/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|ho'''bb'''y}} 'hobby'); {{angbr|cc}} {{IPA|/ks/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|a'''cc'''ió}} 'action'); {{angbr|dd}} {{IPA|/dː/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|a'''dd'''uir}} 'to offer') and {{IPA|/d/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|E'''dd'''ie}} 'Eddie'); {{angbr|ff}} {{IPA|/f/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|o'''ff'''ice}} 'office'); {{angbr|gg}} {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|su'''gg'''erir}} 'to suggest'), {{IPA|/ɡː/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|bur'''gg'''ravi}} 'burgrave'), and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|zi'''gg'''urat}} 'ziggurat'); {{angbr|ll}} {{IPA|/lː/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|a'''ll'''egro}} 'allegro') and {{IPA|/l/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|ba'''ll'''et}} 'ballet'); {{angbr|mm}} {{IPA|/mː/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|i'''mm'''ens}} 'huge') and {{IPA|/m/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|Ji'''mm'''y}} 'Jimmy'); {{angbr|nn}} {{IPA|/nː/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|i'''nn'''at}} 'innate') and {{IPA|/n/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|A'''nn'''e}} 'Anne'); {{angbr|pp}} {{IPA|/pː/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|ca'''pp'''are}} 'main shoot' [botany]) and {{IPA|/p/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|hi'''pp'''y}} 'hippy'); {{angbr|tt}} {{IPA|/tː/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|pos'''tt'''ònic}} 'posttonic') and {{IPA|/t/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|di'''tt'''ografia}} 'dittography'); {{angbr|zz}} {{IPA|/d͡z/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|me'''zz'''o}} 'mezzo'), {{IPA|/t͡s/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|pi'''zz'''a}} 'pizza'), {{IPA|/z/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|jacu'''zz'''i}} 'jacuzzi'), and {{IPA|/s/}} ({{lang|ca-valencia|ja'''zz'''}} 'jazz'). * Some consonant groups in syllabic opening like {{angbr|bd}} {{IPA|/d/}}, {{angbr|cn}} {{IPA|/n/}}, {{angbr|ct}} {{IPA|/t/}}, {{angbr|ft}} {{IPA|/t/}}, {{angbr|gn}} {{IPA|/n/}}, {{angbr|mn}} {{IPA|/n/}}, {{angbr|pn}} {{IPA|/n/}}, {{angbr|ps}} {{IPA|/s/}}, {{angbr|pt}} {{IPA|/t/}} or {{angbr|tm}} {{IPA|/m/}}, found in learned words (e.g. '''''bd'''eŀli'' 'bdellium', '''''Cn'''ossos'' 'Knossos', '''''ct'''enòfors'' 'ctenophora', '''''ft'''àlic'' 'phthalic', '''''gn'''òstic'' 'gnostic', '''''mn'''emotècnic'' 'mnemotechnics', '''''pn'''eumònia'' 'pneumonia', '''''ps'''íquic'' 'psychic', ''metem'''ps'''icosi'' 'metempsychosis', '''''ps'''alm'' 'psalm', '''''pt'''erodàctil'' 'pterodactylus', '''''Pt'''olemeu'' 'Ptolemy', '''''tm'''esi'' 'tmesis'). * The graphic groups specific to other languages (see also double consonants) present in most non-adapted borrowings and in derivatives of foreign proper names (e.g. ''apar'''th'''eid''{{efn-lr|name="th"|The group {{angbr|th}} is pronounced {{IPA|/t/}} in native words (e.g. ''to'''th'''om'' {{IPA|[toˈtɔm]}} or {{IPA|[tuˈtɔm]}} 'everybody').}} with {{IPA|/th/}} 'apartheid', ''au-p'''ai'''r'' with {{IPA|/ɛ/}} 'au pair', '''''ch'''ardonnay''{{efn-lr|name="ch"|The group {{angbr|ch}} is pronounced {{IPA|/x/}} in loanwords, like modern Germanisms (e.g. ''Ba'''ch''''' {{IPA|[ˈbax]}} 'Bach'), and {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (or {{IPA|/tʃ/}}) in Gallicisms (e.g. '''''ch'''ardonnay'' {{IPA|[ʃaɾðoˈne]}} or {{IPA|[t͡ʃaɾðoˈne]}} 'Chardonnay'). In native words (pre-reformed spelling) it is pronounced {{IPA|/k/}} (e.g. ''Fol'''ch''''' {{IPA|[folk]}} 'Folch').}} with {{IPA|/ʃ/}} or {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} 'chardonnay', ''co'''gn'''ac'' with {{IPA|/ɲ/}} 'cognac', ''Coe'''lh'''o''{{efn-lr|name="lh"|The group {{angbr|lh}} is pronounced {{IPA|/l/}} in native words (e.g. ''a'''lh'''ora'' {{IPA|[aˈlɔɾa]}} or {{IPA|[aˈlɔɾɔ]}} 'at the same time').}} with {{IPA|/ʎ/}} 'Coelho', ''Dol'''zh'''enko''{{efn-lr|name="zh"|The group {{angbr|zh}} is pronounced {{IPA|/z/}} in learned words like ''al'''zh'''èimer'' {{IPA|[alˈzɛjmeɾ]}} ('Alzheimer's disease').}} with {{IPA|/ʒ/}} 'Dolzhenko', ''edelwei'''ss''''' with {{IPA|/s/}} 'edelweiss', ''fr'''ee'''lance'' with {{IPA|/i/}} 'freelance', ''ja'''zz''''' with {{IPA|/s/}} 'jazz', ''kir'''sch''''' with {{IPA|/ʃ/}} 'kirsch', ''lei'''sh'''maniosi'' with {{IPA|/ʃ/}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}} 'leishmaniasis, ''Luisi'''nh'''o''{{efn-lr|name="nh"|The group {{angbr|nh}} is pronounced {{IPA|/n/}} in native words (e.g. ''a'''nh'''el'' {{IPA|[aˈnɛl]}} 'yearning').}} with {{IPA|/ɲ/}} 'Luisinho', ''m'''ou'''sse'' with {{IPA|/u/}} 'mousse', '''''Ph'''ilip''{{efn-lr|name="ph"|The group {{angbr|ph}} is pronounced {{IPA|/p/}} in native words (e.g. ''ca'''ph'''uitada'' {{IPA|[ˌkapwiˈtaða]}} 'octave day').}} with {{IPA|/f/}} 'Philip', ''pi'''zz'''a'' with {{IPA|/t͡s/}} 'pizza', ''playba'''ck''''' with {{IPA|/k/}} 'playback', '''''sh'''akespearià''{{efn-lr|name="sh"|The group {{angbr|sh}} is pronounced {{IPA|/z/}} in native words (e.g. ''ale'''sh'''ores'' {{IPA|[aleˈzɔɾes]}} 'then').}} with {{IPA|/ʃ/}} 'Shakespearean', ''z'''oo'''m'' with {{IPA|/u/}} 'zoom', etc.). Notes: {{Notelist-lr|30em}} == Varieties of Valencian == === Standard Valencian === The [Valencian Academy of the Language](/source/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua) (''Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua'', AVL), established by law in 1998 by the [Valencian autonomous government](/source/Generalitat_Valenciana) and constituted in 2001, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian.Statute of Autonomy of the Valencian Community, article 6, section 4. Currently, the majority of people who write in Valencian use this standard.{{sfn|Lledó|2011|p=339}} Standard Valencian is based on the standard of the [Institute of Catalan Studies](/source/Institut_d'Estudis_Catalans) ({{lang|ca|Institut d'Estudis Catalans}}, IEC), used in [Catalonia](/source/Catalonia), with a few adaptations.{{sfn|Lledó|2011|p=338}} This standard roughly follows the [Norms of Castelló](/source/Normes_de_Castell%C3%B3) ({{lang|ca-valencia|Normes de Castelló}}) from 1932,{{sfn|Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua|2005}} a set of orthographic guidelines regarded as a compromise between the essence and style of [Pompeu Fabra](/source/Pompeu_Fabra)'s guidelines, but also allowing the use of Valencian idiosyncrasies. === Valencian dialects === thumb|upright=0.8|Dialects of Valencian * '''''Northern area''''': ** '''Transitional Valencian''' ({{lang|ca-valencia|valencià de transició}}) or '''Tortosan''' ({{lang|ca-valencia|tortosí}}), also ambiguously termed '''Northern Valencian''': spoken in the [''comarques''](/source/Comarques_of_the_Valencian_Community) situated between [Castellon](/source/Province_of_Castell%C3%B3n) and the border, including towns like [Benicarló](/source/Benicarl%C3%B3), [Vinaròs](/source/Vinar%C3%B2s) and [Morella](/source/Morella%2C_Spain), as well as the contiguous areas to the north of the border: the [Matarranya](/source/Matarranya) area in Aragon (province of [Teruel](/source/Teruel_(province))) and a strip of southern [Catalonia](/source/Catalonia) surrounding [Tortosa](/source/Tortosa). *** Word-initial and postconsonantal {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} (Catalan {{IPA|/ʒ/}} and {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/~/ʒ/}}) alternates with {{IPA|[(j)ʒ]}} intervocalically; e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|joc}} {{IPA|[ˈd͡ʒɔk]}} ('game'), but {{lang|ca-valencia|pitjor}} {{IPA|[piˈʒo]}} ('worse'), {{lang|ca-valencia|boja}} {{IPA|[ˈbɔjʒa]}} ('crazy') (Standard Valencian {{IPA|/ˈd͡ʒɔk/}}, {{IPA|/piˈd͡ʒoɾ/}}; {{IPA|/ˈbɔd͡ʒa/}}; Standard Catalan {{IPA|/ˈʒɔk/}}, {{IPA|/piˈd͡ʒo/}} and {{IPA|/ˈbɔʒə/}}). *** Final {{angle bracket|r}} {{IPAblink|ɾ}} is not pronounced in infinitives; e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|cantar}} {{IPA|[kanˈta]}} (Standard {{IPA|/kanˈtaɾ/}}) ('to sing'). *** Archaic [articles](/source/article_(grammar)) {{lang|ca-valencia|lo}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|los}} ('the') are used instead of {{lang|ca-valencia|el}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|els}}; e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|lo xic}} ('the boy'), {{lang|ca-valencia|los hòmens}} ('the men'). ** '''Northern Valencian''' ({{lang|ca-valencia|valencià septentrional}}) or '''''Castellonenc Valencian''''' ({{lang|ca-valencia|valencià castellonenc}}): spoken in an area surrounding the city of [Castellón de la Plana](/source/Castell%C3%B3n_de_la_Plana). *** Use of {{IPA|[e]}} sound instead of standard {{angle bracket|a}} {{IPA|/a/}} in the third person singular of most verbs; e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|(ell) cantava}} {{IPA|[kanˈtave]}} (Standard {{IPA|/kanˈtava/}}) 'he sang'. Thus, Northern Valencian dialects contrast forms like {{lang|ca-valencia|(jo) cantava}} {{IPA|[kanˈtava]}} ('I sang') with {{lang|ca-valencia|(ell) cantava}} {{IPA|[kanˈtave]}} ('he sang'), but merges {{lang|ca-valencia|(jo) cante}} {{IPA|[ˈkante]}} ('I sing') with {{lang|ca-valencia|(ell) canta}} {{IPA|[ˈkante]}} ('he sings'). *** Palatalisation of {{angle bracket|ts}} {{IPA|/t͡s/}} > {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} and {{angle bracket|tz}} {{IPA|/d͡z/}} > {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} or {{IPA|[dd͡ʒ]}}; e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|pots}} {{IPA|/ˈpot͡s/}} > {{IPA|[ˈpot͡ʃ]}} ('cans, jars, you [{{abbr|s.|singular}}] can'), {{lang|ca-valencia|dotze}} {{IPA|/ˈdod͡ze/}} > {{IPA|[ˈdodd͡ʒe]}} ('twelve'). Thus, this dialect may merge {{lang|ca-valencia|passeig}} ('walk') and {{lang|ca-valencia|passets}} ('little steps'). *** Depalatalization of {{IPA|/jʃ/}} to {{IPA|[jsʲ]}} by some speakers; e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|caixa}} {{IPA|/ˈkajʃa/ > [ˈkajsʲa]}} ('box'). * '''''Central area''''': ** '''Central Valencian''' ({{lang|ca-valencia|valencià central}}), or {{lang|ca-valencia|'''Apitxat'''}}, spoken in [Valencia](/source/Valencia%2C_Spain) city and its area. One of the two most widely spoken dialects of Valencian, it is not however used as the main model for the oral standard in Valencian media and education,{{Cite web |last=AVL |title=Gramàtiques Normatives Valencianes |url=http://www.avl.gva.es/gramatikon/ |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=www.avl.gva.es |language=ca}} and is sometimes connated negatively.{{Cite web |date=2025-06-23 |title=I tu, apitxes? |url=https://www.apuntsdellengua.es/superior/c1/c1-10/video-tu-apitxes_140_1742310.html |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Apunts de Llengua |language=ca}}{{Cite web |last=Unknown |date=20 October 2010 |title=Blog de recuperació d'entrades de blogs d'anys anteriors: Característiques del valencià |url=https://blogderecuperacioentradesaltresanys.blogspot.com/2010/10/caracteristiques-del-valencia.html |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Blog de recuperació d'entrades de blogs d'anys anteriors}}{{Cite web |title=Info Migjorn |url=https://www.migjorn.cat/historic/20100331.357.php |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=www.migjorn.cat}} *** Sibilant merger: all voiced sibilants are devoiced ({{IPA|/d͡ʒ/ > [t͡ʃ]}}, {{IPA|/d͡z/ > [t͡s]}}, {{IPA|/z/ > [s]}}); that is, {{lang|ca-valencia|apitxat}} pronounces {{lang|ca-valencia|casa}} {{IPA|[ˈkasa]}} ('house') and {{lang|ca-valencia|joc}} {{IPA|[ˈt͡ʃɔk]}} ('game'), where other Valencians would pronounce {{IPA|/ˈkaza/}} and {{IPA|/ˈd͡ʒɔk/}} (a feature shared with [Ribagorçan](/source/Ribagor%C3%A7an)). The names ''apitxat,'' ''parlar apitxat''{{Cite web |title=Diccionari català-valencià-balear |url=https://dcvb.iec.cat/results.asp?word=Apitxat |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=dcvb.iec.cat}} and the verb ''apitxar'' all refer to this specific pronunciation pattern{{Cite web |title=Diccionari normatiu valencià |url=https://www.avl.gva.es/lexicval/?paraula=apitxar |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=www.avl.gva.es}} - as well as itself representing a prime example of devoicing, since devoiced ''apitxar'' is also a synonym of voiced ''pitjar.'' *** [Betacism](/source/Betacism), that is the merge of {{IPA|/v/}} into {{IPA|/b/}}; e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|viu}} {{IPA|[ˈbiw]}} (instead of {{IPA|/ˈviw/}}) ('he lives'). *** Fortition (gemination) and vocalisation of final consonants; {{lang|ca-valencia|nit}} {{IPA|[ˈnitː(ə)]}} (instead of {{IPA|/ˈnit/}}) ('night'). *** It preserves the strong simple past, which has been substituted by an analytic past (periphrastic past) with {{smallcaps|vadere}} + [infinitive](/source/infinitive) in the rest of modern Catalan and Valencian variants. For example, ''aní'' instead of {{lang|ca-valencia|vaig anar}} ('I went'). * '''''Southern area''''': ** '''Southern Valencian''' ({{lang|ca-valencia|valencià meridional}}) or '''Upper Southern Valencian''': spoken in the contiguous {{lang|ca-valencia|[comarques](/source/comarques_of_the_Valencian_Community)}} located south of Valencia and north of Alicante, respectively, for example in the cities of Dénia, Gandia, Xàtiva and Alcoi, among others. This is the dialect which includes the largest number of general phonetic features considered proper to Standard Valencian, as well as being the second most widely spoken and located in the geographic centre of the country; it is therefore considered by some Valencians as a reference point for Valencian Catalan as a whole. *** [Vowel harmony](/source/Vowel_harmony): the final syllable of a disyllabic word adopts a preceding open {{angle bracket|e}} ({{IPA|/ɛ/}}) and/or {{angle bracket|o}} ({{IPA|/ɔ/}}) if the final vowel is an unstressed -{{angle bracket|a}}; e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|terra}} {{IPA|[ˈtɛrɛ]}} ('Earth, land'), {{lang|ca-valencia|dona}} {{IPA|[ˈdɔnɔ]}} ('woman'). Further merges (such as {{IPA|[ˈtɛrɔ]}} and {{IPA|[ˈdɔnɛ]}}) depends on the town and speaker. *** This dialect retains geminate consonants ({{angle bracket|tl}} {{IPA|/lː/}} and {{angle bracket|tn}} {{IPA|/nː/}}); e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|guatla}} {{IPA|[ˈɡwalːa]}} ('quail'), {{lang|ca-valencia|cotna}} {{IPA|[ˈkonːa]}} ('rind'). *** Weak pronouns are "reinforced" in front of the verb ({{lang|ca-valencia|em}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|en}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|et}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|es}}, etc.) contrary to other dialects which maintains "full form" ({{lang|ca-valencia|me}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|ne}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|te}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|se}}, etc.). ** '''''Alacantí Valencian''''' ({{lang|ca-valencia|valencià alacantí}}) or '''Lower Southern Valencian''': spoken in and around the cities of [Alicante](/source/Alicante), [Elche](/source/Elche) and the area of Carche in Murcia. *** [Vowel harmony](/source/Vowel_harmony) like in the central Southern areas. *** Intervocalic {{IPA|/d/}} elision in most instances; e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|roda}} {{IPA|[ˈrɔa]}} ('wheel'), {{lang|ca-valencia|nadal}} {{IPA|[naˈal]}} ('Christmas'). *** Yod is not pronounced in {{angle bracket|ix}} {{IPA|/jʃ/ > [ʃ]}}; e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|caixa}} {{IPA|[ˈkaʃa]}} ('box'). *** Final {{angle bracket|r}} is not pronounced in infinitives in some areas and/or contexts; e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|cantar}} {{IPA|[kanˈta]}} ('to sing'). *** There are some archaisms like: {{lang|ca-valencia|ans}} instead of {{lang|ca-valencia|abans}} ('before'), {{lang|ca-valencia|manco}} instead of {{lang|ca-valencia|menys}} ('less'), {{lang|ca-valencia|dintre}} instead of {{lang|ca-valencia|dins}} ('into') or {{lang|ca-valencia|devers}} instead of {{lang|ca-valencia|cap a}} ('towards'). *** There are more interferences with Spanish than other dialects: {{lang|ca-valencia|assul}} (from {{lang|es|azul}}) instead of {{lang|ca-valencia|blau}} (or {{lang|ca-valencia|atzur}}) ('azure'), {{lang|ca-valencia|llimpiar}} (from {{lang|es|limpiar}}) instead of {{lang|ca-valencia|netejar}} ('to clean') or {{lang|ca-valencia|sacar}} (from {{lang|es|sacar}}) instead of {{lang|ca-valencia|traure}} ('take out'). == Authors and literature == * ''[Misteri d'Elx](/source/Misteri_d'Elx)'' ({{circa|1350}}). Liturgical drama. Listed as [Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity](/source/Masterpiece_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity) by [UNESCO](/source/UNESCO). * ''[Curial e Güelfa](/source/Curial_e_G%C3%BCelfa)'' (15th century), humanistic chivalric romance * [Ausiàs March](/source/Ausi%C3%A0s_March) (Gandia, 1400 – Valencia, 3 March 1459). Poet, widely read in renaissance Europe. * [Joanot Martorell](/source/Joanot_Martorell) (Gandia, 1413–1468). Knight and the author of the novel ''[Tirant lo Blanch](/source/Tirant_lo_Blanch)''. * [Isabel de Villena](/source/Isabel_de_Villena) (Valencia, 1430–1490). Religious poet. * [Joan Roís de Corella](/source/Joan_Ro%C3%ADs_de_Corella) (Gandia or Valencia, 1435 – Valencia, 1497). Knight and poet. * ''[Obres e trobes en lahors de la Verge Maria](/source/Obres_e_trobes_en_lahors_de_la_Verge_Maria)'' (1474) The first book printed in Spain. It is the compendium of a religious poetry contest held that year in the town of Valencia.{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} == Media in Valencian == {{Main|Ràdio Televisió Valenciana|Valencian Media Corporation}} [[File:RTVVexecutada.jpg|thumb|Employees demonstrate in front of the RTVV headquarters in [Burjassot](/source/Burjassot) the day of its closure]] Until its dissolution in November 2013, the public-service [Ràdio Televisió Valenciana](/source/R%C3%A0dio_Televisi%C3%B3_Valenciana) (RTVV) was the main broadcaster of radio and television in Valencian language. The Generalitat Valenciana constituted it in 1984 in order to guarantee the [freedom of information](/source/freedom_of_information) of the Valencian people in their own language.{{Cite web|url = http://www.ugtrtvv.net/cms/PDFS/MATERIALES/LleiCreacioRTVV.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131205125020/http://www.ugtrtvv.net/cms/PDFS/MATERIALES/LleiCreacioRTVV.pdf|url-status = usurped|archive-date = 5 December 2013|title = Ley de Creación de la Entidad Pública Radiotelevisión Valenciana|year = 1984|access-date =1 April 2015|website = UGT RTTV}} It was reopened again in 2018 in the same location but under a different name, [À Punt](/source/%C3%80_Punt), and it is owned by À Punt Media, a group owned by the [Generalitat Valenciana](/source/Generalitat_Valenciana). The new television channel claims to be plural, informative and neutral for all of the Valencian population. It is bilingual, with a focus on the Valencian language. It is recognised as a regional TV channel.{{cite web|title=Benvinguts a À Punt. L'espai públic de comunicació valencià|website=À Punt |url=https://www.apuntmedia.es/}} Prior to its dissolution, the administration of RTVV under the [People's Party](/source/People's_Party_(Spain)) (PP) had been controversial due to accusations of ideological manipulation and lack of plurality. The news broadcast was accused of giving marginal coverage of the [Valencia Metro derailment](/source/Valencia_Metro_derailment) in 2006 and the indictment of President de la Generalitat [Francisco Camps](/source/Francisco_Camps) in the [Gürtel](/source/G%C3%BCrtel_case) scandal in 2009.{{Cite web|url = http://www.vertele.com/video-articulo/los-escandalos-de-canal-9-rescatados-por-el-intermedio/|title = Los escándalos de Canal 9|year = 2013|access-date = 1 April 2015|website = vertele.com}} Supervisors appointed by the PP were accused of [sexual harassment](/source/sexual_harassment).{{Cite web|url = http://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/3735055/20100528/sanz-destituit-secretari-general-rtvv-assetjament-sexual.html|title = Sanz, destituït de secretari general de RTVV per assetjament sexual|year = 2010|access-date =1 April 2015|website = Vilaweb}} In face of an increasing debt due to excessive expenditure by the PP, RTVV announced in 2012 a plan to shed 70% of its labour. The plan was nullified on 5 November 2013 by the [National Court](/source/National_Court_of_Spain) after trade unions appealed against it. On that same day, the President de la Generalitat [Alberto Fabra](/source/Alberto_Fabra) (also from [PP](/source/People's_Party_(Spain))) announced RTVV would be closed, claiming that reinstating the employees was untenable.{{Cite news|url = http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2013/11/05/valencia/1383648718_498928.html|title = El fracaso de Fabra acaba con el PP|year = 2013|access-date = 1 April 2015|website = El País| last1=Bono | first1=Ferran }} On 27 November, the legislative assembly passed the dissolution of RTVV and employees organised to take control of the broadcast, starting a campaign against the PP. Nou TV's last broadcast ended abruptly when Spanish police pulled the plug at 12:19 on 29 November 2013.{{Cite web|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25154669|title = Police evict staff in Spain after closure of station|year = 2013|access-date = 1 April 2015|publisher = BBC}} Having lost all revenues from advertisements and facing high costs from the termination of hundreds of contracts, critics questioned whether the closure of RTVV improved the financial situation of the Generalitat, and pointed out to plans to benefit private-owned media.{{Cite web|url = http://www.levante-emv.com/comunitat-valenciana/2014/06/19/coste-cierre-rtvv-asciende-144/1127465.html|title = El coste del cierre de RTVV asciende a 144,1 millones|year = 2014|access-date = 1 April 2015|website = Levante-EMV}} At that point, the availability of media in the Valencian language was extremely limited. All the other [autonomous communities in Spain](/source/autonomous_communities_of_Spain), including the monolingual ones, had public-service broadcasters, with the Valencian Community being the only exception despite being the fourth most populated. In July 2016 a new public corporation, [Valencian Media Corporation](/source/Valencian_Media_Corporation), was launched in substitution of RTVV. It manages and controls several public media in the Valencian Community, including the television channel À Punt, which started broadcasting in June 2018. == Politico-linguistic controversy == {{Further|Valencian language controversy|Language secessionism|Blaverism|Norms of El Puig}} Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The current official regulating body of the language of the Valencian community, the [Valencian Language Academy](/source/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua) (''Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua,'' AVL) considers Valencian and Catalan to be two names for the same language.[http://ca.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictamen_sobre_els_principis_i_criteris_per_a_la_defensa_de_la_denominaci%C3%B3_i_l%27entitat_del_valenci%C3%A0 ''"Dictamen de l'Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià"'']. Report from [Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua](/source/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua) about denomination and identity of Valencian. {{Wikisource|vlca|Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià|AVL: ''Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià''}} {{Blockquote|quote= [T]he historical patrimonial language of the [Valencian people](/source/Valencian_people), from a philological standpoint, is the same shared by the autonomous communities of [Catalonia](/source/Catalonia) and [Balearic Islands](/source/Balearic_Islands), and [Principality of Andorra](/source/Andorra). Additionally, it is the patrimonial historical language of other territories of the ancient [Crown of Aragon](/source/Crown_of_Aragon) [...] The different varieties of these territories constitute a language, that is, a "linguistic system" [...] From this group of varieties, Valencian has the same hierarchy and dignity as any other dialectal modality of that linguistic system [...]|source=Ruling of the Valencian Language Academy of 9 February 2005, extract of point 1.{{sfn|Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua|2005}}{{efn|Original full text of Dictamen 1: {{lang|ca-valencia|D'acord amb les aportacions més solvents de la romanística acumulades des del segle XIX fins a l'actualitat (estudis de gramàtica històrica, de dialectologia, de sintaxi, de lexicografia…), la llengua pròpia i històrica dels valencians, des del punt de vista de la filologia, és també la que compartixen les comunitats autònomes de Catalunya i de les Illes Balears i el Principat d'Andorra. Així mateix és la llengua històrica i pròpia d'altres territoris de l'antiga Corona d'Aragó (la franja oriental aragonesa, la ciutat sarda de l'Alguer i el departament francés dels Pirineus Orientals). Els diferents parlars de tots estos territoris constituïxen una llengua, és a dir, un mateix "sistema lingüístic", segons la terminologia del primer estructuralisme (annex 1) represa en el Dictamen del Consell Valencià de Cultura, que figura com a preàmbul de la Llei de Creació de l'AVL. Dins d'eixe conjunt de parlars, el valencià té la mateixa jerarquia i dignitat que qualsevol altra modalitat territorial del sistema lingüístic, i presenta unes característiques pròpies que l'AVL preservarà i potenciarà d'acord amb la tradició lexicogràfica i literària pròpia, la realitat lingüística valenciana i la normativització consolidada a partir de les Normes de Castelló.}}}}}} thumb|upright=1.35|right|Chronological map showing linguistic evolution of Valencian/Catalan in southwest Europe The AVL was established in 1998 by the [PP](/source/People's_Party_of_the_Valencian_Community)-[UV](/source/Valencian_Union) government of [Eduardo Zaplana](/source/Eduardo_Zaplana). According to [El País](/source/El_Pa%C3%ADs), [Jordi Pujol](/source/Jordi_Pujol), then president of Catalonia and of the [CiU](/source/CiU), negotiated with Zaplana in 1996 to ensure the linguistic unity of Catalan in exchange for CiU support of the appointment of [José María Aznar](/source/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar) as [Prime Minister of Spain](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Spain).{{cite news|title=Pujol revela que pactó con Zaplana para avanzar con discreción en la unidad del catalán|work=El País|location=Barcelona / Valencia |date=10 November 2004 |url=http://elpais.com/diario/2004/11/10/cvalenciana/1100117884_850215.html |access-date=13 July 2017 |language=es }} Zaplana has denied this, claiming that "[n]ever, never, was I able to negotiate that which is not negotiable, neither that which is not in the negotiating scope of a politician. That is, the unity of the language".{{efn|"{{lang|es|Nunca, nunca, pude negociar lo que no se puede negociar, ni aquello que no está en el ámbito de la negociación de un político. Es decir la unidad de la lengua.}}"}} The AVL orthography is based on the ''[Normes de Castelló](/source/Normes_de_Castell%C3%B3)'' (Castelló Norms), a set of rules for writing Valencian established in 1932. A rival standard, commonly known as [Norms of El Puig](/source/Norms_of_El_Puig), was established in 1979 by the [Royal Academy of Valencian Culture](/source/Real_Acad%C3%A8mia_de_Cultura_Valenciana) (''Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana'', RACV), which considers itself a rival language academy to the AVL, and promotes an [alternative standard](/source/Norms_of_El_Puig). The Royal Academy of Valencian Culture treats Valencian as an independent language, rather than a variety of Catalan. Compared to the current official standard Valencian, the RACV's Norms rely exclusively on genuinely Valencian linguistic solutions, excluding many words not used in the Valencian Community, and also prefer spellings such as {{angbr|ch}} for {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} and {{angbr|y}} for {{IPA|/j/}} (as in [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language)). Furthermore, these alternative norms are also promoted and taught by the historic cultural association [Lo Rat Penat](/source/Lo_Rat_Penat). Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the North-Western varieties spoken in Western Catalonia ([Province of Lleida](/source/Province_of_Lleida) and most of the [Province of Tarragona](/source/Province_of_Tarragona)).{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=5}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|pages=2–3}} The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)Central Catalan has 90% to 95% inherent intelligibility for speakers of Valencian (1989 R. Hall, Jr.), cited on [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=cat Ethnologue]. Despite the position of the official organisations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority (65%) of the Valencian people (both Valencian and Spanish speakers) consider Valencian different from Catalan: this position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly.{{sfn|Wheeler|2003|p=207}} Furthermore, the data indicate that younger people educated in Valencian speaking areas are considerably less likely to hold these views. According to an official poll in 2014, 54% of Valencians considered Valencian to be a language different from Catalan, while 41% considered the languages to be the same. Different opinions about the unity of the language are different between people with certain levels of studies and the opinion also differs between each of the Valencian provinces. The opinion agreeing on the unity of Valencian and Catalan has significant differences regarding age, level of education and province of residence, with a majority of those aged 18–24 (51%) and those with a higher education (58%) considering Valencian to be the same language as Catalan. This can be compared to those aged 65 and above (29%) and those with only primary education (32%), where the same view has its lowest support. People living in the province of [Castellon](/source/Province_of_Castell%C3%B3n) are more prone to be in favor of the unity of the language, while people living in the province of [Alicante](/source/Province_of_Alicante) are more prone to be against the unity of the language, especially in the areas where Valencian is not a mandatory language at schools. By applying a binary logistic regression to the same data, it was found that, among all these variables, the relevant ones are political ideology, educational level, geographical origin and identity: negative views on the unity of Catalan/Valencian were much more likely to be held among right-wing partisans, people with lower studies, people from the Alicante province (the one with percentually the fewest Valencian speakers, especially in the areas where Valencian is not a mandatory language at schools) and people who do not self-identify as Valencian.{{cite journal |last1= Agulló Calatayud|first1= Vicent|date= 2011|title= Análisis de la realidad sociolingüística del valenciano |url= https://papers.uab.cat/article/view/v96-n2-agullo/369|journal= Papers: Revista de Sociologia|volume= 96 |issue= 2|doi= 10.5565/rev/papers/v96n2.149 |access-date= 15 October 2023|pages= 512–513|quote= Upon carrying out a binomial logistic regression analysis in order to set a prediction model for the probability that an individual from the Valencian Country be in favor of linguistic unity [...] age, sex, size of the municipality and employment status are left out, for they do not establish relations with the variable of the study. The significant variables of the model are, according to [Wald test](/source/Wald_test) and ordered by importance, ideology, level of studies, province and ethno-territorial identity. [...] The more on the left-wing people are, the more in favor of linguistic unity [...] The higher the level [of studies], the more in favor of linguistic unity. [...] Living in [Alicante](/source/Alicante_provice) make a significative impact against linguistic unity of Valencian when compared to [Valencia](/source/Valencia_province) and, specially, [Castellon](/source/Castell%C3%B3n_province) [...] The greater the sentiment of "Valencianness", the more in favor of linguistic unity.|hdl= 10550/37211|hdl-access= free}} Later studies showed that the results differ significantly depending on the way the question is posed;{{cite journal |last1= Baldaquí Escandell|first1= Josep M.|date= 2005|title= A Contribution to the Study of Valencian Linguistic Secessionism: Relations between the Perception of the Supradialectal Unity of the Catalan Language and Other Sociolinguistic Variables |url= https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/CATR.19.5|journal= Catalan Review|volume= XIX|pages= 47–58|doi= 10.3828/CATR.19.5|access-date= 15 October 2023|hdl= 10045/4347|hdl-access= free}} the findings of the most recent work on polling indicate that Valencians today do widely agree that Valencian and Catalan belong to the same language, but that the wording of the question significantly alters the result, even more so than other statistically significant factors - which are the respondent's ideology, language skill and use, and ethnic self-identification: thus, references to ''Catalonia'' produce a measurable downturn in support and mentioning ''diversity within the same language'' strengthens their agreement.{{Cite web |last=Vázquez-Sanchis |first=Miguel |date=2025-07-16 |title=Treballs de Socolingüística Catalana (published by the Institut d'Estudis Catalans), number 35, pp 92-109: Els valencians accepten la unitat de la llengua? (Do Valencians Accept the Unity of the Language?) |url=https://issuu.com/institut-destudis-catalans/docs/tsc_35/94 |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=Issuu |language=ca, en}} The ambiguity regarding the term Valencian and its relation to Catalan has sometimes led to confusion and controversy. In 2004, during the drafting of the [European Constitution](/source/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe), the regional governments of Spain where a language other than Spanish is co-official were asked to submit translations into the relevant language in question. Since different names are used in Catalonia ("Catalan") and in the Valencian Community ("Valencian"), the two regions each provided one version, which were identical to each other.{{Cite web |last=Isabel I Vilar |first=Ferran |date=30 October 2004 |title=Traducció única de la Constitució europea |url=http://www.mail-archive.com/infozefir@listserv.rediris.es/msg00442.html |access-date=29 April 2009 |website=I-Zefir}} == Sample text == Article 1 of the [Universal Declaration of Human Rights](/source/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights) in Valencian:
''Tots els éssers humans naixen lliures i iguals en dignitat i en drets i, dotats com estan de raó i de consciència, s’han de comportar fraternalment els uns amb els altres.''{{Cite web |last=Official Academy of Valencian |title=Declaració Universal de Drets Humans |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/udhr/documents/udhrtranslations/cat2.pdf |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights](/source/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights) |language=}}
Article 1 of the [Universal Declaration of Human Rights](/source/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights) in English:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
== See also == * [Pluricentric language](/source/Pluricentric_language) * [Valencian Sign Language](/source/Valencian_Sign_Language) * [Che (interjection) § Other uses](/source/Che_(interjection)) (spelled ''xe'' in Modern Valencian) * [Valencian linguistic conflict](/source/Valencian_linguistic_conflict) * Similar linguistic controversies: ** [Andalusian language movement](/source/Andalusian_language_movement) ** [Names given to the Spanish language](/source/Names_given_to_the_Spanish_language) ** [Moldovan language](/source/Moldovan_language) ** [Occitan language](/source/Occitan_language) ** [Serbo-Croatian](/source/Serbo-Croatian) == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == * {{citation |last=Beltran i Calvo |first=Vicent |date=2000 |title=El parlar de la Marina Alta: El contacte interdialectal valencianobalear |edition= |place=Valencia |series= |volume= |publisher= Departament de Filologia Catalana. Universitat d'Alacant |isbn= |url= |language=ca-valencia}} * {{citation |last=Beltran i Calvo |first=Vicent |date=2005 |title=El parlar de la Marina Alta: Microatles lingüístic de la Marina Alta |edition= |place=Valencia |series= |volume= |publisher= Departament de Filologia Catalana. Universitat d'Alacant |isbn= |url= |language=ca-valencia}} * {{citation|last1=Beltran i Calvo|first1=Vicent|last2=Segura i Llopes|first2=Carles|title=Els parlars valencians|edition=2|place=Valencia|publisher=Publicacions Universitat de València|year=2018|isbn=978-84-9134-240-3}} * {{citation|last=Palmada|first=Blanca|title=La fonologia del català i els principis actius|edition=|place=|publisher=Sèrie Lingüística, SPUAB|url=https://clt.uab.cat/publicacions_clt/tesis/pdf/Palmada.pdf|language=ca|year=|isbn=}} * {{citation|last1=Carbonell|first1=Joan F.|last2=Llisterri|first2=Joaquim|year=1992|title=Catalan|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=22 |issue=1–2|page=53|doi=10.1017/S0025100300004618|s2cid=249411809}} * {{citation|last1=Colomina i Castanyer|first1=Jordi|year=1995|title=Els valencians i la llengua normativa|publisher=Textos universitaris. Institut de Cultura "Juan Gil-Albert"|place=Alicante|isbn=84-7784-178-0}} * {{citation|last1=Costa Carreras|first1=Joan|last2=Yates|first2=Alan|title=The Architect of Modern Catalan: Selected Writings/Pompeu Fabra (1868–1948)|year=2009|publisher=Instutut d'Estudis Catalans & Universitat Pompeu Fabra & Jonh Benjamins B.V.|isbn=978-90-272-3264-9|pages=6–7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKvQg1323YkC}} * {{citation |last = Feldhausen|first = Ingo|title = Sentential Form and Prosodic Structure of Catalan|year = 2010|publisher = John Benjamins B.V.|isbn = 978-90-272-5551-8|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oVQzAAAAQBAJ}} * {{citation|last=Guinot|first=Enric|year=1999|title=Els fundadors del Regne de València|publisher=Edicions 3i4|place=Valencia|isbn=84-7502-592-7}} * {{citation|last1=Jiménez|first1=Jesús|last2=Lloret|first2=Maria-Rosa|year=|title=Entre la articulación y la percepción: Armonía vocálica en la península Ibérica|place=|publisher=|language=es|url=https://pages.uv.es/foncat/cat/Treballs/20.Jimenez-Lloret.pdf|isbn=}} * {{citation|last1=Jiménez|first1=Jesús|last2=Lloret|first2=Maria-Rosa|year=2009|title=Harmonia vocàlica: Paràmetres i variació|place=|publisher=|language=ca-valencia|url=https://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000165/00000012.pdf|isbn=}} * {{citation|last = Lledó|first = Miquel Àngel|title = Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2)|year = 2011|publisher = Oxford University Press|location = New York|isbn = 978-0-19-539245-6|pages = 336–348|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oUydX_3rG0AC&q=IEC+AVL+catalan&pg=PA337|chapter = 26. The Independent Standardization of Valencia: From Official Use to Underground Resistance}} * {{citation |last=Recasens Vives |first=Daniel |date=1996 |orig-date=1991 |title=Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX |edition=2nd |place=Barcelona. Spain |series=Biblioteca Filològica |volume=21 |publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans |isbn=978-84-7283-312-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UCDqrfRfVcC |language=ca}} * {{citation |last=Recasens Vives |first=Daniel |date=2014 |title=Fonètica i fonologia experimentals del català |edition= |place=Barcelona. Spain |series= |volume= |publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans |isbn= |url= |language=ca}} * {{citation |last=Saborit Vilar |first=Josep |year=2009 |title=Millorem la pronúncia |publisher=Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua}} * {{citation|last=Salvador i Gimeno|first=Carles|title=Gramàtica valenciana|publisher=Associació Cultural Lo Rat Penat|place=Valencia|year=1995|url=http://repositori.uji.es/xmlui/handle/10234/21516|isbn=84-85211-71-5|access-date=21 October 2013|archive-date=21 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021175044/http://repositori.uji.es/xmlui/handle/10234/21516|url-status=dead}} * {{citation|last=Salvador i Gimeno|first=Carles|year=2001|orig-date=1963|title=Valencians i la llengua autòctona durant els segles XVI, XVII i XVIII|publisher=Institució Alfons el Magnànim|place=Valencia|isbn=84-370-5334-X}}. * {{citation|last=Sanchis i Guarner|first=Manuel|title=La llengua dels valencians|date=1983 |publisher=Edicions 3i4|place=Valencia|isbn=84-7502-082-8}} * {{citation|last=Valor i Vives|first=Enric|year=1973|title=Curs mitjà de gramàtica catalana, referida especialment al País Valencià|publisher=Grog Editions|place=Valencia|isbn=84-85211-45-6}} * {{citation|last=Veny|first=Joan|year=2007|title=Petit Atles lingüístic del domini català|volume=1 & 2|place=Barcelona|publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans|page=51|isbn=978-84-7283-942-7}} * {{citation|last1=Wheeler |first1=Max |last2=Yates |first2=Alan |last3=Dols |first3=Nicolau |year=1999 |title=Catalan: A Comprehensive Grammar |place=London |publisher=Routledge}} * {{citation|last= Wheeler|first= Max|title= The Romance Languages|year= 2003|publisher= Routledge |location= London|isbn= 0-415-16417-6|pages= 170–208|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lULWOT1o0SsC |chapter= 5. Catalan}} * {{citation|last=Wheeler |first=Max |title=The Phonology of Catalan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-925814-7 |location=Oxford |page=54}} * {{citation|last=Wheeler |first=Max H. |year= 2006 |title=[Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics](/source/Encyclopedia_of_Language_and_Linguistics) |chapter=Catalan |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0}} == External links == {{Sister project links|auto=1|q=es:Valenciano|iw=ca}} * [http://www.avl.gva.es/ ''Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL)''] * [http://www.avl.gva.es/lexicval/ ''Diccionari normatiu valencià (DNV)''] * [http://www.vives.org ''Institut Joan Lluís Vives''] :;Documents * [http://www.proel.org/mundo/valenciano.htm Disputing theories about Valencian origin] {{in lang|es}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003807/http://www.ciemen.org/mercator/pdf/wp18-def-ang.pdf The origins and evolution of language secessionism in Valencia. An analysis from the transition period until today] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043211/http://www.ua.es/uem/docs/noticies/20051025elpval_9.pdf Article from ''El País'' (25 October 2005) regarding report on use of Valencian published by ''Servei d'Investicació i Estudis Sociolingüístics''] {{in lang|es}} {{Navboxes | title = Articles related to Valencian language | list = {{Romance languages}} {{Occitano-Romance languages and dialects}} {{Catalan language}} {{Languages of Spain}} }} {{Authority control}} Category:Valencian Category:Catalan dialects Category:Culture of the Valencian Community Category:Culture of the Region of Murcia --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Valencian language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_language) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_language?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.