# VV 191

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Interacting pair in the constellation of Boötes

VV 191 The galaxy pair VV 191 captured by both HST and JWST Observation data (J2000 epoch) Constellation Boötes Right ascension 13h 48m 21.77s[1] Declination +25° 40′ 31.11″[1] Redshift 0.051297[1] Heliocentric radial velocity 15,378 km/s[1] Distance 741.4 ± 51.9 Mly (227.32 ± 15.91 Mpc)[1] magnitude (J) 13.35[1] Characteristics Size ~349,000 ly (106.9 kpc) (estimated) (VV 191a), ~134,100 ly (41.13 kpc) (estimated) (VV 191b) Other designations HOLM 544, CGCG 132-015, PGC 48974/48981, MCG +04-33-006 and MCG +04-33-005, PGC 48973/48980

**VV 191** known as **HOLM 544**,[2] is a pair of [interacting galaxies](/source/Interacting_galaxy)[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] in the constellation of [Boötes](/source/Bo%C3%B6tes). It has been classified as an overlapping pair, where the [spiral galaxy](/source/Spiral_galaxy) is described as backlit by an [elliptical galaxy](/source/Elliptical_galaxy) companion.[3][4]

## Description

VV 191 is made up of two separate galaxies. The first galaxy is **VV 191a** and it has been classified as an elliptical galaxy. Its [redshift](/source/Redshift) has been estimated to be at (z) 0.0512 or (z) 0.0513.[1][5] The second galaxy in the system, **VV 191b**, has been classified as a multi-armed spiral galaxy of type Sc[3] and has a redshift of (z) 0.0514.[6] The pair of galaxies have been described as overlapping, but in reality they are separated physically. VV 191a is also a background galaxy, with an extension of up to around 1.7 [kiloparsecs](/source/Parsec) from the center of the spiral galaxy companion. A study also found the spiral galaxy is rotating [symmetrically](/source/Symmetry), with its [dust lanes](/source/Dust_lane) being described as both partially overlapping and nonoverlapping.[7] The nuclei of the galaxies are estimated to be 20.6 kiloparsecs away from each other.

A study published in March 2024, records 154 [globular clusters](/source/Globular_cluster) around the elliptical galaxy, with most having an estimated mass of around 106.5 [M☉](/source/Solar_mass). The spiral companion contains a population of young stars with mean ages of 107 to 108 million years.[6] A [photodissociation region](/source/Photodissociation_region) has also been discovered in the outer disk of the spiral galaxy 17 kiloparsecs from the optical center and there is evidence of a [spiral arm](/source/Spiral_arm) dust cavity feature surrounding the entire region. This indicates the production of [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon](/source/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon) emission.[8] The dust lanes of the spiral galaxy continue beyond the region of the spiral arms which then trace in a complex web pattern. A [lens](/source/Lens) arc is found a few arcseconds away from the center of the elliptical galaxy, suggesting the possibility of [gravitational lensing](/source/Gravitational_lens).[9]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ned_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ned_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-ned_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-ned_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-ned_1-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-ned_1-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-ned_1-6) ["NED Search Results for VV 191a"](https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/byname?objname=VV+191a&hconst=67.8&omegam=0.308&omegav=0.692&wmap=4&corr_z=1). *NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database*. Retrieved 2026-02-22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["NED Search results for VV 191"](https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/byname?objname=VV+191&hconst=67.8&omegam=0.308&omegav=0.692&wmap=4&corr_z=1). *NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database*. Retrieved 2026-02-22.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_3-1) Robertson, Clayton D.; Holwerda, Benne W.; Berkheimer, Jessica M.; Butrum, Trevor; Castellano, Ian; Cook, Kyle W.; Keel, William C.; Koekemoer, Anton M.; Patel, Divya; del Carmen Polletta, Maria; Windhorst, Rogier A. (2025-09-02). ["Mapping Interstellar Dust in the Foreground Outer Disk of Overlapping Galaxy Pair VV 191 with HST and JWST"](https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/adf6aa). *The Astronomical Journal*. **170** (4): 195. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3847/1538-3881/adf6aa](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fadf6aa). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-6256](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6256).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** information@eso.org. ["Galaxy Pair VV 191 (Webb and Hubble Composite Image) | ESA/Webb"](https://esawebb.org/images/VV191a/). *esawebb.org*. Retrieved 2026-02-22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Berkheimer, Jessica M.; Carleton, Timothy; Windhorst, Rogier A.; Keel, William C.; Holwerda, Benne W.; Nonino, Mario; Cohen, Seth H.; Jansen, Rolf A.; Coe, Dan; Conselice, Christopher J.; Driver, Simon P.; Frye, Brenda L.; Grogin, Norman A.; Koekemoer, Anton M.; Lucas, Ray A. (2024-03-28). ["JWST NIRCam Photometry: A Study of Globular Clusters Surrounding Bright Elliptical Galaxy VV 191a at z = 0.0513"](https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad2688). *The Astrophysical Journal Letters*. **964** (2): L29. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3847/2041-8213/ad2688](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fad2688). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2041-8205](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-8205).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_6-1) ["NED Search results for VV 191b"](https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/byname?objname=VV+191b&hconst=67.8&omegam=0.308&omegav=0.692&wmap=4&corr_z=1). *NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database*. Retrieved 2026-02-22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Robertson, Clayton; Holwerda, Benne W.; Young, Jason; Keel, William C.; Berkheimer, Jessica M.; Cook, Kyle; Conselice, Christopher J.; Frye, Brenda L.; Grogin, Norman A.; Koekemoer, Anton M.; Nasr, Camella-Rosa; Patel, Divya; Roemer, Wade; Smith, Dominic; Windhorst, Rogier A. (2024-05-14). ["Ground- and Space-based Dust Observations of VV 191 Overlapping Galaxy Pair"](https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad39c4). *The Astronomical Journal*. **167** (6): 263. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3847/1538-3881/ad39c4](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fad39c4). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-6256](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6256).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Robertson, Clayton D.; Holwerda, Benne W.; Berkheimer, Jessica M.; Cook, Kyle W.; Keel, William C.; Windhorst, Rogier A. (2025-04-18). ["Discovery of Photodissociation Region in Overlapping Galaxy Pair VV 191 with HST and JWST"](https://doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/adcd6c). *Research Notes of the AAS*. **9** (4): 90. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3847/2515-5172/adcd6c](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2515-5172%2Fadcd6c). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2515-5172](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2515-5172).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Keel, William C.; Windhorst, Rogier A.; Jansen, Rolf A.; Cohen, Seth H.; Summers, Jake; Holwerda, Benne; Bradford, Sarah T.; Robertson, Clayton D.; Ferrami, Giovanni; Wyithe, Stuart; Yan, Haojing; Conselice, Christopher J.; Driver, Simon P.; Robotham, Aaron; Grogin, Norman A. (2023-03-20). ["JWST's PEARLS: Dust Attenuation and Gravitational Lensing in the Backlit-galaxy System VV 191"](https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acbdff). *The Astronomical Journal*. **165** (4): 166. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3847/1538-3881/acbdff](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Facbdff). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10261/335283](https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F335283). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-6256](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6256).

## External links

- VV 191 on [WikiSky](/source/WikiSky): [DSS2](http://www.wikisky.org/?object=VV+191&img_source=DSS2), [SDSS](http://www.wikisky.org/?object=VV+191&img_source=SDSS), [GALEX](http://www.wikisky.org/?object=VV+191&img_source=GALEX), [IRAS](http://www.wikisky.org/?object=VV+191&img_source=IRAS), [Hydrogen α](http://www.wikisky.org/?object=VV+191&img_source=HALPHA), [X-Ray](http://www.wikisky.org/?object=VV+191&img_source=RASS), [Astrophoto](http://www.wikisky.org/?object=VV+191&img_source=IMG_all), [Sky Map](http://www.wikisky.org/?object=VV+191), [Articles and images](http://www.wikisky.org/starview?object=VV+191)

v t e Constellation of Boötes Boötes in Chinese astronomy Boötes Void List of stars in Boötes Stars Bayer α (Arcturus) β (Nekkar) γ (Seginus) δ (Qigong) ε (Izar, Pulcherrima) ζ η (Muphrid) θ ι κ λ (Xuange) μ1 (Alkalurops) μ2 ν1 ν2 ξ ο π ρ (Kalasungsang) σ (Genghe) τ (Tepiamenit) υ φ χ ψ ω Flamsteed 1 2 3 6 (e) 7 9 10 11 12 (d) 13 14 15 18 20 22 (f) 24 (g) 26 31 32 33 34 (Alrumh) 38 (Merga) 39 40 44 (Quadrans) 45 (c) 46 (b) 47 (k) 50 Variable R S T RX ZZ AB BL BP BX BY CE CH CI CN CP CR CX CY (101 Vir) DE EK HN HP HD 118508 118889 122563 125040 125351 (A) 125658 126128 126129 126141 126200 126271 127304 127334 127726 128093 128198 129132 129357 130084 130603 130917 131040 131473 131496 (Arcalís) 132029 132406 132563 134064 134335 135438 135530 135944 141399 Other 2MASS J15031961+2525196 CFBDSIR 1458+10 Gliese 526 HAT-P-4 LHS 2924 PSR J1544+4937 SDSS J1416+1348 SDSS J1433+1011 TVLM 513-46546 WASP-14 WD 1425+540 ZTF J153932.16+502738.8 Exoplanets HAT-P-4b HD 128311 b c HD 132406 b HD 136418 b (Awasis) τ Boötis b TOI-1853 b WASP-14b Star clusters NGC 5466 Galaxies NGC 5008 5248 5251 5416 5490 5500 5504 5508 5514 5523 5529 5532 5533 5535 5539 5541 5544 5545 5548 5557 5559 5562 5579 5582 5591 5601 5603 5609 5613 5614 5615 5624 5629 5630 5641 5642 5653 5665 5676 5681 5682 5683 5698 5714 5722 5752 5753 5754 5755 5772 5778 5784 5790 5820 5821 5829 5837 5857 5875 5876 5886 5888 5896 5929 5930 5966 Numbered I II III Other 3C 295 3C 299 3C 300 3C 303 3C 315 4C 19.44 4C +26.42 7C 1354+2552 Abell 2009 BCG Arp 302 B2 1420+32 B2 1441+26 CEERS-2112 CEERS-93316 CEERS2-588 CLASS B1359+154 Cloverleaf quasar DDO 190 EGS-zs8-1 EGS-z11-R0 EGSY8p7 H1426+428 IC 4397 IC 4461 IC 4462 IC 4481 IC 4516 IRAS 13349+2438 IRAS 14394+5332 IRAS 15206+3342 LEDA 2108986 MACS 1423-z7p64 MACS J1447.4+0827 BCG Maisie's Galaxy Markarian 463 Markarian 471 Markarian 478 MS 1455.0+2232 BCG MS 1512-cB58 NVSS J141343+433945 OQ 172 OQ 530 PG 1411+442 PG 1543+489 PGC 93125 PGC 1470080 PKS 1345+125 PKS 1413+135 QSO B1422+202 RBS 1467 RGZ J145001.5+144747 RGZ J145039.8+441829 SBS 1415+437 SDSS J135646.10+102609.0 SDSS J1430+2303 Teacup galaxy UGC 8669 UGC 9128 UGC 9425 UGC 9684 UGC 9796 ULAS J1342+0928 VV 191 Galaxy clusters Abell 1795 Abell 1991 BoRG-58 IDCS J1426.5+3508 Astronomical events GRB 990123 GRB 080319B SCP 06F6 SN 2003fg SN 2005bc SN 2020tlf Category

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [VV 191](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VV_191) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VV_191?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.