# VIPR2

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Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

VIPR2 Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 2X57 Identifiers Aliases VIPR2, C16DUPq36.3, DUP7q36.3, PACAP-R-3, PACAP-R3, VIP-R-2, VPAC2, VPAC2R, VPCAP2R, vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 External IDs OMIM: 601970; MGI: 107166; HomoloGene: 2540; GeneCards: VIPR2; OMA:VIPR2 - orthologs Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 7 (human)[1] Band 7q36.3 Start 159,028,175 bp[1] End 159,144,867 bp[1] Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 12 (mouse)[2] Band 12 62.59 cM|12 F2 Start 116,041,346 bp[2] End 116,109,881 bp[2] RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in gastric mucosa apex of heart left ventricle body of pancreas canal of the cervix ascending aorta tibial arteries Descending thoracic aorta left ovary muscle layer of sigmoid colon Top expressed in neural layer of retina suprachiasmatic nucleus embryo cerebellar cortex ventricular zone muscle of thigh embryo dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell stomach lens More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data Gene ontology Molecular function G protein-coupled receptor activity vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity transmembrane signaling receptor activity signal transducer activity G protein-coupled peptide receptor activity peptide hormone binding Cellular component integral component of membrane plasma membrane integral component of plasma membrane membrane Biological process cell-cell signaling cell surface receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation signal transduction activation of adenylate cyclase activity G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Sources:Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 7434 22355 Ensembl ENSG00000106018 ENSMUSG00000011171 UniProt P41587 P41588 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001304522 NM_001308259 NM_003382 NM_009511 RefSeq (protein) NP_001291451 NP_001295188 NP_003373 NP_033537 Location (UCSC) Chr 7: 159.03 – 159.14 Mb Chr 12: 116.04 – 116.11 Mb PubMed search [3] [4] Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

**Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2** also known as **VPAC2**, is a [G-protein coupled receptor](/source/G-protein_coupled_receptor) that in humans is encoded by the *VIPR2* [gene](/source/Gene).[5]

## Tissue distribution

VIPR2 is [expressed](/source/Gene_expression) in the [uterus](/source/Uterus), [prostate](/source/Prostate), [smooth muscle](/source/Smooth_muscle) of the [gastrointestinal tract](/source/Gastrointestinal_tract), [seminal vesicles](/source/Seminal_vesicles) and [skin](/source/Skin), [blood vessels](/source/Blood_vessels) and [thymus](/source/Thymus).[6][7] VIPR2 is also expressed in the [cerebellum](/source/Cerebellum).[8]

## Function

[Vasoactive intestinal peptide](/source/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide) (VIP) and [pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide](/source/Pituitary_adenylate_cyclase_activating_polypeptide) (PACAP) are homologous peptides that function as [neurotransmitters](/source/Neurotransmitters) and [neuroendocrine](/source/Neuroendocrine_system) hormones. While the receptors for VIP ([VIRP](/source/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide_receptor) 1 and 2) and PACAP ([ADCYAP1R1](/source/ADCYAP1R1)) share homology, they differ in their substrate specificities and expression patterns.[5] VIPR2 transduction results in upregulation of [adenylate cyclase activity](/source/Adenylate_cyclase).[9] Furthermore, VIPR2 mediates the [anti-inflammatory](/source/Anti-inflammatory) effects of VIP.[10]

Research using VPAC2 knockout mice implicate it in the function of the [circadian clock](/source/Circadian_clock), growth, basal energy expenditure and male [reproduction](/source/Reproduction).[11][12][13][14]

VIPR2 and/or [PAC1](/source/ADCYAP1R1) receptor activation is involved in [cutaneous](/source/Cutaneous) active [vasodilation](/source/Vasodilation) in humans.[15]

[Splice variants](/source/Splice_variant) may modify the immunoregulatory contributions of the VIP-VIPR2 axis.[16]

VIPR2 may contribute to [autoregulation](/source/Autoregulation) and/or coupling within the [suprachiasmatic nucleus](/source/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus) (SCN) core and to control of the SCN shell.[17]

## Clinical significance

VIPR2 may play a role in [schizophrenia](/source/Schizophrenia).[18]

The abnormal expression of VIPR2 [messenger RNA](/source/Messenger_RNA) in [gallbladder](/source/Gallbladder) tissue may play a role in the formation of [gall stones](/source/Gall_stone) and [polyps](/source/Gallbladder_polyp).[19]

## See also

- [Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor](/source/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide_receptor)

- [VIPR1](/source/VIPR1)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2) [GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000106018](http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000106018) – [Ensembl](/source/Ensembl_genome_database_project), May 2017

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2) [GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000011171](http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000011171) – [Ensembl](/source/Ensembl_genome_database_project), May 2017

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Human PubMed Reference:"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=7434). *National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Mouse PubMed Reference:"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=22355). *National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-entrez_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-entrez_5-1) ["Entrez Gene: VIPR2 vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=7434). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101205081110/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene) from the original on 5 December 2010.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["IUPHAR-DB VPAC2 receptor Redirect"](http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=372). *www.iuphar-db.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204518/http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=372) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Juarranz-2008_10-0)** Juarranz Y, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Santiago B, Carrión M, Pablos JL, Gomariz RP (April 2008). ["Differential expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide and its functional receptors in human osteoarthritic and rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts"](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fart.23403). *Arthritis Rheum*. **58** (4): 1086–95. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/art.23403](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fart.23403). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [18383383](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18383383).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid12086606_11-0)** Harmar AJ, Marston HM, Shen S, Spratt C, West KM, Sheward WJ, Morrison CF, Dorin JR, Piggins HD, Reubi JC, Kelly JS, Maywood ES, Hastings MH (2002). ["The VPAC2 receptor is essential for circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2802%2900736-5). *Cell*. **109** (4): 497–508. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00736-5](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2802%2900736-5). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12086606](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12086606). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [18583905](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18583905).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid12542655_12-0)** Cutler DJ, Haraura M, Reed HE, Shen S, Sheward WJ, Morrison CF, Marston HM, Harmar AJ, Piggins HD (January 2003). "The mouse VPAC2 receptor confers suprachiasmatic nuclei cellular rhythmicity and responsiveness to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in vitro". *Eur. J. Neurosci*. **17** (2): 197–204. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02425.x](https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1460-9568.2003.02425.x). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12542655](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12542655). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [2507786](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2507786).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid15071099_13-0)** Hughes AT, Fahey B, Cutler DJ, Coogan AN, Piggins HD (April 2004). ["Aberrant gating of photic input to the suprachiasmatic circadian pacemaker of mice lacking the VPAC2 receptor"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6729740). *J. Neurosci*. **24** (14): 3522–6. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5345-03.2004](https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.5345-03.2004). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [6729740](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6729740). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [15071099](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15071099).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid12239111_14-0)** Asnicar MA, Köster A, Heiman ML, Tinsley F, Smith DP, Galbreath E, Fox N, Ma YL, Blum WF, Hsiung HM (October 2002). ["Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor 2 deficiency in mice results in growth retardation and increased basal metabolic rate"](https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2002-220354). *Endocrinology*. **143** (10): 3994–4006. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1210/en.2002-220354](https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2002-220354). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12239111](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12239111).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kellogg-2010_15-0)** Kellogg DL, Zhao JL, Wu Y, Johnson JM (July 2010). ["VIP/PACAP receptor mediation of cutaneous active vasodilation during heat stress in humans"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2904198). *J. Appl. Physiol*. **109** (1): 95–100. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1152/japplphysiol.01187.2009](https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjapplphysiol.01187.2009). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [2904198](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2904198). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [20395540](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20395540).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Miller-2006_16-0)** Miller AL, Verma D, Grinninger C, Huang MC, Goetzl EJ (July 2006). ["Functional splice variants of the type II G protein-coupled receptor (VPAC2) for vasoactive intestinal peptide in mouse and human lymphocytes"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1557659). *Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci*. **1070** (1): 422–6. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2006NYASA1070..422M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006NYASA1070..422M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1196/annals.1317.055](https://doi.org/10.1196%2Fannals.1317.055). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [1557659](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1557659). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [16888203](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16888203).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kalló-2004_17-0)** Kalló I, Kalamatianos T, Wiltshire N, Shen S, Sheward WJ, Harmar AJ, Coen CW (April 2004). "Transgenic approach reveals expression of the VPAC2 receptor in phenotypically defined neurons in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus and in its efferent target sites". *Eur. J. Neurosci*. **19** (8): 2201–11. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.0953-816X.2004.03335.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0953-816X.2004.03335.x). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [15090046](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15090046). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [2389771](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2389771).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Levinson-2011_18-0)** Levinson DF, Duan J, Oh S, Wang K, Sanders AR, Shi J, Zhang N, Mowry BJ, Olincy A, Amin F, Cloninger CR, Silverman JM, Buccola NG, Byerley WF, Black DW, Kendler KS, Freedman R, Dudbridge F, Pe'er I, Hakonarson H, Bergen SE, Fanous AH, Holmans PA, Gejman PV (February 2011). ["Copy Number Variants in Schizophrenia: Confirmation of Five Previous Findings and New Evidence for 3q29 Microdeletions and VIPR2 Duplications"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4441324). *Am J Psychiatry*. **168** (3): 302–316. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10060876](https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.2010.10060876). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4441324](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4441324). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [21285140](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21285140).

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## Further reading

- Goetzl EJ, Pankhaniya RR, Gaufo GO, et al. (1998). "Selectivity of effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on macrophages and lymphocytes in compartmental immune responses". *Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci*. **840** (1 NEUROIMMUNOMO): 540–50. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1998NYASA.840..540G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998NYASA.840..540G). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09593.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1998.tb09593.x). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9629281](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9629281). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [11871747](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11871747).

- Adamou JE, Aiyar N, Van Horn S, Elshourbagy NA (1995). "Cloning and functional characterization of the human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-2 receptor". *Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun*. **209** (2): 385–92. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1006/bbrc.1995.1515](https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1995.1515). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [7733904](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7733904).

- Svoboda M, Tastenoy M, Van Rampelbergh J, et al. (1995). "Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a human VIP receptor from SUP-T1 lymphoblasts". *Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun*. **205** (3): 1617–24. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1006/bbrc.1994.2852](https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1994.2852). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [7811244](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7811244).

- Inagaki N, Yoshida H, Mizuta M, et al. (1994). ["Cloning and functional characterization of a third pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor subtype expressed in insulin-secreting cells"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC43433). *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A*. **91** (7): 2679–83. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1994PNAS...91.2679I](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PNAS...91.2679I). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1073/pnas.91.7.2679](https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.91.7.2679). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [43433](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC43433). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8146174](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8146174).

- Xia M, Gaufo GO, Wang Q, et al. (1996). ["Transduction of specific inhibition of HuT 78 human T cell chemotaxis by type I vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors"](https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.157.3.1132). *J. Immunol*. **157** (3): 1132–8. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4049/jimmunol.157.3.1132](https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.157.3.1132). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8757618](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8757618). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [40867208](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40867208).

- Wei Y, Mojsov S (1997). "Tissue specific expression of different human receptor types for pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide: implications for their role in human physiology". *J. Neuroendocrinol*. **8** (11): 811–7. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1046/j.1365-2826.1996.05191.x](https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2826.1996.05191.x). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8933357](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8933357). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [22302790](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22302790).

- Mackay M, Fantes J, Scherer S, et al. (1997). "Chromosomal localization in mouse and human of the vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor type 2 gene: a possible contributor to the holoprosencephaly 3 phenotype". *Genomics*. **37** (3): 345–53. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1006/geno.1996.0569](https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1996.0569). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8938447](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8938447).

- Nicole P, Du K, Couvineau A, Laburthe M (1998). "Site-directed mutagenesis of human vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor subtypes VIP1 and VIP2: evidence for difference in the structure-function relationship". *J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther*. **284** (2): 744–50. [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9454823](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9454823).

- Dewit D, Gourlet P, Amraoui Z, et al. (1998). "The vasoactive intestinal peptide analogue RO25-1553 inhibits the production of TNF and IL-12 by LPS-activated monocytes". *Immunol. Lett*. **60** (1): 57–60. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S0165-2478(97)00129-6](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0165-2478%2897%2900129-6). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9541464](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9541464).

- Lutz EM, Shen S, Mackay M, et al. (1999). ["Structure of the human VIPR2 gene for vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor type 2"](https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/14018284/Structure_of_the_human_VIPR2_gene_for_vasoactive_intestinal_peptide_receptor_type_2.pdf) (PDF). *FEBS Lett*. **458** (2): 197–203. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01135-7](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-5793%2899%2901135-7). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[20.500.11820/4a02420b-ff08-47b1-a44f-42cb7b326647](https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F4a02420b-ff08-47b1-a44f-42cb7b326647). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10481065](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10481065). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [27842682](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27842682).

- Busto R, Prieto JC, Bodega G, et al. (2000). "Immunohistochemical localization and distribution of VIP/PACAP receptors in human lung". *Peptides*. **21** (2): 265–9. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S0196-9781(99)00202-8](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0196-9781%2899%2900202-8). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10764955](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10764955). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [44951090](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44951090).

- Nicole P, Lins L, Rouyer-Fessard C, et al. (2000). ["Identification of key residues for interaction of vasoactive intestinal peptide with human VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors and development of a highly selective VPAC1 receptor agonist. Alanine scanning and molecular modeling of the peptide"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M002325200). *J. Biol. Chem*. **275** (31): 24003–12. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.M002325200](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M002325200). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10801840](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10801840).

- Bajo AM, Juarranz MG, Valenzuela P, et al. (2001). "Expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors in human uterus". *Peptides*. **21** (9): 1383–8. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S0196-9781(00)00282-5](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0196-9781%2800%2900282-5). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11072126](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11072126). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [429907](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:429907).

- Lara-Marquez M, O'Dorisio M, O'Dorisio T, et al. (2001). ["Selective gene expression and activation-dependent regulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor type 1 and type 2 in human T cells"](https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.166.4.2522). *J. Immunol*. **166** (4): 2522–30. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2522](https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.166.4.2522). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11160313](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11160313).

- Lara-Marquez ML, O'Dorisio MS, Karacay B (2001). "Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor type 2 (VPAC2) is the predominant receptor expressed in human thymocytes". *Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci*. **921** (1): 45–54. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06950.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2000.tb06950.x). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11193874](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11193874). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [8156918](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8156918).

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## External links

- ["VIP and PACAP Receptors: VPAC2"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205921/http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2451). *IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels*. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from [the original](http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2451) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2008.

*This article incorporates text from the [United States National Library of Medicine](/source/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine), which is in the [public domain](/source/Public_domain).*

v t e Cell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptors Class A: Rhodopsin-like Neurotransmitter Adrenergic α1 A B D α2 A B C β1 β2 β3 Purinergic Adenosine A1 A2A A2B A3 P2Y 1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Serotonin (all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 A B D E F 5-HT2 A B C 5-HT 4 5A 6 7 Other Acetylcholine M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 Dopamine D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 GHB receptor Histamine H1 H2 H3 H4 Melatonin 1A 1B 1C TAAR 1 2 5 6 8 9 Metabolites and signaling molecules Eicosanoid CysLT 1 2 LTB4 1 2 FPRL1 OXE Prostaglandin DP 1 2 EP 1 2 3 4 FP Prostacyclin Thromboxane Other Bile acid Cannabinoid CB1 CB2 GPR 18 55 119 EBI2 Estrogen Free fatty acid 1 2 3 4 Hydroxycarboxylic acids 1 2 3 Lysophosphatidic acid 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lysophospholipid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Oxoglutarate PAF Sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 2 3 4 5 Succinate Peptide Neuropeptide B/W 1 2 FF 1 2 S Y 1 2 4 5 Neuromedin B U 1 2 Neurotensin 1 2 Other Anaphylatoxin C3a C5a 1 2 Angiotensin 1 2 Apelin Bombesin BRS3 GRPR NMBR Bradykinin B1 B2 Chemerin 1 2 Chemokine Cholecystokinin A B Endothelin A B Formyl peptide 1 2 3 FSH Galanin 1 2 3 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 2 Ghrelin Kisspeptin Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin MAS 1 1L D E F G X1 X2 X3 X4 Melanocortin 1 2 3 4 5 MCHR 1 2 Motilin Opioid Delta Kappa Mu Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma Orexin 1 2 Oxytocin Prokineticin 1 2 Prolactin-releasing peptide Relaxin 1 2 3 4 Somatostatin 1 2 3 4 5 Tachykinin 1 2 3 Thyrotropin Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Urotensin-II Vasopressin 1A 1B 2 Miscellaneous Taste, bitter TAS2R 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 13 14 16 19 20 30 31 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 50 60 Vomeronasal receptor type 1 Orphan GPR 3 4 6 12 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 26 27 31 32 33 34 35 37 39 42 45 50 52 55 61 62 63 65 68 75 78 82 83 84 85 87 88 101 103 109A 119 132 135 137B 139 141 142 146 148 149 150 151 152 153 160 161 162 171 173 174 176 177 182 183 Other Adrenomedullin Olfactory Opsin 3 4 5 1LW 1MW 1SW RGR RRH Protease-activated 1 2 3 4 SREB 1 2 3 Class B: Secretin-like Adhesion ADGRB Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 2 3 ADGRC Cadherin 1 2 3 ADGRE EMR 1 2 3 CD97 ADGRG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ADGRL Latrophilin 1 2 3 ELTD1 Orphan GPR 56 64 97 98 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 123 124 125 126 128 133 143 144 155 157 Other Calcitonin CALCRL Corticotropin-releasing hormone 1 2 Glucagon GR GIPR GLP1R GLP2R Growth-hormone-releasing hormone PACAPR1 GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone 1 2 Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste, sweet TAS1R 1 2 3 Vomeronasal receptor, type 2 Other Calcium-sensing receptor GABAB 1 2 Glutamate receptor Metabotropic glutamate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 GPRC6A GPR 156 158 179 RAIG 1 2 3 4 Class F: Frizzled & Smoothened Frizzled Frizzled 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Smoothened Smoothened Category Commons

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [VIPR2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIPR2) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIPR2?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.