# V

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Twenty-second letter of the Latin alphabet

This article is about the letter of the Latin alphabet. For the lowercase letter of the Greek alphabet, see [Nu (letter)](/source/Nu_(letter)). For other uses, see [V (disambiguation)](/source/V_(disambiguation)).

V V v Usage Writing system Latin script Type Alphabetic and logographic Language of origin Latin language Sound values [v] [w] [β̞] [f] [b] [u] [ə] [ə̃] [y] [ʋ] [ɯ] [ɤ] In Unicode U+0056, U+0076 Alphabetical position 22 History Development Υ υ 𐌖 V v Time period c. 700 BCE to present Descendants • U • W • ∨ • ℣ • Ꮴ • Ꮙ • Ꮩ Sisters F Ѵ У Ў Ұ Ү Ꝩ ו و ܘ וּ וֹ ࠅ 𐎆 𐡅 ወ વ ૂ ુ उ Transliterations Y, U, W Other Associated graphs v(x) Writing direction Left-to-right This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

ISO basic Latin alphabet AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz v t e

**V** ([minuscule](/source/Letter_case): **v**) is the twenty-second [letter](/source/Letter_(alphabet)) of the [Latin alphabet](/source/Latin_alphabet), used in the [modern English alphabet](/source/English_alphabet), the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is [*vee*](/source/English_alphabet#Letter_names) (pronounced [/ˈviː/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-V.wav)), plural *vees*.[1]

## Name

- [Catalan](/source/Catalan_language): *ve* [\[ˈve\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan); in dialects that [merge](/source/Betacism) /v/ and /b/, the letter is called *ve baixa* [\[ˈbe ˈbaʃə\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan) (lit. 'low B').

- [Czech](/source/Czech_language): *vé* [\[ˈvɛː\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech)

- [French](/source/French_language): *vé* [\[ˈve\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French)

- [German](/source/German_language): *Vau* [\[ˈfaʊ\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German)

- [Italian](/source/Italian_language): *vi* [\[ˈvi\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) or *vu* [\[ˈvu\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian)

- [Japanese](/source/Japanese_language): ⟨v⟩ is called a variety of names that approximate its English name, most commonly ブイ [\[bɯi\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese) or [\[bui\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese); still, less nativized variants, violating to an extent [Japanese phonotactics](/source/Japanese_phonotactics), such as ヴィー [\[viː\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese), ヴイ [\[vɯi\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese) or [\[vui\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese), and ヴィ [\[vi\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese), are also used. The phoneme /v/ in Japanese is used properly only in loanwords, where the preference for either /v/ or /b/ depends on many factors; in general, words that are perceived to be in common use tend toward /b/.

- [Polish](/source/Polish_language): *fał* [\[ˈfaw\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish); ⟨v⟩ is not used in native vocabulary, where the /v/ sound is instead represented by ⟨w⟩.

- [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_language): *vê* [\[ˈve\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese)

- [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language): *uve* [\[ˈuβe\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish) is recommended by the [RAE](/source/Royal_Spanish_Academy),[2] but *ve* [\[ˈbe\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish) is traditional. If ⟨v⟩ is referred to using the latter, it would have the same pronunciation as the letter ⟨b⟩ (that is, [\[ˈbe\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish) *[in pausa](/source/Pausa)* or after a [nasal consonant](/source/Nasal_consonant) and [\[ˈβe\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish) elsewhere).[3] Thus, further terms are needed to distinguish *ve* from *be*, and to that end, ⟨v⟩ has been called *ve corta*, *ve baja*, *ve pequeña*, *ve chica* and *ve labiodental*,[a] among others.

## History

Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician Waw Western Greek Upsilon Latin V

The letter ⟨v⟩ ultimately comes from the [Phoenician](/source/Phoenician_alphabet#Waw) letter *[waw](/source/Waw_(letter))* by way of ⟨[u](/source/U)⟩.

During the [Late Middle Ages](/source/Late_Middle_Ages), two [minuscule](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/minuscule) glyphs of U developed which were both used for sounds including /u/ and modern /v/. The pointed form ⟨v⟩ was written at the beginning of a word, while a rounded form ⟨u⟩ was used in the middle or end, regardless of sound. So whereas *valour* and *excuse* appeared as in modern printing, *have* and *upon* were printed as "haue" and "vpon". The first distinction between the letters ⟨v⟩ and ⟨u⟩ is recorded in a [Gothic script](/source/Blackletter) from 1386, where ⟨v⟩ preceded ⟨u⟩. By the mid-16th century, the ⟨v⟩ form was used to represent the consonant and ⟨u⟩ the vowel sound, giving us the modern letter ⟨v⟩. ⟨u⟩ and ⟨v⟩ were not accepted as distinct letters until many years later.[4] The rounded variant became the modern-day version of ⟨u⟩, and the letter's former pointed form became ⟨v⟩.

## Use in writing systems

Pronunciation of ⟨v⟩ by language Orthography Phonemes Catalan /v/ or /b/ Cherokee romanization /ə̃/ Standard Chinese (substitute for ⟨ü⟩ in Pinyin) /y/ Choctaw (substitute for ⟨ʋ⟩) /ə/ Dutch /v/ or /f/ English /v/ Esperanto /v/ French /v/ Galician /b/ German /f/, /v/ Indonesian /f/ Italian /v/ Irish /w/, /vʲ/ Malay /v/ Muscogee /ə/ ~ /a/ Norwegian /ʋ/ Old Norse /w/ Portuguese /v/ or /b/ Spanish /b/ Turkish /v/

### English

In English, ⟨v⟩ represents a [voiced labiodental fricative](/source/Voiced_labiodental_fricative).

Special rules of orthography normally apply to the letter ⟨v⟩:

- Traditionally, ⟨v⟩ is not doubled to indicate a [short vowel](/source/Short_vowel), the way, for example, ⟨p⟩ is doubled to indicate the difference between *super* and *supper*. However, that is changing with newly coined words, such as *[savvy](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/savvy#English)*, *divvy up* and *skivvies*.

- A word-final [/v/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) sound (except in *of*) is normally spelled -⟨ve⟩, regardless of the pronunciation of the vowel before it. This rule does not apply to transliterations of Slavic and Hebrew words, such as *[Kyiv](/source/Kyiv)* (*Kiev*), or to words that started out as abbreviations, such as *sov* for *sovereign*.

- The [/ʌ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) sound is spelled ⟨o⟩, not ⟨u⟩, before the letter ⟨v⟩. This originated with a mediaeval scribal practice designed to increase legibility by avoiding too many vertical strokes ([minims](/source/Minim_(palaeography))) in a row.

Like ⟨[j](/source/J)⟩, ⟨[k](/source/K)⟩, ⟨[w](/source/W)⟩, ⟨[x](/source/X)⟩ and ⟨[z](/source/Z)⟩, ⟨v⟩ is not used very frequently in English. It is the [sixth least frequently used letter](/source/Letter_frequency) in the English language, occurring in roughly 1% of words. ⟨v⟩ is the only letter that cannot be used to form an English two-letter word in the British[5] and Australian[6] versions of the game of [Scrabble](/source/Scrabble). It is one of only two letters (the other being ⟨c⟩) that cannot be used this way in the American version.[7][8] ⟨v⟩ is also the only letter in the English language that is never silent.[9]

### Romance languages

The letter represents /[v](/source/Voiced_labiodental_fricative)/ in several [Romance languages](/source/Romance_languages), but in others it represents the same sound as ⟨b⟩, i.e. /[b](/source/Voiced_bilabial_plosive)/, due to a process known as [betacism](/source/Betacism). Betacism occurs in most dialects of [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language), in some dialects of [Catalan](/source/Catalan_language) and [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_language), as well as in [Aragonese](/source/Aragonese_language), [Asturleonese](/source/Asturleonese_language) and [Galician](/source/Galician_language).

In Spanish, the phoneme has two main [allophones](/source/Allophone); in most environments, it is pronounced [[β̞](/source/Voiced_bilabial_approximant)], but after a pause or a [nasal](/source/Nasal_consonant) it is typically [[b](/source/Voiced_bilabial_plosive)]. See [Allophones of /b d g/ in Spanish phonology](/source/Spanish_phonology#Consonants) for a more thorough discussion.

In [Corsican](/source/Corsican_language), ⟨v⟩ represents [[b](/source/Voiced_bilabial_plosive)], [[v](/source/Voiced_labiodental_fricative)], [[β](/source/Voiced_bilabial_fricative)] or [[w](/source/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant)], depending on the position in the word and the sentence.

### Other languages

Late [Renaissance](/source/Renaissance) or early [Baroque](/source/Baroque) design of ⟨v⟩, from 1627

In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, ⟨v⟩ represents a [voiced](/source/Voiced) [bilabial](/source/Bilabial) or [labiodental](/source/Labiodental) sound.

In contemporary [German](/source/German_language), it represents /[v](/source/Voiced_labiodental_fricative)/ in most loanwords, while in native German words, it always represents /[f](/source/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative)/.

In standard [Dutch](/source/Dutch_language), it traditionally represents /[v](/source/Voiced_labiodental_fricative)/, but in many regions, it represents /[f](/source/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative)/ in some or all positions.

In the Latinization of the [Cherokee syllabary](/source/Cherokee_syllabary), ⟨v⟩ represents a nasalized schwa, /[ə̃](/source/Nasal_vowel)/.

In [Chinese](/source/Chinese_language) [pinyin](/source/Pinyin), while v is not used, the letter ⟨v⟩ is used by most input methods to enter the letter ⟨ü⟩, which most keyboards lack ([romanized-input Chinese](/source/Romanization_of_Chinese) is a popular method to enter Chinese text). Informal [romanizations](/source/Romanization_of_Chinese) of [Mandarin](/source/Standard_Mandarin) [Chinese](/source/Chinese_language) use ⟨v⟩ as a substitute for the [close front rounded vowel](/source/Close_front_rounded_vowel) [/y/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin), properly written ⟨ü⟩ in both pinyin and [Wade–Giles](/source/Wade%E2%80%93Giles).

### Other systems

In the [International Phonetic Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA), ⟨v⟩ represents the [voiced labiodental fricative](/source/Voiced_labiodental_fricative).

## Other uses

Main article: [V (disambiguation)](/source/V_(disambiguation))

- V is used to represent the [Roman numeral](/source/Roman_numerals) 5.

- V is the symbol for [vanadium](/source/Vanadium). It is number 23 on the periodic table. [Emerald](/source/Emerald) derives its green coloring from either [vanadium](/source/Vanadium) or [chromium](/source/Chromium).

- *v*, *v.*, and *vs* can also be used as an abbreviation for the word [versus](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/versus) when between two or more competing items (e.g. [Brown v. Board of Education](/source/Brown_v._Board_of_Education)).

## Related characters

### Descendants and related letters in the Latin alphabet

- U u : Latin letter ⟨[u](/source/U)⟩, originally the same letter as ⟨v⟩

- W w : Latin letter ⟨[w](/source/W)⟩, descended from ⟨u⟩

- Ỽ ỽ : [Middle Welsh ⟨v⟩](/source/%E1%BB%BC)

- ⟨v⟩ with [diacritics](/source/Diacritic): [Ṽ ṽ](/source/Tilde) [Ṿ ṿ](/source/Dot_(diacritic)) [Ʋ ʋ](/source/%C6%B2) [ᶌ](/source/%E1%B6%8C)[10]

- [IPA](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet)-specific symbols related to ⟨v⟩: [ⱱ](/source/Voiced_labiodental_flap) [ʋ](/source/Voiced_labiodental_approximant)

- ᶹ : Modifier letter small ⟨v⟩ with hook is used in phonetic transcription[10]

- 𐞰 : Modifier letter small ⟨v⟩ with right hook is a [superscript IPA letter](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Superscript_IPA)[11]

- Ʌ ʌ ᶺ: [Turned ⟨v⟩](/source/Turned_v)

- ⱴ : [⟨v⟩ with curl](/source/V_with_curl)

- [Uralic Phonetic Alphabet](/source/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet)-specific symbols related to ⟨v⟩:[12] - U+1D20 ᴠ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL V - U+1D5B ᵛ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL V - U+1D65 ᵥ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER V - U+2C7D ⱽ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL V[13]

[Ancient Corinthian](/source/Ancient_Corinth) vase depicting [Perseus](/source/Perseus), [Andromeda](/source/Andromeda_(mythology)) and [Ketos](/source/Ketos). The inscriptions denoting the depicted persons are written in an archaic form of the [Greek alphabet](/source/Greek_alphabet). *Perseus* (classical ΠΕΡΣΕΥΣ) is inscribed as ⟨ϺVBϺΡBΠ⟩ (from right to left), using ⟨V⟩ to represent the vowel [u]. [San](/source/San_(letter)) (⟨Ϻ⟩) is used instead of [Sigma](/source/Sigma) (⟨Σ⟩).

### Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

- 𐤅: [Semitic](/source/Phoenician_alphabet) letter [Waw](/source/Waw_(letter)), from which the following symbols originally derive: - Υ υ : [Greek](/source/Greek_alphabet) letter [Upsilon](/source/Upsilon), from which ⟨v⟩ derives - Y y : Latin letter ⟨[y](/source/Y)⟩, which, like ⟨v⟩, also derives from Upsilon (but was taken into the alphabet at a later date) - Ѵ ѵ : Cyrillic letter [izhitsa](/source/Izhitsa), also descended from Upsilon - У у : [Cyrillic](/source/Cyrillic) letter ⟨[u](/source/U_(Cyrillic))⟩, also descended from Upsilon via the digraph of omicron and upsilon - Ү ү : [Cyrillic](/source/Cyrillic) letter ⟨[Ү](/source/Ue_(Cyrillic))⟩, descended from ⟨У⟩ and izhitsa, is used in the scripts for languages in the former [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union) and currently the [Russian Federation](/source/Russia), as well as in [Mongolian](/source/Mongolian_Cyrillic_alphabet). Most commonly, it represents /y/ or /ʏ/.

### Ligatures and abbreviations

- ℣ : [Versicle](/source/Versicle) sign[14]

- Ꝟ ꝟ : [⟨v⟩ with diagonal stroke](/source/V_with_diagonal_stroke), used for medieval [scribal abbreviations](/source/Scribal_abbreviation)[15]

## Other representations

### Unicode

- U+0056 V LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V

- U+0076 v LATIN SMALL LETTER V

- U+FF36 Ｖ [FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V](/source/Half-width_and_full-width_forms)

- U+FF56 ｖ FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER V

### Other

NATO phonetic Morse code Victor ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ

Signal flag Flag semaphore American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling) Braille dots-1236 Unified English Braille

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** lit. 'short B', 'low B', 'small B', 'small B', '[labiodental](/source/Labiodental_consonant) B', respectively

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** "V", *Oxford English Dictionary,* 2nd edition (1989); *Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged* (1993); "vee", *op. cit*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["v"](https://www.rae.es/dpd/v). *[Diccionario panhispánico de dudas](/source/Diccionario_panhisp%C3%A1nico_de_dudas)* (in Spanish) (2 ed.). [Real Academia Española](/source/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola). January 19, 2024. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250503025129/https://www.rae.es/dpd/v) from the original on May 3, 2025. Retrieved August 10, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Díez Losada, Fernando (2004). *La tribuna del idioma* (in Spanish). Editorial Tecnologica de CR. p. 176. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-9977-66-161-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9977-66-161-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Pflughaupt, Laurent (2008). [*Letter by Letter: An Alphabetical Miscellany*](https://books.google.com/books?id=63Qnbt2CMiMC&pg=PA124). trans. Gregory Bruhn. [Princeton Architectural Press](/source/Princeton_Architectural_Press). pp. 123–124. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-56898-737-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-737-8). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130510104124/http://books.google.com/books?id=63Qnbt2CMiMC&pg=PA124) from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Collins Scrabble Dictionary Revised 6th edition (2022) Harper Collins [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978 00085 2391 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978_00085_2391_6)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["2-Letter Words with Definitions"](http://www.scrabble.org.au/words/twos.htm). Australian Scrabble Players Association (ASPA). 8 May 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130305065759/http://www.scrabble.org.au/words/twos.htm) from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Hasbro staff (2014). ["Scrabble word lists:2-Letter Words"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140407014234/http://www.hasbro.com/scrabble/en_US/2LetterList.cfm). Hasbro. Archived from [the original](http://www.hasbro.com/scrabble/en_US/2LetterList.cfm) on April 7, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [Official Scrabble Players Dictionary](/source/Official_Scrabble_Players_Dictionary), 6th Edition (2018) Merriam Webster [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978 08777 9422 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978_08777_9422_6)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Every Letter Is Silent, Sometimes"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/mums-the-letter-when-letters-dont-say-a-thing/v). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230305065324/https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/mums-the-letter-when-letters-dont-say-a-thing/v) from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-L204132_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-L204132_11-1) Constable, Peter (April 19, 2004). ["L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171011014355/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf) (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-L220252_12-0)** Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (November 8, 2020). ["L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210730010133/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf) (PDF) from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** [Everson, Michael](/source/Michael_Everson); et al. (March 20, 2002). ["L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180219081033/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf) (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (April 7, 2006). ["L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding 3 Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06215-n3070.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170706090340/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06215-n3070.pdf) (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Roman Liturgy Fonts containing the response and versicle characters – Roman Liturgy"](http://www.romanliturgy.org/?p=144). *Roman Liturgy*. September 7, 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160723025939/http://www.romanliturgy.org/?p=144) from the original on July 23, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (January 30, 2006). ["L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180919051622/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.pdf) (PDF) from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2018.

## External links

- Media related to [V](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/V) at Wikimedia Commons

- The dictionary definition of [*V*](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/V) at Wiktionary

- The dictionary definition of [*v*](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/v) at Wiktionary

v t e Latin script History Spread Romanization Roman numerals Ligatures Alphabets (list) Classical Latin alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet Phonetic alphabets International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA Spelling alphabet Letters (list) Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Additional Latin letters Æ æ Ɑ ɑ Ʌ ʌ Ꞵ ꞵ Ð ð Ɛ ɛ Ə ə Ǝ ə Ɣ ɣ Ƣ ƣ Ɩ ɩ Ɥ ɥ Ꟛ ꟛ Ŋ ŋ Œ œ Ɔ ɔ Ɤ ɤ Kʼ ĸ Ʀ ʀ ẞ ß Ʃ ʃ Ɯ ɯ Ʊ ʊ Ꞷ ꞷ Ʋ ʋ Ƿ ƿ Ȝ ȝ ϴ θ Ʒ ʒ Ƹ ƹ Þ þ Ȣ ȣ Ꭓ ꭓ Ɂ ʔ ɂ ꟎ ʕ ꟏ ǀ ǁ ǂ ǃ ʘ ʻ ʼ Ꞌ ꞌ Ƨ ƨ Ꜫ ꜫ Ꜭ ꜭ Ƽ ƽ Ƅ ƅ 7 Letter V with diacritics Ṽṽ Ṿṿ Ꝟꝟ Ʋʋ Ỽỽ ᶌ ⱱ ⱴ Multigraphs Digraphs Ch Dz Dž Gh IJ Lj Ll Ly Nh Nj Ny Sh Sz Th Trigraphs dzs eau Tetragraphs ough Keyboard layouts (list) QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY Dvorak Colemak BÉPO Neo Historical standards ISO/IEC 646 Western Latin character sets Current standards Unicode DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe Lists Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode Letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks Diacritics Palaeography

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