# Uronic acid

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{{Short description|Class of carbohydrate}}
{{distinguish|Uric acid}}
thumb|200px|The β-D form of glucuronic acid (after oxidization).
[[Image:Beta-D-Glucose.svg|thumb|200px|[Glucose](/source/Glucose) (before oxidization)]]
[[image:Chemical structural formulas of D-glucose and D-glucuronic acid.svg|thumb|300px|The [Fischer projection](/source/Fischer_projection)s of D-[glucose](/source/glucose) (left) and D-[glucuronic acid](/source/glucuronic_acid) (right). Glucose's terminal carbon's primary alcohol group has been oxidized to a [carboxylic acid](/source/carboxylic_acid).]]

'''Uronic acids''' ({{IPAc-en|ʊ|ˈ|r|ɒ|n|ᵻ|k}}) or '''alduronic acids''' are a class of [sugar acid](/source/sugar_acid)s with both [carbonyl](/source/carbonyl) and [carboxylic acid](/source/carboxylic_acid) [functional group](/source/functional_group)s.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Uronic acid |url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/U06579 |website=IUPAC Gold Book|date=2014 |doi=10.1351/goldbook.U06579 |doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref>   They are [sugar](/source/sugar)s in which the [hydroxyl](/source/hydroxyl) group furthest from the carbonyl group has been oxidized to a [carboxylic acid](/source/carboxylic_acid). Usually the sugar is an [aldose](/source/aldose), but [fructuronic acid](/source/fructuronic_acid) also occurs. Oxidation of the terminal [aldehyde](/source/aldehyde) instead yields an [aldonic acid](/source/aldonic_acid), while oxidation of both the terminal hydroxyl group and the aldehyde yields an [aldaric acid](/source/aldaric_acid).  The names of uronic acids are generally based on their parent sugars, for example, the uronic acid analog of glucose is glucuronic acid.  Uronic acids derived from [hexose](/source/hexose)s are known as hexuronic acids and uronic acids derived from [pentose](/source/pentose)s are known as penturonic acids.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3109/07388551.2015.1060189 |title=Production and Applications of Carbohydrate-Derived Sugar Acids as Generic Biobased Chemicals |date=2016 |last1=Mehtiö |first1=Tuomas |last2=Toivari |first2=Mervi |last3=Wiebe |first3=Marilyn G. |last4=Harlin |first4=Ali |last5=Penttilä |first5=Merja |last6=Koivula |first6=Anu |journal=Critical Reviews in Biotechnology |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=904–916 |pmid=26177333 |s2cid=6076816 }}</ref>

==Examples==
Some of these compounds have important biochemical functions; for example, many wastes in the human body are excreted in the urine as their [glucuronate](/source/glucuronate) salts, and [iduronic acid](/source/iduronic_acid) is a component of some structural complexes such as [proteoglycans](/source/proteoglycans).

== See also ==
* [Gluconic acid](/source/Gluconic_acid)
* [Glucuronic acid](/source/Glucuronic_acid)
* [Isosaccharinic acid](/source/Isosaccharinic_acid)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{MeshName|Uronic+Acids}}
* [http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/Chm452/lecture7.htm Synthesis at chembio.uoguelph.ca] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024112832/http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/Chm452/lecture7.htm |date=2014-10-24 }}

Category:Uronic acids
Category:Sugar acids
Category:Vicinal diols

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