# Urochloa

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Genus of grasses

Signalgrass Urochloa mosambicensis Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Clade: Commelinids Order: Poales Family: Poaceae Subfamily: Panicoideae Supertribe: Panicodae Tribe: Paniceae Subtribe: Melinidinae Genus: Urochloa P.Beauv.[1][2] Type species Urochloa panicoides P.Beauv. Synonyms[3] Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. in C.F.von Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 4: 469 (1853) Leucophrys Rendle in W.P.Hiern, Cat. Afr. Pl. 2: 193 (1899) Pseudobrachiaria Launert in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 8: 158 (1970)

***Urochloa***, commonly known as **signalgrass**,[4][5][6][7] is a [genus](/source/Genus) of plants in the [grass family](/source/Poaceae), native to [tropical](/source/Tropics) and [subtropical](/source/Subtropics) regions of [Eurasia](/source/Eurasia), Africa, Australia, the [Americas](/source/Americas), and various islands.[8][9][10][11]

Several species of the genus *Urochloa* are cultivated as [forage](/source/Forage) and some species of were probably first introduced unintentionally to the Americas in the colonial period, from slave ships. *Urochloa eminii* was introduced to Brazil in 1952. *Urochloa* is the most widely used tropical grass in Central and South America, with about 40 million hectares planted in Brazil alone.[12]

## Biology

This genus was described in 1812. It is similar to the genus *[Panicum](/source/Panicum)*, and some authors believe *Panicum* is ancestral to it.[12] A [phylogenetic](/source/Phylogenetics) analysis concluded that species of the former genus *Brachiaria* formed a [monophyletic group](/source/Monophyly) with those of *Urochloa*, along with the genera *[Eriochloa](/source/Eriochloa)* and *[Melinis](/source/Melinis)*, and that further molecular and morphological work is needed to establish clear relationships.[13]

*Urochloa* species are annual or perennial grasses, most lacking [rhizomes](/source/Rhizome). The [inflorescence](/source/Inflorescence) is a branching [panicle](/source/Panicle), and the plant reaches about a meter in height.[14] The plants are bisexual[14] and the flowers are fleshy, with 3 [anthers](/source/Stamen).[15] Some species have a prominent vein in the center of the leaf.[14] *Brachiaria* are [C4](/source/C4_carbon_fixation) species and can tolerate drier conditions and more light exposure than some other plants.[14]

## Ecology and conservation

Cultivated *Brachiaria*

*Urochloa* species can grow in many environments, from swamps to shady forest to semidesert, but generally do best in [savannas](/source/Savanna) and other open tropical ecosystems such as in East Africa.[13] In Angola, *Urochloa brizantha* grows on [termite mounds](/source/Termite) and in the [ecotone](/source/Ecotone) between grassland and woodland habitat.[16] In the [Kora National Reserve](/source/Kora_National_Reserve) in Kenya, *Urochloa* species dominate the ground layer along with those of the genus *[Aristida](/source/Aristida)*.[17] In India, the native *Urochloa* *ramosa* is an important food source for the [Eurasian collared dove](/source/Eurasian_collared_dove) and *Urochloa* species are forage for other local herbivores.[18]

In North America, the native *Urochloa platyphylla (*broadleaf signalgrass), grows after heavy rains and then reproduces prodigiously and quickly, sometimes becoming a [weed](/source/Weed).[19]

Wide expanses of the tropics, especially the [Neotropics](/source/Neotropical_realm), have been converted to pastures of *Urochloa* species to support [livestock](/source/Livestock). In Brazil, 80 million hectares of native habitat have been planted with African grasses, mostly *Urochloa*.[20]

[Introduced species](/source/Introduced_species) such as *Urochloa* grasses can degrade habitat and compete with native species. In [Northern Australia](/source/Northern_Australia), the exotic *Urochloa eminii* competes with the native tree *[Alphitonia petriei](/source/Alphitonia_petriei)* by inhibiting the growth of seedlings, slowing the conversion of abandoned pastureland to natural forest.[21] In the [Paragominas](/source/Paragominas) area of Brazil, however, native forest outcompetes cultivated stands of *Urochloa*and other exotic forage grasses, and ranchers struggle to maintain pasture cover.[22] Native species may also utilize exotic *Urochloa*as a food resource, such as the [rock cavy](/source/Rock_cavy), a native rodent of the [caatinga](/source/Caatinga).[23]

## Cultivation

*Brachiaria* cultivation in Colombia

*Urochloa*is the single most important genus of forage grass for pastures in the tropics.[23] *Urochloa*cultivars can grow in infertile and acidic soils.[23] Brazil is the leading user and producer of *Urochloa*seeds in the Americas.[23]

Mexico has put effort into improving its trade in *Urochloa*cultivars, and the grass is thought to have made a positive impact on its milk and beef industries.[24] [Central American](/source/Central_America) countries have also increased seed sales and area planted in the grass.[24] The annual growth rate of seed sales in 2009 was 32% in Mexico, 62% in Honduras, 45% in Nicaragua, 39% in Costa Rica, and 54% in Panama. The area planted with *Urochloa*during this period was about 6.5% of the total surface of permanent grasses in Mexico, 12.5% in Honduras, 1% in Nicaragua, 18.7% in Costa Rica, and 0.1% in Panama.[24]

Agricultural pests of *Urochloa*include [spittlebugs](/source/Froghopper),[25] [leafcutter ants](/source/Leafcutter_ant), and [mound-building termites](/source/Mound-building_termites).[15]

Other insect pests include:[26]

- shoot flies *[Atherigona oryzae](/source/Atherigona_oryzae)*, *[Atherigona pulla](/source/Atherigona_pulla)*, and *[Atherigona punctata](/source/Atherigona_punctata)*

- caseworm *[Paraponyx stagnalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraponyx_stagnalis&action=edit&redlink=1)*

- red hairy caterpillars *[Amsacta albistriga](/source/Amsacta_albistriga)* and *[Amsacta moorei](/source/Amsacta_moorei)*

## Species

As of 2024, more than a hundred species have been accepted in the genus *Urochloa*:[3]

- *[Urochloa adspersa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_adspersa&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Trin.) R.D.Webster

- *[Urochloa advena](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_advena&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Vickery) R.D.Webster

- *[Urochloa albicoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_albicoma&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Swallen & García-Barr.) Morrone & Zuloaga

- *[Urochloa ambigens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_ambigens&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Chiov.) Oulo, Zon & Sosef

- *[Urochloa argentea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_argentea&action=edit&redlink=1)* (R.Br.) Hughes

- *[Urochloa arida](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_arida&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Mez) Rudov

- *[Urochloa arizonica](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_arizonica&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Scribn. & Merr.) Morrone & Zuloaga

- *[Urochloa arrecta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_arrecta&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Hack. ex T.Durand & Schinz) Morrone & Zuloaga

- *[Urochloa atrisola](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_atrisola&action=edit&redlink=1)* R.D.Webster

- *[Urochloa bovonei](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_bovonei&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Chiov.) A.M.Torres & C.M.Morton

- *[Urochloa brachyura](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_brachyura&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Hack.) Stapf - eastern and southern Africa

- *[Urochloa breviglumis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_breviglumis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Clayton) Oulo, Zon & Sosef

- *[Urochloa brevispicata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_brevispicata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Rendle) Sosef

- *[Urochloa brizantha](/source/Urochloa_brizantha)* (A.Rich.) R.D.Webster - tropical and southern Africa

- *[Urochloa burmanica](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_burmanica&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Bor) Veldkamp

- *[Urochloa caboverdiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_caboverdiana&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Conert & C.Kohler) Veldkamp, Potdar & S.R.Yadav

- *[Urochloa chusqueoides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_chusqueoides&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Hack.) Rudov

- *[Urochloa ciliatissima](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_ciliatissima&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Buckley) R.D.Webster

- *[Urochloa clavipila](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_clavipila&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Chiov.) Sosef

- *[Urochloa comata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_comata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Sosef

- *[Urochloa comorense](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_comorense&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Mez) Oulo, Zon & Sosef

- *[Urochloa deflexa](/source/Urochloa_deflexa)* (Schumach.) H.Scholz

- *[Urochloa dictyoneura](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_dictyoneura&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Fig. & De Not.) Veldkamp

- *[Urochloa distachyoides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_distachyoides&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Stapf) Sosef

- *[Urochloa distachyos](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_distachyos&action=edit&redlink=1)* (L.) T.Q.Nguyen

- *[Urochloa dura](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_dura&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Stapf) A.M.Torres & C.M.Morton

- *[Urochloa echinolaenoides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_echinolaenoides&action=edit&redlink=1)* Stapf - Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia

- *[Urochloa eminii](/source/Urochloa_eminii)* (Mez) Davidse

- *[Urochloa falcifera](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_falcifera&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Trin.) Zon

- *[Urochloa foliosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_foliosa&action=edit&redlink=1)* (R.Br.) R.D.Webster

- *[Urochloa fusca](/source/Urochloa_fusca)* (Sw.) B.F.Hansen & Wunderlin (browntop signalgrass) - southern USA to Argentina

- *[Urochloa fusiformis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_fusiformis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Reeder) Veldkamp

- *[Urochloa gilesii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_gilesii&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Benth.) Hughes

- *[Urochloa glomerata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_glomerata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Stapf) Oulo, Zon & Sosef

- *[Urochloa glumaris](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_glumaris&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Trin.) Veldkamp - SE Asia, [Indian subcontinent](/source/Indian_subcontinent)

- *[Urochloa grossa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_grossa&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Stapf) Oulo, Zon & Sosef

- *[Urochloa holosericea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_holosericea&action=edit&redlink=1)* (R.Br.) R.D.Webster

- *[Urochloa humbertiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_humbertiana&action=edit&redlink=1)* (A.Camus) Voronts.

- *[Urochloa jaliscana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_jaliscana&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Santana Mich.) Espejo & López-Ferr.

- *[Urochloa jubata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_jubata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Fig. & De Not.) Sosef

- *[Urochloa kurzii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_kurzii&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Hook.f.) T.Q.Nguyen

- *[Urochloa lachnantha](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_lachnantha&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Hochst.) A.M.Torres & C.M.Morton

- *[Urochloa lata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_lata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Schumach.) C.E.Hubb.

- *[Urochloa leersioides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_leersioides&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Hochst.) A.M.Torres & C.M.Morton

- *[Urochloa lindiensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_lindiensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Pilg.) Oulo, Zon & Sosef

- *[Urochloa longiflora](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_longiflora&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Clayton) Oulo, Zon & Sosef

- *[Urochloa lorentziana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_lorentziana&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Mez) Morrone & Zuloaga

- *[Urochloa marlothii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_marlothii&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Hack.) Oulo, Zon & Sosef

- *[Urochloa megastachya](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_megastachya&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Nees ex Trin.) Morrone & Zuloaga

- *[Urochloa meziana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_meziana&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Hitchc.) Morrone & Zuloaga

- *[Urochloa mollis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_mollis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Sw.) Morrone & Zuloaga

- *[Urochloa multiculma](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_multiculma&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Andersson) Morrone & Zuloaga

- *[Urochloa mutica](/source/Urochloa_mutica)* (Forssk.) T.Q.Nguyen

- *[Urochloa nana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_nana&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Stapf) Voronts.

- *[Urochloa nigropedata](/source/Urochloa_nigropedata)* (Munro ex Ficalho & Hiern) A.M.Torres & C.M.Morton

- *[Urochloa notochthona](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_notochthona&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Domin) Hughes

- *[Urochloa oblita](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_oblita&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Swallen) Morrone & Zuloaga

- *[Urochloa occidentalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_occidentalis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (C.A.Gardner & C.E.Hubb.) B.K.Simon

- *[Urochloa oligobrachiata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_oligobrachiata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Pilg.) Kartesz

- *[Urochloa oligotricha](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_oligotricha&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Fig. & De Not.) Henrard - Africa

- *[Urochloa olivacea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_olivacea&action=edit&redlink=1)* Sánchez-Ken - western Mexico

- *[Urochloa ophryodes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_ophryodes&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Chase) Morrone & Zuloaga

- *[Urochloa orthostachys](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_orthostachys&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Mez) K.M.Ibrahim & P.M.Peterson

- *[Urochloa ovalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_ovalis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Stapf) Zon

- *[Urochloa panicoides](/source/Urochloa_panicoides)* P.Beauv. (panic liverseed grass) - Africa, southern Asia

- *[Urochloa pauciflora](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_pauciflora&action=edit&redlink=1)* Sánchez-Ken - western Mexico

- *[Urochloa paucispicata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_paucispicata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Morong) Morrone & Zuloaga

- *[Urochloa piligera](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_piligera&action=edit&redlink=1)* (F.Muell. ex Benth.) R.D.Webster

- *[Urochloa plantaginea](/source/Urochloa_plantaginea)* (Link) R.D.Webster

- *[Urochloa platynota](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_platynota&action=edit&redlink=1)* (K.Schum.) Pilg.

- *[Urochloa platyphylla](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_platyphylla&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Munro ex C.Wright) R.D.Webster

- *[Urochloa platyrrhachis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_platyrrhachis&action=edit&redlink=1)* C.E.Hubb. - Zambia, Democratic Republic of the Congo

- *[Urochloa polyphylla](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_polyphylla&action=edit&redlink=1)* (R.Br.) R.D.Webster

- *[Urochloa polystachya](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_polystachya&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Kunth) Mabb.

- *[Urochloa praetervisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_praetervisa&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Domin) Hughes

- *[Urochloa psammophila](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_psammophila&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Welw. ex Rendle) Oulo, Zon & Sosef

- *[Urochloa pseudodichotoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_pseudodichotoma&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Bosser) Voronts.

- *[Urochloa pubigera](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_pubigera&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Roem. & Schult.) R.D.Webster

- *[Urochloa ramosa](/source/Urochloa_ramosa)* (L.) T.Q.Nguyen

- *[Urochloa reptans](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_reptans&action=edit&redlink=1)* (L.) Stapf

- *[Urochloa reticulata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_reticulata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Stapf) Sosef

- *[Urochloa rudis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_rudis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Stapf - Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania

- *[Urochloa rugulosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_rugulosa&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Stapf) Sosef

- *[Urochloa sclerochlaena](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_sclerochlaena&action=edit&redlink=1)* Chiov. - Ethiopia, Kenya

- *[Urochloa semiundulata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_semiundulata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Ashal. & V.J.Nair

- *[Urochloa serrata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_serrata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Thunb.) Sosef

- *[Urochloa serrifolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_serrifolia&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Hochst.) Zon

- *[Urochloa setigera](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_setigera&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Retz.) Stapf - Indian subcontinent, southern China, SE. Asia

- *[Urochloa stigmatisata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_stigmatisata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Mez) K.M.Ibrahim & P.M.Peterson

- *[Urochloa subulifolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_subulifolia&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Mez) Torres Gonz. & C.M.Morton

- *[Urochloa tanimbarensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_tanimbarensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Ohwi) Veldkamp

- *[Urochloa texana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_texana&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Buckley) R.D.Webster

- *[Urochloa trichopodioides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_trichopodioides&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Mez & K.Schum.) S.M.Phillips & S.L.Chen - Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia

- *[Urochloa trichopus](/source/Urochloa_trichopus)* (Hochst.) Stapf - Africa, [Arabian Peninsula](/source/Arabian_Peninsula)

- *[Urochloa turbinata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_turbinata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Van der Veken) Sosef

- *[Urochloa umbellata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_umbellata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Trin.) Oulo, Zon & Sosef

- *[Urochloa umbratilis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_umbratilis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Napper) Oulo, Zon & Sosef

- *[Urochloa uzondoiensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_uzondoiensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Sánchez-Ken) Oulo, Zon & Sosef

- *[Urochloa villosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_villosa&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Lam.) T.Q.Nguyen

- *[Urochloa whiteana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_whiteana&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Domin) R.D.Webster

- *[Urochloa wittei](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_wittei&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Robyns) Sosef

- *[Urochloa xantholeuca](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urochloa_xantholeuca&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Hack.) H.Scholz

### Formerly included

Numerous species once considered members of *Urochloa* but are now regarded as better suited to other genera,[27] such as *[Alloteropsis](/source/Alloteropsis)*, *[Ixophorus](/source/Ixophorus)*, *[Oplismenus](/source/Oplismenus)*, *[Panicum](/source/Panicum)*, and *[Rupichloa](/source/Rupichloa)*.

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GRIN_1-0)** ["Genus: *Urochloa* P. Beauv"](https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?12584). *Germplasm Resources Information Network*. United States Department of Agriculture. 1999-03-09. Retrieved 2014-10-08.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** P.Beauv. Ess. Agrostogr.: 52 (1812)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Powo_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Powo_3-1) ["*Urochloa* P.Beauv. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science'"](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30010413-2#synonyms). *Plants of the World Online*. Retrieved 4 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [Flora of Pakistan](http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=134217)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-usda_5-0)** [*Urochloa*.](https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=UROCH) USDA PLANTS.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 523 尾稃草属 wei fu cao shu *Urochloa* P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 52. 1812.](http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=134217)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [Atlas of Living Australia](http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:apni.taxon:414957)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** [Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie 52-53](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/394131#page/136/mode/1up) descriptions in Latin, commentary in French

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie plate XI (11), figure I (1)](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/394131#page/136/mode/1up) line drawings of flower parts of *Urochloa panicoides*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-gm_10-0)** [*Urochloa*.](http://herbarium.usu.edu/webmanual/info2.asp?name=Urochloa&type=treatment) Grass Manual. Flora of North America.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-del_11-0)** Watson, L. and M. J. Dallwitz. [*Urochloa*.](http://delta-intkey.com/grass/www/urochloa.htm) The Grass Genera of the World. DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-kum_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-kum_12-1) Kumble, Vrinda (1996). *Brachiaria: Biology, Agronomy, and Improvement*. CIAT.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-torr_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-torr_13-1) Torres González, A.M.; Morton, C.M. (2005). "Molecular and morphological phylogenetic analysis of Brachiaria and Urochloa (Poaceae)". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*. **37** (1): 36–44. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2005MolPE..37...36T](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MolPE..37...36T). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.ympev.2005.06.003](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.06.003). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [16039145](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16039145).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-watson_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-watson_14-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-watson_14-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-watson_14-3) Watson, L. and M. J. Dallwitz. (2008). [*Brachiaria*.](http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/delta/grass/www/brachiar.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130115104631/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/delta/grass/www/brachiar.htm) January 15, 2013, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) The Grass Genera of the World. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-gb_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-gb_15-1) Clayton, W. D., et al. (2002 onwards). [*Brachiaria*.](http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/gen00086.htm) GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-estes_16-0)** Estes, R. D. and R. K. Estes. (1974). The biology and conservation of the giant sable antelope, *Hippotragus niger variani* Thomas, 1916. *Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 126, 73-104.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-alibhai_17-0)** Alibhai, S. K.; Key, G. (2009). "A preliminary investigation of small mammal biology in the Kora National Reserve, Kenya". *Journal of Tropical Ecology*. **1** (4): 321–7. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0266467400000407](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0266467400000407). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [2559449](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2559449). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [86618426](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86618426).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-rana_18-0)** Rana, B. D. (1975). ["Breeding Biology of the Indian Ring Dove in the Rajasthan Desert"](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4084560). *The Auk*. **92** (2): 322–32. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/4084560](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4084560). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [4084560](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4084560).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-burke_19-0)** Burke, Ian C.; Thomas, Walter E.; Spears, Janet F.; Wilcut, John W. (2003). "Influence of environmental factors on broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) germination". *Weed Science*. **51** (5): 683–9. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051\[0683:IOEFOB\]2.0.CO;2](https://doi.org/10.1614%2F0043-1745%282003%29051%5B0683%3AIOEFOB%5D2.0.CO%3B2). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [4046547](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4046547). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [83551440](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83551440).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-boddey_20-0)** Boddey, R.M.; MacEdo, R.; Tarré, R.M.; Ferreira, E.; De Oliveira, O.C.; De p. Rezende, C.; Cantarutti, R.B.; Pereira, J.M.; Alves, B.J.R.; Urquiaga, S. (2004). "Nitrogen cycling in *Brachiaria* pastures: The key to understanding the process of pasture decline". *Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment*. **103** (2): 389–403. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2004AgEE..103..389B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AgEE..103..389B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.agee.2003.12.010](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.agee.2003.12.010).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-sun_21-0)** Sun, Dan; Dickson, Geoff R. (1996). "The Competition Effect of Brachiaria decumbens on the Early Growth of Direct-Seeded Trees of Alphitonia petriei in Tropical North Australia". *Biotropica*. **28** (2): 272–6. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1996Biotr..28..272S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Biotr..28..272S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/2389082](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2389082). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [2389082](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2389082).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nepstad_22-0)** Nepstad, D. C.; Uhl, C.; Serrao, E.A.S. (1991). "Recuperation of a degraded Amazonian landscape: Forest recovery and agricultural restoration". *Ambio*. **20** (6): 248–55.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-singh_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-singh_23-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-singh_23-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-singh_23-3) Singh, R. J. (ed.). "Forage Crops". *Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement*. Florida: CRC Press. p. 209.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-holmann_24-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-holmann_24-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-holmann_24-2) Holmann, F., et al. (2004). [Impact of the adoption of *Brachiaria* grasses: Central America and Mexico.](http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/12/holm16098.htm) *Livestock Research for Rural Development* 16, Art. #98.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-mcgregor_25-0)** McGregor, John T.; Smith, Roy J.; Talbert, Ronald E. (1988). "Broadleaf Signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) Duration of Interference in Rice (Oryza sativa)". *Weed Science*. **36** (6): 747–50. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1988WeedS..36..747M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988WeedS..36..747M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0043174500075767](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0043174500075767). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [4044781](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4044781). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [182717787](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:182717787).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kalaisekar_26-0)** Kalaisekar, A (2017). *Insect pests of millets: systematics, bionomics, and management*. London: Elsevier. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-12-804243-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-804243-4). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [967265246](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/967265246).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** [Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families](http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=449435)

## External links

Media related to [*Urochloa*](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Urochloa) at Wikimedia Commons Data related to [*Urochloa*](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Urochloa) at Wikispecies

Taxon identifiers Urochloa Wikidata: Q2978108 Wikispecies: Urochloa APDB: 195741 APNI: 105289 BOLD: 148786 CoL: 8W4JD EoL: 108229 EPPO: 1UROG FloraBase: 21097 FNA: 134217 FoC: 134217 GBIF: 2705813 GrassBase: gen00674 GRIN: 12584 iNaturalist: 142886 IPNI: 30010413-2 IRMNG: 1349762 ITIS: 42246 NBN: NHMSYS0000464729 NCBI: 37562 NZOR: fff273f2-5394-4aeb-aac5-435018fdd22a Open Tree of Life: 596637 PLANTS: UROCH POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30010413-2 Tropicos: 40022051 VicFlora: 66eb5547-2e24-494c-9c11-579283bb16db WFO: wfo-4000039845 Brachiaria Wikidata: Q2699312 Wikispecies: Brachiaria APDB: 188783 APNI: 63562 BOLD: 204848 EPPO: 1BRAG FNA: 104416 FoC: 104416 GBIF: 2704067 GrassBase: gen00086 GRIN: 1638 iNaturalist: 142538 IPNI: 30046136-2 IRMNG: 1268316 ITIS: 41512 NBN: NHMSYS0000456570 NCBI: 59786 NZOR: 5b8f6813-dea9-4f33-8cda-2271f2a52a06 Open Tree of Life: 861075 PLANTS: BRACH POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30046136-2 Tropicos: 40030331 WFO: wfo-4000005174

Authority control databases Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Urochloa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urochloa) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urochloa?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.