# Units of paper quantity

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Various measures of paper quantity

Various measures of [paper](/source/Paper) quantity have been and are in use. Although there are no [S.I.](/source/S.I.) units such as **quires** or **bales**, there are [ISO](/source/International_Organization_for_Standardization)[1] and [DIN](/source/DIN)[2] standards for the **ream**. Expressions used here include [U.S. Customary Units](/source/United_States_customary_units).

## Units

**Writing paper measurements**
- 25 sheets = 1 quire[3][4]

- 500 sheets = 20 quires = 1 ream[4][5]

- 1,000 sheets = 40 quires = 2 reams = 1 bundle[4]

- 5,000 sheets = 200 quires = 10 reams = 5 bundles = 1 bale[4]

- 200,000 sheets = 8,000 quires = 400 reams = 200 bundles = 40 bales = 1 pallet[4]

**"Short" paper measurements[6]**
- 24 sheets = 1 "short" quire

- 480 sheets = 20 "short" quires = 1 "short" ream

- 960 sheets = 40 "short" quires = 2 "short" reams = 1 "short" bundle

- 4,800 sheets = 200 "short" quires = 10 "short" reams = 5 "short" bundles = 1 "short" bale

**Posters and printing measurements[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]**
- 516 sheets (= 21⁠1/2⁠ "short" quires) = 1 printer's ream[7]

- 1,032 sheets = 2 printer's reams = 1 printer's bundle

- 5,160 sheets = 5 printer's bundles = 1 printer's bale

**Cover and index paper**
- 250 sheets = 1 ream[8]

## Quire

A **quire** of paper is a measure of paper quantity. The usual meaning is 25 sheets of the same size and quality: 1⁄20 of a ream of 500 sheets. Quires of 25 sheets are often used for machine-made paper, while quires of 24 sheets are often used for handmade or specialised paper of 480-sheet reams. (As an old UK and US measure, in some sources, a quire was originally 24 sheets.[9]) Quires of 15, 18 or 20 sheets have also been used, depending on the type of paper.

### Etymology

The current word *quire* derives from [Old English](/source/Old_English) *quair* or *guaer*, from [Old French](/source/Old_French) *quayer*, *cayer*, (cf. modern [French](/source/French_language) *cahier*), from [Latin](/source/Latin) *quaternum*, 'by fours', 'fourfold'. Later, when bookmaking switched to using paper and it became possible to easily stitch 5 to 7 sheets at a time, the association of *quaire* with *four* was quickly lost.

### History

In the Middle Ages, a quire (also called a "[gathering](/source/Gathering_(bookbinding))") was most often formed of four folded sheets of [vellum](/source/Vellum) or [parchment](/source/Parchment), i.e. eight leaves or [folios](/source/Folio), 16 sides. The term *quaternion* (or sometimes *quaternum*) designates such a quire. A quire made of a single folded sheet (i.e. two leaves, four sides) is a bifolium (plural *bifolia*); a binion is a quire of two sheets (i.e. four leaves, 8 sides); and a quinion is five sheets (ten leaves, 20 sides). This last meaning is preserved in the modern Italian term for quire, *quinterno di carta*.

Formerly, when paper was packed at the [paper mill](/source/Paper_mill), the top and bottom quires were made up of slightly damaged sheets ("outsides") to protect the good quires ("insides"). These outside quires were known as cassie quires (from French *cassée*, 'broken'), or "cording quires" and had only 20 sheets to the quire.[10] The printer [Philip Luckombe](/source/Philip_Luckombe) in a book published in 1770 mentions both 24- and 25-sheet quires; he also details printer's wastage, and the sorting and recycling of damaged *cassie* quires.[11] An 1826 French manual on typography complained that cording quires (usually containing some salvageable paper) from the Netherlands barely contained a single good sheet.[12][Note 1]

It also became the name for any booklet small enough to be made from a single quire of paper. [Simon Winchester](/source/Simon_Winchester), in *[The Surgeon of Crowthorne](/source/The_Surgeon_of_Crowthorne)*, cites a specific number, defining **quire** as "a booklet eight pages thick." Several European words for quire keep the meaning of "book of paper": [German](/source/German_Language) *Papierbuch*, [Danish](/source/Danish_language) *bog papir*, [Dutch](/source/Dutch_language) *bock papier*.

In blankbook binding, *quire* is a term indicating 80 pages.

## Ream

"Reams" redirects here. For the surname, see [Reams (surname)](/source/Reams_(surname)).

15 reams of paper

A **ream** of paper is a quantity of sheets of the same [size](/source/Paper_size) and quality. [International standards](/source/International_standards) organizations define the ream as 500 identical sheets.[1][2][Note 2] This ream of 500 sheets (20 quires of 25 sheets) is also known as a "long" ream, and is gradually replacing the old value of 480 sheets, now known as a "short" ream. Reams of 472 and 516 sheets are still current,[13] but in [retail](/source/Retail) outlets paper is typically sold in reams of 500. As an old UK and US unit, a perfect ream was equal to 516 sheets.[9]

Certain types of specialist papers such as tissue paper, greaseproof paper, handmade paper, and blotting paper are still sold (especially in the UK) in "short" reams of 480 sheets (20 quires of 24 sheets). However, the commercial use of the word "ream" for quantities of paper other than 500 is now deprecated by such standards as ISO 4046.[1] In Europe, the [DIN](/source/DIN) 6730 standard for Paper and Board includes a definition of 1 ream of [A4](/source/Paper_sizes) 80 [gsm](/source/Grammage) (80 g/m2) paper equals 500 sheets.[2]

### Etymology

The word "ream" derives from [Old French](/source/Old_French) *reyme*, from [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language) *resma*, from [Arabic](/source/Arabic) *rizmah* 'bundle' (of paper), from *rasama*, 'collect into a bundle', reflecting the [Moors](/source/Moors) having brought the manufacture of cotton paper to Spain. The early variant *rym* (late 15c.) suggests a Dutch influence.[14] (cf. Dutch *riem*), probably during the time of [Spanish Habsburg control of the Netherlands](/source/Spanish_Netherlands).

### History

The number of sheets in a ream has varied locally over the centuries, often according to the size and type of paper being sold. Reams of 500 sheets (20 quires of 25 sheets) were known in England in c. 1594;[15] in 1706 a ream was defined as 20 quires, either 24 or 25 sheets to the quire.[16] In 18th- and 19th-century Europe, the size of the ream varied widely. In [Lombardy](/source/Lombardy) a ream of music paper was 450 or 480 sheets; in Britain, Holland and Germany a ream of 480 sheets was common; in the [Veneto](/source/Veneto) it was more frequently 500. Some paper manufacturers counted 546 sheets (21 quires of 26 sheets).[17] [J. S. Bach](/source/Johann_Sebastian_Bach)'s manuscript paper at [Weimar](/source/Weimar) was ordered by the ream of 480 sheets.[18] In 1840, a ream in [Lisbon](/source/Lisbon) was 17 (25-sheet) quires and three sheets = 428 sheets, and a double ream was 18 (24-sheet) quires and two sheets = 434 sheets; and in [Bremen](/source/Bremen), blotting or packing paper was sold in reams of 300 (20 quires of 15 sheets).[19] A mid-19th century [Milanese](/source/Milanese)-Italian dictionary has an example for a *risma* (ream) as being either 450 or 480 sheets.[20]

In the UK, prior to 1922, the following definitions of "ream" were in use:[21]

- 472 sheets: a ream size for hand‑made paper only, called "mill ream" (containing 18 short quires of 24 sheets of "insides" (paper without manufacturing defects),[22] and two cording quires of 20 sheets of "outsides" (paper with serious manufacturing defects))[22][23]

- 480 sheets (then the standard ream size): a ream of paper was 480 sheets unless otherwise specified (a 480‑sheet ream consists of 20 quires of 24 sheets (a 24‑sheet quire is now called "short quires"); such a ream was also called "stationer's ream"[24] and it is now called "short ream"); for hand‑made paper, an "insides ream" (containing either "inside" paper or retree paper (paper with minor manufacturing defects)),[25] as opposed to mill ream, is 480 sheets

- 500 sheets: the definition of "ream" for newspaper paper (20 quires of 25 sheets; now also called "long ream")

- 504 sheets: the definition of "ream" for envelope paper (21 short quires)

- 516 sheets: the definition of "ream" for printing paper (21⁠1/2⁠ short quires; also called "perfect ream" or "printer's ream")[24]

The UK paper industry began to use the following revised definitions of "ream" on 1 January 1922:[26]

- 500 sheets: for all machine‑made writing paper and printing paper (paper other than wrapping paper or similar paper)

- 480 sheets: for wrapping paper or similar paper, as well as insides reams of hand‑made paper

- 472 sheets: for mill reams of hand‑made paper

Since the late 20th century, the 500-sheet ream has become the [de facto](/source/De_facto) international standard.

## Bundle

A paper **bundle** is a quantity of sheets of paper, currently standardized as 1,000 sheets. A bundle consists of two reams or 40 quires. As an old UK and US measure, it was previously equal to 960 sheets.[9]

When referring to [chipboard](/source/Paperboard), there are two standards in the US. In general, a package of approximately 50 pounds of chipboard is called a bundle. Thus, a bundle of 22 point chipboard (0.022" thick) 24" × 38", with each sheet weighing 0.556 pounds, contains 90 sheets. However, chipboard sold in size 11" × 17" and smaller is packaged and sold as bundles of 25 pounds.

## Bale

A paper **bale** is a quantity of sheets of paper, currently standardized as 5,000 sheets. A bale consists of five bundles, ten reams or 200 quires.[27] As an old UK and US measure, it was previously equal to 4800 sheets.[9]

## See also

- [Book size](/source/Book_size)

- [History of paper](/source/History_of_paper)

- [History of printing](/source/History_of_printing)

- [Octavo](/source/Octavo)

- [Paper density](/source/Paper_density)

- [Paper size](/source/Paper_size)

## Explanatory notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** A note on the flyleaf of this copy states that this edition was pirated from Didot's 1st ed. of 1825; see pp. 235–236, especially in respect of the examples of proof-reader's corrections on pp. 162–163

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ISO 4046 (see References) defines the ream as "a pack of 500 identical sheets of paper" and appends a note: "In many countries it is common practice to use the term 'ream' for other quantities, for example 480 sheets, thus affecting the quire. For quantities other than 500 sheets, a different term, such as 'pack', should be used."

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ISO4046_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ISO4046_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-ISO4046_1-2) *ISO 4046-3:2002 Paper, board, pulps and related terms – Vocabulary – Part 3: Paper-making terminology* (2002), quoted in *ISO 22414:2004(E) Paper – Cut-size office paper – Measurement of edge quality* (2004) Geneva:ISO.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-DIN6730_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-DIN6730_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-DIN6730_2-2) *Papier und Pappe: DIN 6730:2011-02: Begriffe* (*Paper and board: vocabulary*) (2011) (in German). Berlin: Beuth Verlag.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Definition of QUIRE"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/quire). *www.merriam-webster.com*. Retrieved 2022-09-29.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:1_4-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:1_4-4) ["How Many Reams of Paper in a Case?"](https://www.quill.com/content/index/resource-center/office-supplies/faq/how-many-reams-of-paper-in-a-case/). *Quill.com*. Retrieved 29 September 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Definition of REAM"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ream). *www.merriam-webster.com*. Retrieved 2022-09-29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** 1998 Mead Composition Notebook "Useful Information".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Definition of PRINTER'S REAM"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/printer%27s+ream). *www.merriam-webster.com*. Retrieved 2022-09-29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["How Many Reams of Paper in a Case?"](https://www.quill.com/content/index/resource-center/office-supplies/faq/how-many-reams-of-paper-in-a-case/). *Quill.com*. n.d. Retrieved 14 December 2021. reams of cover and index paper are more likely to consist of 250 sheets than 500

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_9-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_9-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:0_9-3) Cardarelli, F. (2003). *Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. Their SI Equivalences and Origins*. London: Springer. p. 51. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4471-1122-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-1122-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [Zupko, Ronald Edward](/source/Ronald_Edward_Zupko) (1985). [*A dictionary of weights and measures for the British Isles: the Middle Ages to the twentieth century. Volume 168 of Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0l_k-XMIiQIC&pg=PA346). American Philosophical Society. p. 346. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-87169-168-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-168-2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170817224033/https://books.google.com/books?id=0l_k-XMIiQIC&pg=PA346) from the original on 2017-08-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** [Luckombe, Philip](/source/Philip_Luckombe) (1770). [*A concise history of the origin and progress of printing: with practical instructions to the trade in general, compiled from those who have wrote on this curious art*](https://books.google.com/books?id=MlhAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA492). London: W. Adlard and J. Browne. p. 492. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171212234955/https://books.google.com/books?id=MlhAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA492) from the original on 2017-12-12.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Brun, Marcelin Aimé (1826). [*Manuel pratique et abrégé de la typographie française*](https://books.google.com/books?id=rYsIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA27) (in French) (2nd ed.). Paris: P-M. de Vroom, Rue de Louvain. p. 27. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171212234955/https://books.google.com/books?id=rYsIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA27) from the original on 2017-12-12.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Prytherch, Raymond John (2005). [*Harrod's librarians' glossary and reference book: a directory of over 10,200 terms, organizations, projects and acronyms in the areas of information management, library science, publishing and archive management*](https://books.google.com/books?id=zoCfMEscyzwC&pg=PA583) (10th, revised ed.). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 583. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7546-4038-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4038-7). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171212234955/https://books.google.com/books?id=zoCfMEscyzwC&pg=PA583) from the original on 2017-12-12.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Ream - Etymology, Origin & Meaning"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121005143046/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=ream). *etymonline*. Archived from [the original](http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=ream) on October 5, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Hall, Hubert; Nicholas, Frieda J. (1929). *Selected tracts and table books relating to English weights and measures (1100–1742)*. Camden Third Series Vol. 41, Royal Historical Society: Volume XV of Camden miscellany. Royal Historical Society, for the Camden Society (Great Britain).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Chamberlayne, John, John (1710). [*Magnae Britanniae Notitia: or, the present state of Great-Britain: with divers remarks upon the antient state thereof, Volume 1*](https://books.google.com/books?id=otw9AAAAcAAJ&pg=168). London: T. Goodwin, M. Wotton, B. Jooke. p. 168. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171212234955/https://books.google.com/books?id=otw9AAAAcAAJ&pg=168) from the original on 2017-12-12.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Rasch, Rudolf (2005). [*Music publishing in Europe 1600-1900: concepts and issues bibliography*](https://books.google.com/books?id=zHnZXGJM7ugC&pg=PA109). BWV Verlag. p. 109. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-8305-0390-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8305-0390-3). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171212234955/https://books.google.com/books?id=zHnZXGJM7ugC&pg=PA109) from the original on 2017-12-12.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Wolff, Christoph (2000). *Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician*. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 167.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Doursther, Horace (1840). [*Dictionnaire universel des poids et mesures anciens et modernes: contenant des tables des monnaies de tous les pays*](https://archive.org/details/dictionnaireuniv00douruoft) (in French). Paris: M. Hayez, imprimeur de l'Académie royale. pp. [242](https://archive.org/details/dictionnaireuniv00douruoft/page/242), 462.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Cherubini, Francesco (1841). [*Vocabulario milanese-italiano, Volumes 3-4*](https://books.google.com/books?id=oLPUAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA56) (in Italian). Milan: Imp. regia stamperia. p. 56. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171212234955/https://books.google.com/books?id=oLPUAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA56) from the original on 2017-12-12.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** [Page 149](https://archive.org/details/paperitsusestrea00daweuoft/page/148/mode/2up), *Paper and Its Uses* (1919 edition)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Defects_24-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Defects_24-1) [Pages 29 and 30](https://archive.org/details/paperitsusestrea00daweuoft/page/28/mode/2up), *Paper and Its Uses* (1919 edition)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** "[A Paper Glossary](https://vintagepaper.co/blogs/news/a-paper-glossary)", Vintage Paper Co.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-p34_26-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-p34_26-1) [Page 34, *Paper and Its Uses* (1919 edition)](https://archive.org/details/paperitsusestrea00daweuoft/page/34/mode/2up)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** [Page 29, *Paper and Its Uses* (1919 edition)](https://archive.org/details/paperitsusestrea00daweuoft/page/28/mode/2up)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** [Page lxi, *Phillips' Paper Trade Directory of the World* (1923 edition)](https://archive.org/details/phillipspapertra1923phil/page/n61/mode/2up)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Cardarelli_29-0)** Cardarelli, François (2003). [*Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures*](https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card). London: Springer. pp. [51](https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card/page/51). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4471-1122-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-1122-1).

## External links

This section's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

- [ream (rm)](http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictR.html#ream) at [A Dictionary of Units of Measurement](http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/index.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181006132056/http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/index.html) 2018-10-06 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [ream](http://www.sizes.com/units/ream.htm) at [The Online Quantinary](http://www.sizes.com) (yet see also [quire](http://www.sizes.com/units/quire.htm) at the same site for historical evidence of 500-sheet reams as early as 1590.)

- [Ream](http://www.paperonweb.com/dict.htm#r) on Paper Dictionary

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Units of paper quantity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_paper_quantity) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_paper_quantity?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.