# Undine > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Undine > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Undine.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undine > Source revision: 1356369488 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|European folklore beings associated with water}} {{other uses|Undine (disambiguation)}} {{distinguish|Undyne}} {{Infobox mythical creature |name = Undine |image = Baden Undine Kurpark.jpg |image_size = |caption = ''Undine'' |Grouping = [Legendary creature](/source/Legendary_creature) |Country = |Region = [Europe](/source/Europe) |Habitat = |First_Attested = In folklore }} thumb|''Undine A novella'' '''Undines''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʌ|n|d|iː|n|z|,_|ə|n|ˈ|d|iː|n|z|}}; also '''ondines''') are a category of [elemental](/source/elemental) beings associated with water, stemming from the [alchemical](/source/alchemy) writings of [Paracelsus](/source/Paracelsus). Later writers developed the undine into a water [nymph](/source/nymph) in its own right, and it continues to live in modern literature and art through such adaptations as Danish [Hans Christian Andersen](/source/Hans_Christian_Andersen)'s 1837 "[The Little Mermaid](/source/The_Little_Mermaid)" and the 1811 novella ''[Undine](/source/Undine_(novella))'' by [Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué](/source/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9). ==Etymology== The term ''Undine'' first appears in the [alchemical](/source/alchemy) writings of [Paracelsus](/source/Paracelsus),{{sfnp|Silver|2000|p=38|ps=none}} a Renaissance [alchemist](/source/alchemy) and physician. It derives from the [Latin](/source/Latin) word ''unda'', meaning "wave", with a diminutive "-ina" which in modern Italian could translate the term "little wave" (or alternatively from Lithuanian language word Vandene (water=vanduo) {{cite web |last=Strong |first=George Templeton |title=''Ondine'', Suites Nos. 1–3 |url=http://www.naxosdirect.com/STRONG-Ondine---From-a-Notebook-of-Sketches-Suites-1-3/title/8559078/ |access-date=2008-05-16 |archive-date=2014-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307035302/http://www.naxosdirect.com/Strong-Ondine---From-A-Notebook-of-Sketches-Suites-1-3/title/8559078/ |url-status=dead }}), and first appears in Paracelsus' ''[A Book on Nymphs, Sylphs, Pygmies, and Salamanders, and on the Other Spirits](/source/A_Book_on_Nymphs%2C_Sylphs%2C_Pygmies%2C_and_Salamanders%2C_and_on_the_Other_Spirits)'', published posthumously in 1566.{{r|OED}} ''Ondine'' is an alternative spelling,{{sfnp|Meletinskiĭ|1998|p=472|ps=none}} and has become a female given name.{{sfnp|Rifkin|2011|p=258|ps=none}} == Elementals == Paracelsus believed that each of the four [classical element](/source/classical_element)s{{--}}[earth](/source/earth_(classical_element)), [water](/source/water_(classical_element)), [air](/source/air_(classical_element)) and [fire](/source/fire_(classical_element)){{--}}is inhabited by different categories of [elemental spirits](/source/elemental), liminal creatures that share our world: [gnome](/source/gnome)s, undines, [sylph](/source/sylph)s and [salamanders](/source/salamander_(legendary_creature)) respectively.{{sfnp|Alban|2003|pp=47–48|ps=none}} According to Paracelsus (as paraphrased by occultist [Manly P. Hall](/source/Manly_P._Hall)), the spiritual inhabitants of the elements are "invisible, spiritual counterparts of visible Nature{{nbsp}}... many resembling human beings in shape, and inhabiting worlds of their own, unknown to man because his undeveloped senses were incapable of functioning beyond the limitations of the grosser elements".{{sfnp|Hall|1928|p=105}}{{Refn|Cf. also Hartmann (1902) on Paracelsus.}} ==Description and common attributes== [[File:Les Ondines - Antoine Calbet.jpg|thumb|''Les Ondines'' by Antoine Calbet, [Musée des Beaux-Arts de Cambrai](/source/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Cambrai)]] Undines are almost invariably depicted as being female, which is consistent with the ancient Greek idea that water is a female element.{{sfnp|Hall|1928|p=107}} They are usually found in forest pools and waterfalls,{{sfnp|Bane|2013|p=333|ps=none}} and their beautiful singing voices{{sfnp|Woodworth|Pope Morris|1827|p=2|ps=none}} are sometimes heard over the sound of water. The group contains many species, including [nereid](/source/nereid)es, [limnad](/source/limnad)s, [naiad](/source/naiad)es, [mermaid](/source/mermaid)s and [potamides](/source/potamides_(mythology)).{{sfnp|Hall|1928|p=107}} What undines lack, compared to humans, is an [immortal soul](/source/immortal_soul).{{sfnp|Hartmann|1902|pp=151–152}} Marriage with a human shortens their lives on Earth, but earns them an immortal human soul,{{r|Fass}} a view which was professed by Paracelsus.{{sfnp|Hartmann|1902|pp=155–156}} [[File:Undine Rising from the Waters by Chauncey Bradley Ives.jpg|thumb|''Undine Rising from the Waters'' by [Chauncey Bradley Ives](/source/Chauncey_Bradley_Ives) at [Yale](/source/Yale_University)'s Art Gallery]] [[File:Undine - Albert Ernest Carrier-Belleuse - ABDAG004805.jpg|thumb|''Undine ''by [Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse](/source/Albert-Ernest_Carrier-Belleuse) (ca.1875-1887), [Aberdeen Art Gallery](/source/Aberdeen_Art_Gallery)]] The offspring of a union between an undine and a man are humans with a soul, but also with some kind of aquatic characteristic, called a watermark. Moses Binswanger, the protagonist in [Hansjörg Schneider](/source/Hansj%C3%B6rg_Schneider)'s ''Das Wasserzeichen'' (1997), has a cleft in his throat, for instance, which must be periodically submerged in water to prevent it from becoming painful.{{r|Schneider}} ==Paracelsus== The [ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greece) philosopher [Empedocles](/source/Empedocles) ({{circa|490}} – {{circa|430 BC}}) was the first to propose that the four classical elements were sufficient to explain everything present in the world.{{sfnp|Macauley|2010|p=72|ps=none}} Paracelsus's view of elemental spirits may have grown out of the folklore that a very human-like race of spirits exists in a different "plane" from humans, according to Celticist [Henry Jenner](/source/Henry_Jenner).{{harvp|Silver|2000|p=40|ps=none}}: {{blockquote|The subdivisions and elaborations [of nature spirits]{{nbsp}}... by Paracelsus, the Rosicrucians, and the modern theosophists are no doubt amplifications of that popular belief in the existence of a race, neither divine nor human, but very like to human beings, who existed on a "plane" different from that of humans, though occupying the same space which{{nbsp}}... resembles the theory of these mystics in its main outlines, and was probably what suggested it to them.}} According to Paracelsus in ''Liber de Nymphis'', there are four types of spirit-men, which each reside in one of the four elements: earth, air/wind, fire, and water. These spirits are similar to human beings, but not endowed with [immortal soul](/source/immortal_soul)s.{{sfnp|Hartmann|1902|pp=151–152}} But Undines ("water women", "water people"{{sfnp|Paracelsus|Sigerist tr.|1941|p=238}}) in particular are able to consort with humans more than the spirits of other elements, and are most capable of entering into marriage with a human male, thus earning a kernel of the immortality. The children born to her will be imparted with human souls as well. For this reason, the Undines (also called Nymphs) yearn to marry a human husband.{{sfnp|Paracelsus|Sigerist tr.|1941|p=238}}{{sfnp|Hartmann|1902|pp=155–156}} If a man has an Undine/Nymph for a wife, he must be careful not to offend her in the presence of water, or she will return to her element.{{harvp|Paracelsus|Sigerist tr.|1941|p=242}}:"When they have been provoked in any way by their husbands while they are on water, they simply drop into the water, and nobody can find them any more. To the husband it is as if she were drowned.. And yet.. he many not consider her dead."{{sfnp|Hartmann|1902|pp=156–157}} This motif of the husband's calumny causing Undine's departure also occurs in Fouquet's novella (and Hoffmann's opera). Undine's husband Huldbrand had been forewarned not to do so,{{harvp|Alban|2003|p=55}}, quoting La Motte pp. 73–74. but he rekindles his unfaithful relationship with Bertalda, he commits the insult, and she splashes away beneath the Danube. Paracelsus also emphasizes that even if the sylph/undine has returned to water, the marriage still remains valid, and she cannot be presumed to be dead,{{sfnp|Paracelsus|Sigerist tr.|1941|p=242}} another theme exploited by Fouquet's novella: thus, as her husband's transgression necessitates her departure into the watery world, she makes the insistence on her husband that his vow of fidelity still remains in place, and breaking it would have deadly consequence.{{harvp|Alban|2003|p=56}}: "her union with him extends to her own watery element". And she continues to remind to her husband to remain faithful, in the form of a message in a dream between the swan song.{{sfnp|Alban|2003|p=56}} According to Paracelsus, the Undine will still receive her place on the [Day of Judgment](/source/Day_of_Judgment),{{sfnp|Paracelsus|Sigerist tr.|1941|p=242}} i.e., she will still preserve the immortal soul she earned through marriage. David Gallagher argues that, although they had Paracelsus as a source, 19th and 20th-century German authors found inspiration for their many versions of undine in classical literature, particularly [Ovid](/source/Ovid)'s ''[Metamorphoses](/source/Metamorphoses)'', especially given the transformation of many of their undines into springs: Hyrie (book VII) and [Egeria](/source/Egeria_(mythology)) (book XV) are two such characters.{{sfnp|Gallagher|2009|p=345|ps=none}} ==Cultural references== {{Also|Undine (novella)#Adaptations}} thumb|An undine depicted "pursuing Ulysses And Umberto" in a 1899 "alphabet of celebrities" Later writers embellished Paracelsus' undine classification by developing it into a water nymph in its own right. The romance ''[Undine](/source/Undine_(novella))'' by [Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué](/source/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9), published in 1811, is based on a passage in Paracelsus' ''Book on Nymphs'' in which he relates how an undine can acquire an immortal soul by marrying a human,{{sfnp|Sax|1998|p=129|ps=none}} although it likely also borrows from the 17th-century Rosicrucian novel ''[Comte de Gabalis](/source/Comte_de_Gabalis)''.{{r|Seeber}} ''Ondine'' was the title of one of the poems in [Aloysius Bertrand](/source/Aloysius_Bertrand)'s collection ''[Gaspard de la Nuit](/source/Gaspard_de_la_Nuit_(book))'' of 1842. This poem inspired the first movement of [Maurice Ravel](/source/Maurice_Ravel)'s 1908 piano suite ''[Gaspard de la nuit](/source/Gaspard_de_la_nuit)''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The character of Mélisande from [Maurice Maeterlinck](/source/Maurice_Maeterlinck)'s symbolist play ''[Pelléas et Mélisande](/source/Pell%C3%A9as_and_M%C3%A9lisande)'' has been seen as an Undine figure. [Debussy](/source/Claude_Debussy), [Sibelius](/source/Jean_Sibelius), [Fauré](/source/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9), and [Schoenberg](/source/Arnold_Schoenberg) all wrote music adaptions of the play.{{sfnp|Begam|Smith|2016|p=88|ps=none}}{{sfnp|Gallagher|2009|p=357|ps=none}}{{sfnp|Jacobs|2006|p=53|ps=none}} The 1939 play ''[Ondine](/source/Ondine_(play))'' by French dramatist [Jean Giraudoux](/source/Jean_Giraudoux) is also based upon Fouqué's novella,{{sfnp|Gallagher|2009|p=352|ps=none}} as is ''[Ondine](/source/Ondine_(ballet))'', a ballet by composer [Hans Werner Henze](/source/Hans_Werner_Henze) and choreographer [Frederick Ashton](/source/Frederick_Ashton){{r|Lillyman}} with [Margot Fonteyn](/source/Margot_Fonteyn) as Undine.{{r|Holschuh}} Austrian author [Ingeborg Bachmann](/source/Ingeborg_Bachmann), a friend of Henze's who collaborated with him frequently, attended the premiere of the ballet in London, and published her short story "Undine geht" in the collection ''Das dreißigste Jahr'' (1961),{{r|Baackmann}} in which Undine "is neither a human nor a water spirit, but an idea".{{r|Holschuh}} Fouqué's ''Undine'' also exerted an influence on [Hans Christian Andersen](/source/Hans_Christian_Andersen)'s "[The Little Mermaid](/source/The_Little_Mermaid)" (1837),{{sfnp|Høyrup|2008|p=372|ps=none}}{{r|Holbek}} and [H.D.](/source/H.D.) plays on this identification in her autobiographical novel ''[HERmione](/source/HERmione)'' (1927).{{sfnp|H.D.|1981|p=120|ps=none}}{{sfnp|Friedman|2008|p=114|ps=none}} Burton Pollin notes the popularity of the tale in the English-speaking world: translations in English appeared in 1818 and 1830, and a "superior version" was published by American churchman Thomas Tracy in 1839 and reprinted in 1824, 1840, 1844, and 1845; he estimates that by 1966 almost a hundred English versions had been printed, including adaptations for children. [Edgar Allan Poe](/source/Edgar_Allan_Poe) was profoundly influenced by Fouqué's tale, according to Pollin, which may have come about through Poe's broad reading of [Walter Scott](/source/Walter_Scott) and [Samuel Taylor Coleridge](/source/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge):{{r|Pollin}} Scott had derived the character of the White Lady of Avenel (''[The Monastery](/source/The_Monastery%3A_A_Romance)'', 1820) from ''Undine'',{{r|Boatright}} and a passage by Coleridge on ''Undine'' was reprinted in Tracy's 1839 edition.{{r|Pollin}} French composer Claude Debussy included a piece called "Ondine" in his collection of piano preludes written in 1913 (Preludes, Book 2, No. 8).{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} A poem by Seamus Heaney titled "Undine" appears in his 1969 collection ''Door into the Dark.'' The poem is narrated from the first-person perspective of the water nymph itself.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} Japanese pianist [Yukie Nishimura](/source/Yukie_Nishimura) composed a piece of piano music titled ''Undine'' in late 1980s.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The composer [Carl Reinecke](/source/Carl_Reinecke) wrote the "Sonata Undine" for flute and piano, opus 167, first published in 1882.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} ===In popular culture=== In the 1993 [Super Nintendo](/source/Super_Nintendo) role-playing game, [Secret of Mana](/source/Secret_of_Mana), the protagonists rescue a water spirit named Undine. Thereafter, players are able to cast water magic by summoning Undine. In 2015, a fish-based character by the name of [Undyne](/source/Undyne) appeared in the video game ''[Undertale](/source/Undertale)''. In 2017, [Ryan Jude Novelline](/source/Ryan_Jude_Novelline) created a gown that he displayed at [New York Comic Con](/source/New_York_Comic_Con) based on the story of Undine.{{Cite news|last=Acuna|first=Kirsten|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/new-york-comic-con-nycc-best-costumes-2017-10|title=Photos of the best cosplay from New York Comic Con 2017|date=October 9, 2017|work=[Business Insider](/source/Business_Insider)|access-date=March 1, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222060833/https://www.businessinsider.com/new-york-comic-con-nycc-best-costumes-2017-10|archive-date=February 22, 2020}} Undines exist as a species of water elemental in the world of the Japanese manga ''[Monster Musume](/source/Monster_Musume)'', and are later revealed to be related to one of the main characters. {{cite comic | creator = Okayado | title = [Monster Musume](/source/Monster_Musume) | volume = 16, chapter 67; 19, chapter 81 | publisher = [Tokuma Shoten](/source/Tokuma_Shoten) }} == Ondine's curse == {{main|Central hypoventilation syndrome}} Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, a rare medical condition in which those affected lack [autonomic](/source/autonomic_nervous_system) control of their breathing and are hence at risk of suffocation while sleeping, is also known as Ondine's curse.{{sfnp|Robinson|2010|p=28|ps=none}} Ondine, the eponymous heroine of Giraudoux's play, tells her future husband Hans, whom she has just met, that "I shall be the shoes of your feet{{nbsp}}... I shall be the breath of your lungs".{{sfnp|Weiss|1964|p=334|ps=none}} Ondine makes a pact with her uncle, the King of the Ondines, that if Hans ever deceives her he will die. After their honeymoon Hans is reunited with his first love, the Princess Bertha, and Ondine leaves him, only to be captured by a fisherman six months later. On meeting Ondine again on the day of his wedding to Bertha, Hans tells her that "all the things my body once did by itself, it does now only by special order{{nbsp}}... A single moment of inattention and I forget to breathe".{{sfnp|Weiss|1964|p=364|ps=none}} Hans and Ondine kiss, and he dies. Critics have pointed out that medical texts on the syndrome frequently misinterpret Ondine as a vengeful or malevolent character; in the play, Ondine is not responsible for the curse and tries to save Hans.{{Cite journal |last=Sugar |first=Oscar |date=1978 |title=In Search of Ondine's Curse |journal=JAMA |volume=1978;240 |issue=3 |pages=236–237 |doi=10.1001/jama.1978.03290030054019|pmid=351225 }} == See also == * [Ekendriya](/source/Ekendriya) * [Gwragedd Annwn](/source/Gwragedd_Annwn) * [Mami Wata](/source/Mami_Wata) * [Melusine](/source/Melusine) * [Mermaid](/source/Mermaid) * [Morgen](/source/Morgen_(mythological_creature)) * [Nāga](/source/N%C4%81ga) * [Neck](/source/Neck_(water_spirit)) * [Rusalka](/source/Rusalka) * [Selkie](/source/Selkie) * [Siren](/source/Siren_(mythology)) == References == === Citations === {{Reflist|30em|refs= {{cite journal |last=Baackmann |first=Susanne |year=1995 |title='Beinah mörderisch wahr': Die neue Stimme der Undine. Zum Mythos von Weiblichkeit und Liebe in Ingeborg Bachmanns "Undine geht" |journal=[The German Quarterly](/source/The_German_Quarterly) |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=45–49 |jstor=408021|mode=cs2|doi=10.2307/408021 }} {{cite journal |last=Boatright |first=Mody C. |year=1935 |title=Scott's Theory and Practice concerning the Use of the Supernatural in Prose Fiction in Relation to the Chronology of the Waverley Novels |journal=[PMLA](/source/Publications_of_the_Modern_Language_Association) |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=235–61 |jstor=458292|doi=10.2307/458292 |s2cid=163367427 }} {{cite book |last1=Bodson |first1=Liliane |author-link= |title=E.T.A. Hoffmann's Musical Aesthetics |publisher=Routledge |date=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkArDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 |pages=329–330|isbn=9781351569118}} {{cite journal |last=Fass |first=Barbara F. |year=1972 |title=The Little Mermaid and the Artist's Quest for a Soul |journal=[Comparative Literature Studies](/source/Comparative_Literature_Studies) |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=291–302 |jstor=40246020}} {{cite book|last=Hartmann |first=Franz |author-link=:en:Franz Hartmann |chapter=V. Pneumatology |title=The Life and the Doctrines of Paracelsus |location=New York |publisher=Theosophical Publishing Company |date=1902 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRjGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 |pages=151–157}} {{cite journal |last=Holbek |first=Bengt |year=1990 |title=Hans Christian Andersen's Use of Folktales |journal=Merveilles & Contes |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=220–32 |jstor=41380775}} {{cite journal |last=Holschuh |first=Albrecht |year=1995 |title=Relevanz, Philologie und Baackmanns Arbeit über Bachmanns "Undine geht" |journal=[The German Quarterly](/source/The_German_Quarterly) |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=430–33 |jstor=407799|doi=10.2307/407799 }} {{cite journal |last=Lillyman |first=W. J. |year=1971 |title=Fouqué's "Undine" |journal=[Studies in Romanticism](/source/Studies_in_Romanticism) |volume=1 0|issue=2 |pages=94–104 |jstor=25599791|doi=10.2307/25599791 }} {{cite book|last=Markx |first=Francien |author-link= |title=E. T. A. Hoffmann, Cosmopolitanism, and the Struggle for German Opera |location= |publisher=BRILL |year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FXfsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 |page=245 |isbn=9789004309579}} {{citation |title=undine, n |work=Oxford English Dictionary |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=online |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/212392?redirectedFrom=undine |access-date=3 January 2015 |url-access=subscription }} {{cite journal |last=Pollin |first=Burton R. |year=1975 |title=''Undine'' in the Works of Poe |journal=[Studies in Romanticism](/source/Studies_in_Romanticism) |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=59–74 |jstor=25599958|doi=10.2307/25599958 }} {{cite dictionary |last=Roeder|first=Birgit |author-link= |entry=Fouqué, Friedrich Heinrich Karl, Baron de la Motte 1777–1843 |editor1-last=Murray |editor1-first=Christopher John |editor2-link= |title=Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850 |publisher=Routledge |date=2002|entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GS8DWMLRYEC&pg=PA370 |pages=369–371|isbn=9781135455798}} {{cite journal |last=Haberl |first=Franz P. |title=''Das Wasserzeichen'' |journal=[World Literature Today](/source/World_Literature_Today) |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=606–607 |jstor=40154091|year=1998 |doi=10.2307/40154091 }} {{cite journal |last=Seeber |first=Edward D. |year=1944 |title=Sylphs and Other Elemental Beings in French Literature since Le Comte de Gabalis (1670) |journal=[PMLA](/source/Publications_of_the_Modern_Language_Association) |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=71–83 |jstor=458845|doi=10.2307/458845 |s2cid=163381869 }} }} === Bibliography === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Alban |first=Gillian M. E. |author-link= |title=Melusine the Serpent Goddess in A. S. Byatt's Possession and in Mythology |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjoBs_u5rigC&pg=PA53 |pages= |isbn=9780739104712}} * {{cite book |last=Bane |first=Theresa |title=Encyclopedia of Fairies in World Folklore and Mythology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSuXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT623 |year=2013 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-1242-3 }} * {{cite book |editor-last1=Begam |editor-first1=Richard |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=Matthew Wilson |title=Modernism and Opera |year=2016 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-2062-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtA_DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 }} * {{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Susan Stanford |title=Penelope's Web: Gender, Modernity, H. D.'s Fiction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f66cJ6P72oYC&pg=PA114 |year=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-05001-2 }} * {{cite book |last=Gallagher |first=David |title=Metamorphosis: Transformations of the Body and the Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses on Germanic Literature of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |year=2009 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-2708-4}} * {{cite book|last=Hall |first=Manly P. |author-link=Manly P. Hall |chapter=The Elements and Their Inhabitants |title=The Secret Teachings of All Ages: An Encyclopedic Outline of Masonic, Hermetic, Qabbalistic and Rosicrucian Symbolical Philosophy |location=San Francisco |publisher=H. S. Crocker |year=1928 |chapter-url=https://sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/sta25.htm |page=|via=sacred-texts.com/Evinity Publishing}} **-- (1928); edited for the web by Mario Lampié (2009), {{URL|1=https://archive.org/details/TheSecretTeachingsOfAllAgesManlyHall/page/n319/mode/2up |2=pp. 319ff}} via Internet Archive. * {{cite book |author=H.D. |author-link=H.D. |title=HERmione |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEYoDGLk5sEC&pg=PA120 |year=1981 |publisher=New Directions |isbn=978-0-8112-0817-8 }} * {{cite book |last=Høyrup |first=Helene |editor-last=Haase |editor-first=Donald Haase |title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales: A-F |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdx2fhPM1XIC&pg=PA372 |year=2008 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-33442-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_w7y9/page/372 372] |chapter=Fouqué, Friedrich de la Motte (1777–1843) |url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_w7y9/page/372 }} * {{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Laura A. |title=Landscape with Moving Figures: A Decade on Dance |year=2006 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-59791-001-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HqZEj7G2kZMC&pg=PA53 }} * {{cite book |last=Macauley |first=David |title=Elemental Philosophy: Earth, Air, Fire, and Water as Environmental Ideas |year=2010 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-3246-5}} * {{cite book |last=Meletinskiĭ |first=Eleazar Moiseevich |title=The Poetics of Myth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5oa-sE8FzYC&pg=PA472 |year=1998 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-8153-2134-7 }} * {{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Paracelsus|Sigerist tr.|1941}}|author=Paracelsus |author-link=Paracelsus |translator-last=Sigerist |translator-first=Henry |translator-link=Henry E. Sigerist |chapter=IV. A Book on Nymphs, Sylphs, Pygmies, and Salamanders, and on the Other Spirits |title=Four Treatises of Theophrastus Von Hohenheim Called Paracelsus |location= |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |date=1996 |orig-date=1941 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIKLKqwsEc0C&pg=PA242 |page=213–255 |isbn=9780801855238}} * {{cite book |last=Rifkin |first=June |title=The Everything Baby Names Book: From classic to contemporary, 50,000 baby names that you—and your child—will love |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtzD3yDLUboC&pg=PA258 |year=2011 |publisher=Adams Media |isbn=978-1-4405-2753-1 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Andrew |title=Sudden Genius?: The Gradual Path to Creative Breakthroughs |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-956995-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/suddengeniusgrad00robi_0 }} * {{cite book |last=Sax |first=Boria |title=The Serpent and the Swan: The Animal Bride in Folklore and Literature |year=1998 |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-0-939923-68-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/serpentswananima00saxb }} * {{cite book |last=Silver |first=Carole G. |title=Strange and Secret Peoples: Fairies and Victorian Consciousness |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512199-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/strangesecretpeo00silv |url-access=subscription |via= }} * {{cite book |last=Weiss |first=Samuel A. |title=Drama in the Modern World: Plays & Essays |year=1964 |publisher=D.C. Heath & Company |isbn=978-0-669-83121-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/dramainmodernwor00weis }} * {{cite book |last1=Woodworth |first1=Samuel |last2=Pope Morris |first2=George |title=The New-York Mirror, and Ladies' Literary Gazette |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8_LVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2 |year=1827 |publisher=George P. Morris }} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Authority control}} Category:Elementals Category:Female legendary creatures Category:Water spirits Category:Romani folklore --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Undine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undine) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undine?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.