# Um (cuneiform)

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{{Short description|Cuneiform sign}}
[[File:B238ellst.png|437px|left|thumb|Cuneiform sign for '''um'''-(most common usage), '''dup''', '''tup''', '''ṭup''', and [Sumerogram](/source/Sumerogram) '''DUB''']] 
[[File:Ayyab letter mp3h8880.jpg|thumb|right|370px|[Amarna letter EA 364](/source/Amarna_letter_EA_364), [Ayyab](/source/Ayyab) to Pharaoh.<br/>In Line 2, "'''um'''-[ma](/source/ma_(cuneiform))", "message (thus)"...[Ayyab](/source/Ayyab).<br/>(high resolution, expandible photo) ]]

The [cuneiform](/source/cuneiform) alphabetic '''um''' sign, also '''dup''', '''tup''', '''ṭup''', and '''DUB''',<ref>Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian [Epic of Gilgamesh](/source/Epic_of_Gilgamesh)'', Sign List, pp. 155-165, no. 134, p. 158.</ref> the [Sumerogram](/source/Sumerogram) ([logogram](/source/logogram)), for [Akkadian language](/source/Akkadian_language) "ṭuppu",<ref>Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian [Epic of Gilgamesh](/source/Epic_of_Gilgamesh)'', Glossary, pp. 119-145, '''ṭuppu''', p. 144.</ref> (= the [clay tablet](/source/clay_tablet)), is found in both the 14th century BC [Amarna letters](/source/Amarna_letters) and the [Epic of Gilgamesh](/source/Epic_of_Gilgamesh). In the Amarna letters as ''um'', it is found as '''''um-ma''''' in the introduction of the letters as ''"Message (thus)"''...(and then the PN (personal name) of the individual sending, or authoring the letter).

In specific texts with dialogue, for example [Amarna letter EA 19](/source/Amarna_letter_EA_19), ''Love and Gold'', an extensive discussion is made by the king of [Babylon](/source/Babylon) about his father, ancestry, friendship between kings, envoys, women (for the harem, or wife), etc., and consequently the dialogue is preceded by ''um-ma'' ("quote"), then the dialogue by the messenger, (or the king).

==References==
{{reflist}}

*[Moran, William L.](/source/William_L._Moran) 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, {{ISBN|0-8018-6715-0}})
* Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian [Epic of Gilgamesh](/source/Epic_of_Gilgamesh)'', [Parpola, Simo](/source/Simo_Parpola), [Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project](/source/Neo-Assyrian_Text_Corpus_Project), c 1997, Tablet I through Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp.&nbsp;119–145), 165 pages.
*[Rainey](/source/Anson_Rainey), 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' [Anson F. Rainey](/source/Anson_Rainey), (AOAT 8, ''Alter Orient Altes Testament 8'', Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages.
<!--*[Moran, William L.](/source/William_L._Moran) 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ISBN 0-8018-6715-0))-->
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File:Ayyab letter mp3h8880.jpg|[Amarna letter EA 364](/source/Amarna_letter_EA_364), '''ti''', 2nd line from bottom, 2nd character from left.<br/>(approximated out-of-focus, curving bottom of [clay tablet](/source/clay_tablet); most of tablet in focus; high resolution, expandible photo])
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Category:Cuneiform signs

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Um (cuneiform)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_(cuneiform)) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_(cuneiform)?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.