# U and non-U English

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**U and non-U English usage**, where "U" stands for [upper class](/source/Upper_class) and "non-U" represents the aspiring [middle classes](/source/Middle_class), was part of the terminology of popular discourse of social dialects ([sociolects](/source/Sociolect)) in [Britain](/source/UK) in the 1950s.[1] The different vocabularies often appeared counter-intuitive, with the middle classes preferring "fancy" or fashionable words, even [neologisms](/source/Neologism) and often [euphemisms](/source/Euphemism), in attempts to make themselves sound more refined (["posher than posh"](/source/Hypercorrection#English)) and the upper classes using plain and traditional words that the working classes also used, as, confident in the security of their social position, they had no need to seek to display refinement.[2] By the late 20th century the usefulness of these specific terms as signals of social class had decreased, and by the 2020s they had ceased to be reliable signals.[3][4]

## History

The discussion was set in motion in 1954 by the British linguist [Alan S. C. Ross](/source/Alan_S._C._Ross), professor of linguistics in the [University of Birmingham](/source/University_of_Birmingham). He coined the terms "U" and "non-U" in an article on the differences [social class](/source/Social_class) makes in [English language](/source/English_language) usage, published in a Finnish professional linguistics journal.[2] Though his article included differences in [pronunciation](/source/Pronunciation) and [writing styles](/source/English_writing_style), it was his remark about differences of [vocabulary](/source/Vocabulary) that received the most attention.

The upper class English author [Nancy Mitford](/source/Nancy_Mitford) was alerted and immediately took up the usage in an essay, "The English Aristocracy", which [Stephen Spender](/source/Stephen_Spender) published in his magazine *[Encounter](/source/Encounter_(magazine))* in 1954. Mitford provided a glossary of terms used by the upper classes (some appear in the table), unleashing an anxious national debate about [English class-consciousness](/source/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom) and [snobbery](/source/Snob), which involved a good deal of soul-searching that itself provided fuel for the fires. The essay was reprinted, with contributions by [Evelyn Waugh](/source/Evelyn_Waugh), [John Betjeman](/source/John_Betjeman), and others, as well as a "condensed and simplified version"[5] of Ross's original article, as *[Noblesse Oblige: an Enquiry into the Identifiable Characteristics of the English Aristocracy](/source/Noblesse_Oblige_(book))*[6] in 1956. Betjeman's poem "How to Get On in Society" concluded the collection.

The issue of U and non-U could have been taken lightheartedly, but at the time many took it very seriously. This was a reflection of the anxieties of the middle class in Britain of the 1950s, recently emerged from [post-war austerities](/source/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom). In particular the media used it as a launch pad for many stories, making much more out of it than was first intended. In the meantime, the idea that one might "improve oneself" by adopting the culture and manner of one's "betters", instinctively assented to before [World War II](/source/World_War_II), was now greeted with resentment.[7]

Some of the terms and the ideas behind them were largely obsolete by the late 20th century, when, in the United Kingdom, [reverse snobbery](/source/Reverse_snobbery) led younger members of the British upper and middle classes to adopt elements of working class speech, such as [Estuary English](/source/Estuary_English) or [Mockney](/source/Mockney).[3] By the 2020s, many of the words studied by Mitford had ceased to reliably signal social class.[4]

### American usage

A study in 1940 on the speaking differences between the American upper and middle classes revealed a strong similarity with the results of Ross's research. For instance, the American upper class said 'curtains', whilst the middle class used 'drapes'. Notably, the well-heeled would use 'toilet' whereas the less well-heeled would say 'lavatory', an inversion of the British usage.[8]

## Examples

U Non-U Bike or bicycle Cycle[9] Dinner jacket Dress suit Knave Jack Vegetables Greens[9] Ice Ice cream Scent Perfume[9] They've a very nice house They've a lovely home[9] I was sick on the boat I was ill on the boat[9] Looking-glass Mirror Chimneypiece Mantelpiece Graveyard Cemetery Spectacles Glasses False teeth Dentures Die Pass on Mad Mental[9] Jam Preserve Napkin Serviette[9] Sofa Settee or couch Lavatory or loo Toilet[9] Rich Wealthy[9] Good health Cheers Lunch Dinner (for midday meal)[9] Pudding Sweet Drawing room Lounge Writing-paper Note-paper What? Pardon?[9] How d'you do? Pleased to meet you[9] Wireless Radio[9] (School)master, mistress Teacher[9]

## See also

- [Shibboleth](/source/Shibboleth)
- [Countersignalling](/source/Countersignalling)

## References

1. Admin. ["U or non-U"](https://performanceinenglish.com/2017/03/06/u-or-non-u/). *Performance in English*. Retrieved 22 April 2024.

1. Ross, Alan S. C., "Linguistic class-indicators in present-day English", *Neuphilologische Mitteilungen* (Helsinki), vol. 55(1) (1954), 20–56. JSTOR [43341716](https://www.jstor.org/stable/43341716)

1. Fox, *Watching the English: The Hidden Rules of English Behaviour*, pp. 75–76: "Terminology Rules – U and Non-U Revisited".

1. Whipple, Tom (2024-10-24). ["What would Nancy Mitford say? U and Non-U words lose their power"](https://www.thetimes.com/uk/science/article/what-would-nancy-mitford-say-u-and-non-u-words-lose-their-power-t0ftffdnp). *[The Times](/source/The_Times)*. Retrieved 2025-05-23.

1. Mitford, Nancy (ed.). 1956. *Noblesse oblige*. London, Hamish Hamilton, 'Note'.

1. Mitford, Nancy (ed.). 1956. *Noblesse oblige*. London, Hamish Hamilton.

1. Buckle, Richard (ed.). 1978. *U and Non-U Revisited*. London: Debrett.

1. Baltzell, E. Digby (1958). [*The Philadelphia Gentlemen*](https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=B1QAMx2idG0C&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA50.w.1.0.341). 1989 ed. New Brunswick: Large Print Transaction. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9781412830751.

1. ["A U and non-U exchange: In 1956, Alan Ross defined the language that marked a man above or below stairs. Today, can one still tell?"](https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/a-u-and-nonu-exchange-in-1956-alan-ross-defined-the-language-that-marked-a-man-above-or-below-stairs-today-can-one-still-tell-1420569.html). *The Independent*. 4 June 1994. Retrieved 10 April 2024.

## Further reading

- [Mitford, Nancy](/source/Nancy_Mitford) (ed.). *Noblesse oblige*. Hamish Hamilton, London, 1956. Reprinted Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-860520-X.
- [Fox, Kate](/source/Kate_Fox). *Watching the English: The Hidden Rules of English Behaviour*. Hodder & Stoughton, London, 2004. ISBN 0-340-81885-9
- [Cooper, Jilly](/source/Jilly_Cooper). *[Class](/source/Class_(Cooper_book))*. Corgi Adult, 1999. ISBN 978-0-552-14662-3
- Alan S C Ross. *How to pronounce it*. Hamish Hamilton, London, 1970. SBN 241 01967 2
- Alan S C Ross. *Don't say it*. Hamish Hamilton 1973, ISBN 978-0241024263
- Charlotte Mosley (ed.) *The Letters of [Nancy Mitford](/source/Nancy_Mitford) and [Evelyn Waugh](/source/Evelyn_Waugh)*. Hodder, London, 1996, at pp. 297–394. ISBN 0-340-63804-4

## External links

- [Ross, Alan S. C., *Linguistic class-indicators in present-day English* (6.15 MB PDF)](https://web.archive.org/web/20150415113336/http://www.helsinki.fi/jarj/ufy/24991_s113_150Ross.pdf)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [U and non-U English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_and_non-U_English) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_and_non-U_English?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.