# UTEX 3222

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{{Short description|Cyanobacteria strain}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infraspeciesbox special
| image =
| image_caption = 
| genus = Cyanobacterium
| species = aponinum
| infraspecies_rank1_name = Strain
| infraspecies_rank1 = UTEX 3222
| synonyms = ''Cyanobacterium aponinum'' var. "Vulcano 2"
| synonyms_ref = <ref>Algae, UTEX Culture Collection of. "UTEX B 3222 ''Cyanobacterium aponinum''". UTEX Culture Collection of Algae. Retrieved 1 March 2025.</ref>
}}

'''UTEX 3222''' is a strain of the species ''[Cyanobacterium aponinum](/source/Cyanobacterium_aponinum)'', that was discovered off the coast of Baia di Levante, Italy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Schubert |first1=Max G. |last2=Tang |first2=Tzu-Chieh |last3=Goodchild-Michelman |first3=Isabella M. |last4=Ryon |first4=Krista A. |last5=Henriksen |first5=James R. |last6=Chavkin |first6=Theodore |last7=Wu |first7=Yanqi |last8=Miettinen |first8=Teemu P. |last9=Van Wychen |first9=Stefanie |last10=Dahlin |first10=Lukas R. |last11=Spatafora |first11=Davide |last12=Turco |first12=Gabriele |last13=Guarnieri |first13=Michael T. |last14=Manalis |first14=Scott R. |last15=Kowitz |first15=John |date=20 November 2024 |editor-last=Cann |editor-first=Isaac |title=Cyanobacteria newly isolated from marine volcanic seeps display rapid sinking and robust, high-density growth |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=90 |issue=11 |pages=e0084124 |doi=10.1128/aem.00841-24 |pmid=39470214 |pmc=11577773 |bibcode=2024ApEnM..90E.841S |issn=0099-2240}}</ref> This [cyanobacteria](/source/cyanobacteria) exhibits fast, high density, unicellular, planktonic growth while displaying quick settling rates in liquid.<ref name=":0" /> With the addition of its cyanobacterial [photosynthetic](/source/Photosynthesis) function and its high [carbon](/source/carbon) biomass composition, UTEX 3222 seems potentially useful for [atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration](/source/Carbon_sequestration) and optimizing [bioproduction](/source/Biomanufacturing) within industry.<ref name=":0" />

==Characteristics==
UTEX 3222 demonstrates fast growth on solid, BG-11 freshwater medium, with a wide tolerance for growing conditions.<ref name=":0" /> Optimal growth rate has been achieved at a temperature of 45&nbsp;°C, a temperature somewhat higher than used for other cyanobacteria models.<ref name=":0" /> A [pH](/source/pH) of 6.5-9.8 was tolerated by UTEX 3222 with the fastest exponential growth found at pH 6.5 and highest cell density at pH 8.<ref name=":0" /> Moderate [salinity](/source/salinity) (10g/L NaCL) produced fastest growth, yet UTEX 3222 exhibited high salt tolerance. In addition, an [irradiance](/source/irradiance) of 1,500 μE is tolerated but growth rates reach capacity at 500 μE.<ref name=":0" /> In optimal conditions, UTEX 3222 has displayed a fast [doubling time](/source/doubling_time) of 2.35 ± 0.10 hours.<ref name=":0" /> As well, UTEX 3222 grows to high density (>31 g/L [biomass](/source/biomass) dry weight after 12 days) in batch culture, producing larger colonies than record setting UTEX 3154.<ref name=":0" />

=== Biomass characterization ===
[Extracellular polysaccharides](/source/Extracellular_polymeric_substance) (EPS) and storage granules are common carbon storage structures within cyanobacteria.<ref name=":0" /> These structures appear more prominent in size and number in UTEX 3222, compared to the high-density growing cyanobacteria, UTEX 3154.<ref name=":0" /> These structural differences account for UTEX 3222's higher carbon content as revealed in biomass composition analysis and C/H/N [elemental analysis](/source/elemental_analysis).<ref name=":0" />

== Phenotype ==
In liquid cultures, UTEX 3222 aggregates into tight pellets within hours and settles quickly. The biomass of UTEX 3222 settles faster than the comparison strain, UTEX 3154, with a gravitational sinking velocity 2.16x quicker.<ref name=":0" /> The difference in sinking velocity is primarily due to UTEX 3222's greater cell volume rather than [buoyant density](/source/buoyant_density).<ref name=":0" /> The dramatic difference in settling overnight and the speed at which UTEX 3222 forms a [supernatant](/source/supernatant), cannot fully be explained by sinking velocity, indicating there are other factors involved such as cell aggregation.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
''Cyanobacterium aponinum'' UTEX 3222 was discovered in 2024 when Schubert et al. explored shallow volcanic seeps off the coast of Baia di Levante in [Vulcano Island](/source/Vulcano_Island), Italy.<ref name=":0" /> The team was investigating illuminated marine areas with high [CO<sub>2</sub>](/source/Carbon_dioxide) levels, hoping to find organisms that had [evolved](/source/Evolution) enhanced [fitness](/source/Fitness_(biology)), as [adaptation](/source/adaptation)s would not need to focus on limitations in CO<sub>2</sub> availability.<ref name=":0" /> The closest known relative to UTEX 3222 is ''Cyanobacterium aponinum'' PCC 10605, yet the whole [clade](/source/clade) remains relatively unstudied.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Category:Chroococcales

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [UTEX 3222](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTEX_3222) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTEX_3222?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.