# US Amphibious Training Base

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United States Amphibious Training Bases for the US Navy, US Army and US Marine Corps

Avila Beach's [Amphibious Training Base Morro Bay](/source/Amphibious_Training_Base_Morro_Bay) on March 7, 1944. An amphibious training exercise, with pontoon bridge attached to Landing Ship, Tank. Army Signal Corps photo.

A [Crusader tank](/source/Crusader_tank) landing on a beach from a [Tank Landing Craft](/source/Landing_craft_tank) in a 1942 test

[LCVPs](/source/LCVP_(United_States)), known as 'Higgins Boats', were the first specialized landing craft for the US Navy. Pictured, [USS *Darke*](/source/USS_Darke) LCVP 18, possibly with Army troops as reinforcements at [Okinawa](/source/Okinawa_Island), 1945.

USS *LCI-326*, a [Landing Craft Infantry](/source/Landing_Craft_Infantry), during training for [D-Day](/source/D-Day)

[USS *LST-742*](/source/USS_Dunn_County_(LST-742)) on 13 October 1950 at Wolmi-do island, [Incheon Harbor](/source/Incheon), [South Korea](/source/South_Korea), loading supplies for the upcoming Wonsan invasion

**Amphibious Training Base** (ATB)(USNATB) **Advance Amphibious Training Base** are [United States Armed Forces](/source/United_States_Armed_Forces) bases used for the [training](/source/Military_education_and_training) of [amphibious warfare](/source/Amphibious_warfare).[1] Starting with [World War II](/source/World_War_II), United States Navy began large-scale amphibious assaults of beaches. To train troops in the use of [Amphibious warfare ships](/source/Amphibious_warfare_ship) and [Amphibious Combat Vehicles](/source/Amphibious_Combat_Vehicle) the Navy established training bases both on the [US mainland](/source/Contiguous_United_States) and overseas at [US Naval Advance Bases](/source/US_Naval_Advance_Bases). The Training involved the [United States Navy](/source/United_States_Navy) working with The [United States Marine Corps](/source/United_States_Marine_Corps), [United States Army](/source/United_States_Army) and in later years sometimes the [United States Air Force](/source/United_States_Air_Force) for [air support](/source/Close_air_support).[2][3][4]

## Background

Main articles: [United States amphibious operations](/source/United_States_amphibious_operations) and [Fleet Marine Force](/source/Fleet_Marine_Force)

The [United States amphibious operations](/source/United_States_amphibious_operations) dates back to the early dates of the nation. On March 3, 1776, the [Continental Marines](/source/Continental_Marines) made their first amphibious landing in the [Battle of Nassau](/source/Battle_of_Nassau) on to the beaches of the [Bahamas](/source/Bahamas).[5][6] While amphibious operations took place in the [American Civil War](/source/American_Civil_War), [Spanish–American War](/source/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War), and [World War I](/source/World_War_I), large-scale amphibious training bases were not established till World War II.[1]

Before World War II the need for Amphibious Training Base was seen. In 1903, President [Theodore Roosevelt](/source/Theodore_Roosevelt) from his experience in the Spanish-American War established a Joint Army-Navy Board in 1903, but no Amphibious Training Base came out of this. One of the first small-scale Amphibious Training took place in [Culebra](/source/Culebra%2C_Puerto_Rico) and [Vieques, Puerto Rico](/source/Vieques%2C_Puerto_Rico) at the request of the Secretary of the Navy [Josephus Daniels](/source/Josephus_Daniels) in 1913. During World War I, the [Gallipoli](/source/Gallipoli_campaign) amphibious operations in Turkey did not go well for the [Allies](/source/Allies_of_World_War_I), thus some thought that amphibious warfare was at an end.[1]

After World War I, in which [Japan fought on the Allied side](/source/Japan_during_World_War_I), Japan [took control of German bases in China and the Pacific](/source/Japan_during_World_War_I#Events_of_1914). In 1919, the [League of Nations](/source/League_of_Nations) approved Japan's [mandate](/source/South_Seas_Mandate) over the German islands north of the equator. The United States did not want any mandates and was concerned with Japan's aggressiveness. As such [Wilson Administration](/source/Wilson_Administration) transferred 200 Atlantic [warships](/source/Warship) to the Pacific Fleet in 1919.[7][8][1]

With new concerns in the Pacific, in 1921, Marine Commandant Lieutenant General [John A. Lejeune](/source/John_A._Lejeune) asked [Major Earl “Pete” Ellis](/source/Earl_Hancock_Ellis) to make up plans for an amphibious war with Japan, as to be prepared. Ellis wrote *OpPlan 712: Advance Base Operations in Micronesia*, which outlined modern amphibious warfare.[9] The [Fleet Marine Force](/source/Fleet_Marine_Force) was founded on December 7, 1933. Fleet Marine Force was a combined Force of both the US Navy and the United States Marine Corps. On December 7, 1941, Japan carried out a surprise military strike on the [Naval Base in Pearl Harbor](/source/Naval_Base_Hawaii).[10][11] Japan hoped to eliminate US military force in the Pacific as it soon carried out attacks across the South Pacific.[12][13] The attack led the US to enter World War II. During World War II the United States was fighting on two fronts, the [Pacific War](/source/Pacific_War) and the [European theatre](/source/European_theatre_of_World_War_II). The Pacific War was an amphibious operation of [Island-hopping](/source/Island-hopping) and the European theatre required amphibious operations to get a foothold on the [European continent](/source/European_continent). European theatre saw major amphibious operations at the invasion of [North Africa](/source/Operation_Torch), [Southern France](/source/Operation_Dragoon), [Sicily](/source/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily), [Italy](/source/Allied_invasion_of_Italy) and [Normandy](/source/Normandy_landings).[1]

On January 5, 1942 [Seabee](/source/Seabee) Navy Construction Battalions officially began operation.[14] In July 1943 Seabee started an [Amphibious Construction Battalion](/source/Amphibious_Construction_Battalion), with [Amphibious Construction Battalion 1](/source/Amphibious_Construction_Battalion_1) as the first unit, which operated in the Pacific War. Seabee were given the task of clearing beaches of obstacles and establishing beachhead bases.[15][16] In addition, Seabees built and operated sea ports, airfields and served as elements the United States Marine Corps.[17]

This nation's first official naval amphibious training base was established in August 1942 at [Solomons, Maryland](/source/Solomons%2C_Maryland), USNATB, United States Navy Amphibious Training Base. Other base opened on both coasts of the United States.[18][19] Due to the demand for Amphibious Training, overseas bases were founded in [North Africa](/source/US_Naval_Bases_North_Africa) and the South Pacific.[20][21][1][22]

The United States Navy needed to train with the US Army and US Marine Corps, as amphibious landing require complex operations:[3]

- [Strategic planning](/source/Amphibious_reconnaissance)

- Amphibious vessels need to arrive and be loaded with all the supplies and troops needed for the operation.

- Must be [reconnaissance](/source/Reconnaissance) of the landing site

- Landing site may need [obstacles removed](/source/Underwater_demolition), and the water depth checked.

- Landing must be timed to the [tide](/source/Tide).

- Air cover must be timed to landing.

- Beach checked for [landmines](/source/Land_mine) and other obstacles.

- After troops and vehicles debark, support supplies are unloaded the beachhead [supply depot](/source/Supply_depot).

## Underwater Demolition Teams

Main article: [Underwater Demolition Team](/source/Underwater_Demolition_Team)

The US Navy's [Underwater Demolition Teams](/source/Underwater_Demolition_Team) are the forerunner to today's [United States Navy SEALs](/source/United_States_Navy_SEALs), they were founded in December 1943 in [Hawaii](/source/Naval_Base_Hawaii). The first of 30 World War II teams, was Underwater Demolition Team One, *UDT-1* established with UDT-2 in December 1943. The Underwater Demolition Team trained at [Amphibious Training Base Kamaole](/source/Amphibious_Training_Base_Kamaole) on Maui and [Amphibious Training Base Waimanalo](/source/Amphibious_Training_Base_Waimanalo) at Waimanalo on Oahu.[23][24]

## Ships and vehicles

*See also [Category:Amphibious warfare vessel classes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Amphibious_warfare_vessel_classes)* Starting in World War II common amphibious ships used were [Landing Ship, Tank](/source/Landing_Ship%2C_Tank) (LST), [Landing Craft Infantry](/source/Landing_Craft_Infantry) (LCI).[25] Common boats starting in World War II were [LCP boats](/source/LCVP_(United_States)), [Landing craft tank](/source/Landing_craft_tank) and [Landing Craft Mechanized](/source/Landing_Craft_Mechanized) boats.[20][26][27][28] [Landing Vehicle Tracked](/source/Landing_Vehicle_Tracked) (LVT), known as Gators and [Buffalos](/source/Landing_Vehicle_Tracked#LVT-2_Buffalo_and_other_developments) were widely used in the [Pacific War](/source/Pacific_War) from 1942 to 1945.[29][30] The [DUKW](/source/DUKW), an amphibious truck, was used in all fronts in World War II.[31] An [Amphibious jeep](/source/Amphibious_jeep) was built, but was not as successful as the DUKW.[32] [DD tank](/source/DD_tank), a variant of the M4 Sherman was used at [Normandy landings](/source/Normandy_landings) with mix results.[33] Post war the US [LCU](/source/Landing_Craft_Utility#United_States) was used for beach landings. The [Cadillac Gage Commando](/source/Cadillac_Gage_Commando) saw service in [Vietnam War](/source/Vietnam_War). Current vehicles include the [Assault Amphibious Vehicle](/source/Assault_Amphibious_Vehicle) in service starting 1971 and [LAV-25](/source/LAV-25) in service starting in 1983. [Landing Craft Air Cushion](/source/Landing_Craft_Air_Cushion) launched from [Amphibious assault ship](/source/Amphibious_assault_ship) in service starting 1986. Amphibious assault ships included [Harpers Ferry-class dock landing ships](/source/Harpers_Ferry-class_dock_landing_ship), [San Antonio-class amphibious transport docks](/source/San_Antonio-class_amphibious_transport_dock), and [Wasp-class amphibious assault ships](/source/Wasp-class_amphibious_assault_ship).[34][35] [36]

## Current Amphibious Training Bases

- [Naval Amphibious Base Coronado](/source/Naval_Amphibious_Base_Coronado) (1943 – present)

- [Joint Expeditionary Base Little Creek–Fort Story](/source/Joint_Expeditionary_Base_Little_Creek%E2%80%93Fort_Story) (2005–present) - [Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek](/source/Naval_Amphibious_Base_Little_Creek) - [Joint Expeditionary Base–Little Creek](/source/Joint_Expeditionary_Base%E2%80%93Little_Creek) - Amphibious Training Base Camp Bradford (1942 – present) - [Joint Expeditionary Base Fort Story](/source/Joint_Expeditionary_Base_Fort_Story) - US Army (1914–present)

- [Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune](/source/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Lejeune) - US Marines (1942–present)

- [Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton](/source/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Pendleton) - US Marines (1942 – present)

- [Amphibious Training Base Waimānalo](/source/Amphibious_Training_Base_Waim%C4%81nalo) now [Marine Corps Training Area Bellows](/source/Marine_Corps_Training_Area_Bellows) (1999–present)

- Amphibious Training Base at [Naval Base Okinawa](/source/Naval_Base_Okinawa) (1999 – present) - Special Amphibious Training events are held around the world, some are joint events with other nations.[37][38][39]

## Closed Amphibious Training Bases

### In the United States

- [Naval Amphibious Training Base Solomons](/source/Naval_Amphibious_Training_Base_Solomons) at [Solomons, Maryland](/source/Solomons%2C_Maryland) (1942-1945)`

- [Amphibious Training Base Morro Bay](/source/Amphibious_Training_Base_Morro_Bay) (1941–1945)

- [Naval Amphibious Training Base Fort Pierce](/source/Naval_Amphibious_Training_Base_Fort_Pierce) (1943-1946) [40][41]

- [Amphibious Training Base, Castroville](/source/Amphibious_Training_Base%2C_Castroville) - [Castroville, California](/source/Castroville%2C_California) (1942-1945)

- [Amphibious Training Base Kamaole](/source/Amphibious_Training_Base_Kamaole) -[Naval Base Hawaii](/source/Naval_Base_Hawaii) (1943-1945)

- [Amphibious Training Base Waimanalo](/source/Amphibious_Training_Base_Waimanalo) - Naval Base Hawaii (1943-1945)

- [Waipio Peninsula Amphibious Base](/source/Waipio_Peninsula_Amphibious_Base) - Naval Base Hawaii (1943-1945)

- Advanced Amphibious Training Base Ocracoke (AATB) [Ocracoke, North Carolina](/source/Ocracoke%2C_North_Carolina)[42] (1943-1946)

- [Camp Garcia Vieques](/source/Camp_Garcia_Vieques) - US Marines (1913, 1960–2003)

- [Amphibious Training Center](/source/Engineer_Special_Brigade#Amphibious_Training_Center) - [Camp Edwards](/source/Camp_Edwards) (1942-1945) - [Camp Gordon Johnston](/source/Camp_Gordon_Johnston) (1942 - 1946)[43][44][45] - [Fort Lewis](/source/Fort_Lewis_(Washington)) (Camp 1917–present) (Amphibious Training Center 1942 - 1945)

### In Africa

[US Naval Bases North Africa](/source/US_Naval_Bases_North_Africa):

- [Ténès Naval Base](/source/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s_Naval_Base) (1942-1945)

- [Béni Saf Naval Base](/source/B%C3%A9ni_Saf_Naval_Base) (1942-1945)

- [Bizerte Naval Base](/source/Bizerte_Naval_Base) (1942-1945)

- [Tunis Naval Base](/source/Tunis_Naval_Base) (1942-1945)

- [Ferryville Naval Base](/source/Ferryville_Naval_Base) (1942-1945)

### In the Pacific

[US Naval Advance Bases](/source/US_Naval_Advance_Bases):

- [Naval Base Cairns](/source/Naval_Base_Brisbane#Naval_Base_Cairns) Australia (1943 - 1945) (now [HMAS Cairns (naval base)](/source/HMAS_Cairns_(naval_base))

- Amphibious Training Base [Sandstone Point, Queensland](/source/Sandstone_Point%2C_Queensland) Australia (1943 - 1945)[46]

- [Port Stephens amphibious landing training base-HMAS Assault](/source/HMAS_Assault) Australia shared (1943 - 1945)

- Training Centre [Toorbul Point](/source/Toorbul_Point) at [Sandstone Point, Queensland](/source/Sandstone_Point%2C_Queensland) Australia shared (1943 - 1945)

- [Amphibious Training Base Milne Bay](/source/Amphibious_Training_Base_Milne_Bay) Swinger Bay Alotau Base, Papua New Guinea (1942 - 1945) [Amphibious Construction Battalion 2](/source/Amphibious_Construction_Battalion_2)

- [Māhia Peninsula](/source/M%C4%81hia_Peninsula) Amphibious Training beach in [New Zealand](/source/Installations_of_the_United_States_Navy_in_New_Zealand) (1942-1945)[47]

- [Petone](/source/Petone) landing beach training at [Eastbourne, New Zealand](/source/Eastbourne%2C_New_Zealand) (1942-1945) [48]

### In the United Kingdom

- [HMS Rosneath](/source/Rosneath_naval_base) at [Argyll and Bute](/source/Argyll_and_Bute), Scotland, US operated base. Also Seabee base. (1942-1945)

Combined Operations Amphibious Training Base with [Royal Navy](/source/Royal_Navy) in west of Scotland and the south of England (1943-1944):[49]

- Amphibious Training Base [Crow Point](/source/Crow_Point%2C_England) in [Devon](/source/Devon), England pre D-Day 1943-44[50]

- Amphibious Training Base Woolacombe Beach Devon, England pre D-Day 1943 [51]

- HMS Dundonald [Troon Scotland](/source/Troon%2C_Scotland)

- [Dundonald Air Station](/source/RAF_Dundonald) in South Ayrshire, Scotland, also used for amphibious landing training

- HMS Dinosaur I, HQ for tank landing craft training, [Troon, Ayrshire](/source/Troon%2C_Ayrshire) Scotland

- HMS Stopford at [West Lothian](/source/West_Lothian) Scotland, landing craft base

- [Port Glasgow](/source/Port_Glasgow) Scotland, Landing Craft Maintenance base

- HMS Mylodon at [Lowestoft](/source/Lowestoft) England, Landing Craft base

- HMS Woolverstone at [Ipswich](/source/Ipswich) England, Landing Craft base

- HMS Helder at [Brightlingsea](/source/Brightlingsea) England, Landing Craft training base

- HMS Westcliff at [Southend](/source/Southend-on-Sea) England, Landing Craft training base

- HMS Lizard at [Shoreham](/source/Shoreham-by-Sea), England, Landing Craft training base

- [HMS Mastodon](/source/HMS_Mastodon), England, Combined Ops base for landing craft

- [HMS Northney](/source/HMS_Northney), England, Base I, II, III & IV Training establishment for landing craft and Combined Ops camp

- Dartmouth III at [Dartmouth](/source/Dartmouth%2C_Devon), England, Combined Operations Boat Training

- HMS St Clement at [Coalhouse Fort](/source/Coalhouse_Fort), [Tilbury](/source/Tilbury), Essex, England, Combined Operations base

## Photo gallery

		- Amphibian engineers land 45th Division troops at Cape Cod in 1942

		- 1006th Seabees in the Salerno Invasion,[Operation Avalanche](/source/Operation_Avalanche), unloading an LST ship over a Pontoon Causeway at Safta Beach in September 1943. The ship had trained and loaded with the Pontoon Causeway at an US Naval Bases North Africa Amphibious Training Bases

		- 1006th Seabees using a Three-Section Pontoon Causeway at Safta Beach in September 1943.

		- [LVT-4](/source/Landing_Vehicle_Tracked) unloading a Jeep

		- Landing Vehicle Tracked (LVTs) approach [Iwo Jima](/source/Iwo_Jima)

		- American troops land on an Algerian beach during Operation Torch

		- Troops and landing craft crews training at [HMAS *Assault*](/source/HMAS_Assault) during World War II

		- American troops unload stores from [LCA 26](/source/Landing_Craft_Assault) at Beach Z, near [Arzeu](/source/Arzeu)

		- A light-armored vehicle assaults the beach from a landing craft utility from Assault Craft Unit 2 during an amphibious assault demonstration conducted as part of Bright Star 2009, Egypt, Oct. 12, 2009.

		- A US Navy [LCAC](/source/Ship-to-Shore_Connector) maneuvers to enter the well deck of the amphibious assault ship [USS *Kearsarge*](/source/USS_Kearsarge_(LHD-3))

		- USMC [LAV-25s](/source/LAV-25) and [HMMWVs](/source/HMMWV) are offloaded from a USN LCAC craft at [Samesan RTMB](/source/Royal_Thai_Marine_Corps), [Thailand](/source/Thailand)

		- Three LCACs conduct an amphibious assault exercise during [Bright Star '09](/source/Operation_Bright_Star)

		- [US Navy SEALs](/source/United_States_Navy_SEALs) training at [Naval Special Warfare Center](/source/Naval_Special_Warfare_Center), [Naval Amphibious Base Coronado](/source/Naval_Amphibious_Base_Coronado)

		- Māhia Peninsula Amphibious Training beach in [New Zealand](/source/Installations_of_the_United_States_Navy_in_New_Zealand)

## See also

- [United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Training Company](/source/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reconnaissance_Training_Company)

- [United States Navy SEALs](/source/United_States_Navy_SEALs)

- [US Naval Advance Bases](/source/US_Naval_Advance_Bases)

- [List of United States Navy shore activities during World War II](/source/List_of_United_States_Navy_shore_activities_during_World_War_II)

- [Landing Craft Rubber Large](/source/Landing_Craft_Rubber_Large)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-auto1_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-auto1_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-auto1_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-auto1_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-auto1_1-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-auto1_1-5) ["Prelude to Liberation: Genesis of American Amphibious Assault in the ETO"](https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/prelude-liberation-genesis-american-amphibious-assault-eto). *The National WWII Museum | New Orleans*. November 8, 2022.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["HyperWar: 7th Amphibious Force (Part II)"](https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/Admin-Hist/OA/419-7thAmphib/7thAmphibs-2.html). *www.ibiblio.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Amphibious Training Centre Gan Gan, NSW"](https://www.ozatwar.com/usarmy/atcgangan.htm). *www.ozatwar.com*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Formation_14-0)** ["Seabee History: Formation of the Seabees and World War II"](https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/h/history-of-seabees/ww2.html). *NHHC*. 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Bases.Ch6_15-0)** ["Chapter VI: The Seabees"](https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/Building_Bases/bases-6.html). *Building the Navy's Bases in World War II: History of the BuDocks and the CEC 1940–1946*. Vol. I. Washington, DC: U.S.GPO. 1947. Retrieved 18 October 2017 – via HyperWar.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** 37th Seabees cruisebook, Seabee Museum Archives website, Port Hueneme, CA, Jan. 2020, p. 12-16

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** [US Navy Seabee, *www.history.navy.mil*](https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/museums/Seabee/Online%20Reading%20Room/Seabee%20FAQs/SeaBees%20and%20the%20US%20Marine%20Corps%20II.pdf)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["Amphibious Training Base Historical Marker"](https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=3435). *www.hmdb.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["U. S. Naval Amphibious Training Base, Solomons, Maryland"](http://www.wilmon.com/usnatbsmd.html). *www.wilmon.com*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-auto2_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-auto2_20-1) ["HyperWar: Building the Navy's Bases in World War II \[Chapter 20\]"](https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/Building_Bases/bases-20.html). *www.ibiblio.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-auto_21-0)** ["80-G-250062 Rear Admiral Don P. Moon, USN"](https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nara-series/80-g/80-G-250000/80-G-250062.html). *US Navy*.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["This Week in Seabee History: November 7–14"](https://seabeemagazine.navylive.dodlive.mil/News/Article/2836762/this-week-in-seabee-history-november-7-14/http%3A%2F%2Fseabeemagazine.navylive.dodlive.mil%2FNews%2FArticle%2F2836762%2Fthis-week-in-seabee-history-november-7-14%2F). *Seabee Magazine*.[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** [US Army, HISTORY OF THE AMPHIBIOUS TRAINING CENTER](https://web.archive.org/web/20100920200457/http://www.history.army.mil/books/agf/agf22/amphib-ch1.htm)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** [Operation Torch, *United States Coast Guard*](https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USCG/IX-NorthAfrica/USCG-IX-1.html)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** [Landing Vehicle Tracked, *youtube.com*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xe13fCJoNdI)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nip_30-0)** Seese, Robert J. (1983). "The Roebling Alligator". *[Proceedings](/source/Proceedings_(magazine))*. **109** (12). [United States Naval Institute](/source/United_States_Naval_Institute): 27.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Allen_31-0)** Allen, Thomas B. (August 2002). ["Odd DUKW: On land and in the water, World War II's amphibian workhorse showed the skeptics a thing or two — now it shows tourists the sights"](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/odd-dukw-66979423/). *[Smithsonian](/source/Smithsonian_(magazine))*. [Smithsonian Institution](/source/Smithsonian_Institution). Retrieved 7 March 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-AMJP_32-0)** ["Ford GPA amphibious jeep story"](http://www.m201.com/GPA.htm). *www.m201.com*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["History of the Duplex Drive tank – Hobbart's funnies in 1944 – D-Day Overlord"](https://www.dday-overlord.com/en/material/tank/duplex-drive). 19 February 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** [Amphibious Combat Vehicles Training with USS Anchorage (LPD 23), *youtube.com*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVu3u6-sLXE)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** [Thousands of U.S. Marines are taking part in amphibious training exercises in Virginia, *youtube.com*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pX5wgR5FxNE)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** [Marines Amphibious Assault Vehicle Training, *youtube.com*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6TinuEYajw)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** [Amphibious Training Event Begins Off Djibouti’s Coast, April 4, 2018, By Navy Lt. Cmdr. Sandra Arnold, *defense.gov*](https://www.war.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/1485061/amphibious-training-event-begins-off-djiboutis-coast/)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** [Saudi, U.S. Forces Conclude Amphibious Training in Tabuk, July 2, 2021, By Capt. Kelton Cochran *centcom.mil*](https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/NEWS-ARTICLES/News-Article-View/Article/2681029/saudi-us-forces-conclude-amphibious-training-in-tabuk/)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** [US, South Korean marines resume amphibious training after five-year lull, By David Choi, Stars and Stripes • March 29, 2023, *stripes.com*](https://www.stripes.com/theaters/asia_pacific/2023-03-29/ssangyong-pohang-us-south-korea-marines-9638593.html)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** ["WW II Training Area, a War Memorial"](https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=186655). *www.hmdb.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["St. Lucie County Historical Marker"](https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=210559). *www.hmdb.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** ["U.S. Navy Beach Jumpers - Amphibious Forces, U.S. Navy Monument Historical Marker"](https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=29973). *www.hmdb.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** ["Camp Gordon Johnston Training Area Historical Marker"](https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=100897). *www.hmdb.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["World War II D-Day Training Site Historical Marker"](https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=16847). *www.hmdb.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** ["Franklin County, a War Memorial"](https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=210419). *www.hmdb.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** ["Place"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230814121129/https://www.ww2places.qld.gov.au/place?id=1373). 30 June 2014. Archived from [the original](https://www.ww2places.qld.gov.au/place?id=1373) on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** [Professional-Journal-of-the-Royal-New-Zealand-Navy, December -2020*nzdf.mil.nz*](https://www.nzdf.mil.nz/assets/Uploads/DocumentLibrary/Professional-Journal-of-the-Royal-New-Zealand-Navy-December-2020_online.pdf)

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** [Combined Operations Amphibious Training Bases](https://www.combinedops.com/Training%20EST%20UK.htm)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** [Amphibious Training Base at Crow Point 1943](https://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675058867_United-States-troops_amphibious-training_Landing-Craft-Mechanized_embarking-on-a-craft)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [US Amphibious Training Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Amphibious_Training_Base) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Amphibious_Training_Base?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.