# UNESCO

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Specialized agency of the United Nations

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Flag of UNESCO Abbreviation UNESCO Formation 16 November 1945; 80 years ago (1945-11-16) Type United Nations specialized agency Legal status Active Headquarters Paris, France Director-General Khaled El-Enany Deputy Director-General Xing Qu Parent organization United Nations Economic and Social Council Staff 2,384 (2024[1]) Website unesco.org Politics portal

Part of a series on the United Nations Charter UN System Principal organs General Assembly · Security Council · Economic and Social Council · International Court of Justice · Secretariat · Trusteeship Council Secretariat Secretary-General · Deputy Secretary-General · Under-Secretary-General · Secretariat structure Funds, programmes, and other bodies UN development programmes UNDP · UNICEF · WFP · UNFPA · UNEP · UN Women · UN Habitat Humanitarian agencies OCHA · UNHCR · IOM · UNRWA · UNDRR Specialized agencies Development & social agencies FAO · IFAD · ILO · UNIDO · UNESCO · WHO · WMO · UN Tourism Technical & regulatory agencies ICAO · IMO · ITU · IAEA · UPU · WIPO Finance & trade IMF · World Bank Group · WTO Peace & security DPO · DPPA · PBC · PBF · UNODA · UNOOSA · UNODC · UNMAS · UNOCT · CTC · OPCW · CTBTO PrepCom Research & training UNITAR · UNRISD · UNIDIR · UNU · UNSSC · UNICRI Human rights UNHRC · OHCHR · UPR · Human Rights Committee · CESCR · ICERD · CEDAW · CAT · CRC · Special rapporteurs · WGAD Membership Members and observers Founding members · Full members · Security Council Permanent members · Permanent representatives to the UN (list) · General Assembly Observers (European Union) History Preceding years International Telecommunication Union · Universal Postal Union · Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 · Permanent Court of Arbitration · International Office of Public Hygiene · League of Nations Preparatory years Declaration of St James's Palace · Atlantic Charter · Declaration by United Nations · Moscow Conference (1943) · Tehran Conference · Bretton Woods Conference · Dumbarton Oaks Conference · Yalta Conference · UNCIO · Genocide Convention Activities Sustainable Development Goals · Peacekeeping (missions) · (governed territories) · UNPOL · UNDRIP · Universal Declaration of Human Rights · World Heritage Convention · Convention on the Rights of the Child · Declaration on the Rights of Peasants Resolutions v t e

The **United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization** (**UNESCO** [/juːˈnɛskoʊ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English))[2][a] is a [specialized agency](/source/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations) of the [United Nations](/source/United_Nations) (UN) with the aim of promoting [world peace](/source/World_peace) and [security](/source/International_security) through international cooperation in education, arts, [sciences](/source/Sciences) and culture.[3][4] It has 194 [member states](/source/Member_states_of_UNESCO) and 12 associate members,[5] as well as partners in the [non-governmental](/source/Non-governmental_organization), [intergovernmental](/source/Intergovernmental_organization) and [private sector](/source/Private_sector).[6] Headquartered in [Paris](/source/Paris), France, UNESCO has 53 regional field offices[7] and 199 [national commissions](/source/National_Commissions_for_UNESCO).[8][9]

UNESCO was founded in 1945 as the successor to the [League of Nations](/source/League_of_Nations)' [International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation](/source/International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation).[10] UNESCO's founding mission, which was shaped by the events of [World War II](/source/World_War_II), is to advance [peace](/source/Peace), [sustainable development](/source/Sustainable_development) and human rights by facilitating collaboration and dialogue among nations.[11] It pursues this objective through five major programme areas: education, [natural sciences](/source/Natural_science), [social](/source/Social_science)/[human sciences](/source/Human_science), culture and communication/information. UNESCO sponsors projects that improve [literacy](/source/Literacy), provide technical training and education, advance science, protect independent media and [press freedom](/source/Freedom_of_the_press), preserve [regional](/source/Region) and [cultural history](/source/Cultural_history), and promote [cultural diversity](/source/Cultural_diversity).[12][13][14] The organization prominently helps establish and secure [World Heritage Sites](/source/World_Heritage_Site) of [cultural](/source/Cultural_heritage) and [natural](/source/Natural_heritage) importance.[15]

UNESCO is governed by the General Conference composed of member states and associate members, which meets biannually to set the agency's programmes and budget. It also elects members of the executive board, which manages UNESCO's work, and appoints every four years a Director-General, who serves as UNESCO's chief administrator.

## History

### Origins

UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced to a [League of Nations](/source/League_of_Nations) resolution on 21 September 1921, to elect a commission to study the feasibility of having nations freely share cultural, educational and scientific achievements.[16][17] This new body, the [International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation](/source/International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation) (ICIC), was created in 1922[10] and counted such figures as [Henri Bergson](/source/Henri_Bergson), [Albert Einstein](/source/Albert_Einstein), [Marie Curie](/source/Marie_Curie), [Robert A. Millikan](/source/Robert_A._Millikan), and [Gonzague de Reynold](/source/Gonzague_de_Reynold) among its members (being thus a small commission of the League of Nations essentially centred on Western Europe[18]). The International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) was then created in Paris in September 1924, to act as the executing agency for the ICIC.[19] However, the onset of [World War II](/source/World_War_II) largely interrupted the work of these predecessor organizations.[20] As for private initiatives, the [International Bureau of Education](/source/International_Bureau_of_Education) (IBE) began to work as a [non-governmental](/source/Non-governmental) organization in the service of international educational development since December 1925[21] and joined UNESCO in 1969, after having established a joint commission in 1952.[22]

### Creation

After the signing of the [Atlantic Charter](/source/Atlantic_Charter) and the [Declaration of the United Nations](/source/Declaration_of_the_United_Nations), the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) began meetings in London which continued from 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an international organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by [China](/source/Nationalist_government), the [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom), the United States and the USSR. This was followed by the [Dumbarton Oaks Conference](/source/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference) proposals of 9 October 1944. Upon the proposal of CAME and in accordance with the recommendations of the [United Nations Conference on International Organization](/source/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization) (UNCIO), held in San Francisco from April to June 1945, a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was convened in London from 1 to 16 November 1945 with forty-four governments represented. The idea of UNESCO was largely developed by [Rab Butler](/source/Rab_Butler), the [Minister of Education](/source/Minister_of_Education) for the United Kingdom, who had a great deal of influence in its development.[23] At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced through Article 57, and signed by 41 countries, and a Preparatory Commission was established.[24] The Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946 — the date when UNESCO's Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state.[25]

The first General Conference took place from 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected [Julian Huxley](/source/Julian_Huxley) to Director-General.[26] United States Army colonel, university president and [civil rights](/source/Civil_rights) advocate [Blake R. Van Leer](/source/Blake_R._Van_Leer) joined as a member as well.[27] The Constitution was amended in November 1954 when the General Conference resolved that members of the executive board would be representatives of the governments of the States of which they are nationals and would not, as before, act in their personal capacity.[28] This change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the ICIC, in how member states would work together in the organization's fields of competence. As member states worked together over time to realize UNESCO's mandate, political and historical factors have shaped the organization's operations in particular during the [Cold War](/source/Cold_War), the [decolonization](/source/Decolonization) process, and the [dissolution of the Soviet Union](/source/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union).[29][30]

### Development

Among the major achievements of the organization is its work against racism, for example through influential [statements on race](/source/The_Race_Question) starting with a declaration of anthropologists (among them was [Claude Lévi-Strauss](/source/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss)) and other scientists in 1950 and concluding with the 1978 [Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice](/source/UNESCO_statements_on_race#Declaration_on_Race_and_Racial_Prejudice_(1978)).[31]

In 1955, the [Republic of South Africa](/source/Republic_of_South_Africa) withdrew from UNESCO saying that some of the organization's publications amounted to "interference" in the country's "racial problems".[32] It rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of [Nelson Mandela](/source/Nelson_Mandela).[33][34]

One of the early work of UNESCO in the education field was a pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, which was launched in 1947.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Following this project one of expert missions to other countries, included a 1949 mission to Afghanistan.[35] UNESCO recommended in 1948 that Member countries should make free primary education [compulsory](/source/Compulsory_education) and universal.[35] The [World Conference on Education for All](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_1990_World_Conference_on_Education_for_All&action=edit&redlink=1), in [Jomtien](/source/Jomtien), Thailand, started a global movement in 1990 to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults.[35] In 2000, [World Education Forum](/source/World_Education_Forum) in [Dakar](/source/Dakar), Senegal, led member governments to commit for achieving basic education for all in 2015.[35]

The [World Declaration on Higher Education](/source/World_Declaration_on_Higher_Education) was adopted by UNESCO's World Conference on Higher Education on 9 October 1998,[36] with the aim of setting global standards on the ideals and accessibility of [higher education](/source/Higher_education).

UNESCO's early activities in culture included the [International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia](/source/International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia), launched in 1960.[37] The purpose of the campaign was to move the Great Temple of [Abu Simbel](/source/Abu_Simbel) to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after the construction of the [Aswan Dam](/source/Aswan_Dam). During the 20-year campaign, 22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including [Mohenjo-daro](/source/Mohenjo-daro) (Pakistan), [Fes](/source/Fes) (Morocco), [Kathmandu](/source/Kathmandu) (Nepal), [Borobudur](/source/Borobudur) (Indonesia) and the [Acropolis of Athens](/source/Acropolis_of_Athens) (Greece).[38] The organization's work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.[39] In 1976, the [World Heritage Committee](/source/World_Heritage_Committee) was established and the first sites were included on the [World Heritage List](/source/World_Heritage_List) in 1978.[40] Since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 (Convention for the Safeguarding of the [Intangible Cultural Heritage](/source/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage))[41] and 2005 ([Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions](/source/Convention_on_the_Protection_and_Promotion_of_the_Diversity_of_Cultural_Expressions)).[42]

An intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in December 1951 led to the creation of the [European Council for Nuclear Research](/source/European_Council_for_Nuclear_Research), which was responsible for establishing the [European Organization for Nuclear Research](/source/European_Organization_for_Nuclear_Research) (CERN)[43] later on, in 1954.[44]

Arid Zone programming, 1948–1966, is another example of an early major UNESCO project in the field of [natural sciences](/source/Natural_sciences).[45]

In 1968, UNESCO organized the first intergovernmental conference aimed at reconciling the environment and development, a problem that continues to be addressed in the field of [sustainable development](/source/Sustainable_development). The main outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation of UNESCO's [Man and the Biosphere Programme](/source/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme).[46]

UNESCO has been credited with the diffusion of national science bureaucracies.[47]

In the field of communication, the "free flow of ideas by word and image" has been in UNESCO's constitution since it was established, following the experience of the Second World War when control of information was a factor in indoctrinating populations for aggression.[48] In the years immediately following World War II, efforts were concentrated on reconstruction and on the identification of needs for means of mass communication around the world. UNESCO started organizing training and education for journalists in the 1950s.[48] In response to calls for a "[New World Information and Communication Order](/source/New_World_Information_and_Communication_Order)" in the late 1970s, UNESCO established the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems,[49] which produced the 1980 [MacBride report](/source/MacBride_report) (named after the chair of the commission, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate [Seán MacBride](/source/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride)).[49] The same year, UNESCO created the [International Programme for the Development of Communication](/source/International_Programme_for_the_Development_of_Communication) (IPDC), a multilateral forum designed to promote media development in developing countries.[50] In 1993, UNESCO's General Conference endorsed the [Windhoek Declaration](/source/Windhoek_Declaration) on [media independence](/source/Media_independence) and pluralism, which led the UN General Assembly to declare the date of its adoption, 3 May, as [World Press Freedom Day](/source/World_Press_Freedom_Day).[51] Since 1997, UNESCO has awarded the [UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize](/source/UNESCO%2FGuillermo_Cano_World_Press_Freedom_Prize) every 3 May.[52]

### 21st century

### Changes in States' memberships

#### Israel, Palestine, and the United States

In 2011, UNESCO admitted Palestine as a member.[53][54][55]

Laws had passed in the United States after Palestine applied for UNESCO and [WHO](/source/World_Health_Organization) membership in April 1989[56][57] mean that the United States cannot contribute financially to any UN organization that accepts Palestine as a full member.[58][59] As a result, the United States withdrew its funding, which had accounted for about 22% of UNESCO's budget.[60] Israel also reacted to Palestine's admittance to UNESCO by freezing Israeli payments to UNESCO and imposing sanctions on the [Palestinian Authority](/source/Palestinian_National_Authority),[61] stating that Palestine's admittance would be detrimental "to potential peace talks".[62]

In 2013, two years after stopping payment of its dues to UNESCO, the United States and Israel lost UNESCO voting rights, but without losing the right to be elected; thus, the United States was elected as a member of the executive board for the period from 2016 to 2019.[63] In 2019, Israel left UNESCO after 69 years of membership, with Israel's ambassador to the UN [Danny Danon](/source/Danny_Danon) writing: "UNESCO is the body that continually rewrites history, including by erasing the Jewish connection to Jerusalem... it is corrupted and manipulated by Israel's enemies... we are not going to be a member of an organization that deliberately acts against us."[64]

Also in 2023, the United States stated its intent to rejoin UNESCO, five years after leaving, and to pay its US$600 million of back dues.[65] The United States was readmitted by the [UNESCO General Conference](/source/UNESCO_General_Conference) that July.[66] Three years later, in 2025, however, the United States stated its intent to withdraw again, to be effective as of December 2026.[67]

#### Russia

In 2023, Russia was not renewed as member of the executive committee for the first time, after failing to get sufficient votes.[68]

### Cultural policies and sustainable development

In the context of the [COVID-19 pandemic](/source/COVID-19_pandemic) and United Nations-wide efforts to achieve the [2030 Sustainable Development Agenda](/source/Sustainable_Development_Goals), the UNESCO reactivated in 2022 the cycle of [MONDIACULT Conferences](/source/World_Conference_on_Cultural_Policies_and_Sustainable_Development) (World Conference on Cultural Policies and Sustainable Development) whose first edition had been held in [Mexico City](/source/Mexico_City) in 1982. The 2022 MONDIACULT conference was held again in [Mexico](/source/Mexico), and a 2025 edition is planned in [Barcelona](/source/Barcelona), [Spain](/source/Spain).

## Activities

UNESCO offices in [Brasília](/source/Bras%C3%ADlia).

UNESCO implements its activities through five programme areas: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication and information.[69]

- UNESCO supports research in [comparative education](/source/Comparative_education), provides expertise and fosters partnerships to strengthen national educational leadership and the capacity of countries to offer quality education for all. - [UNESCO Chairs](/source/UNESCO_Chairs), an international network of 644 UNESCO chairs, involving more than 770 institutions in 126 countries - Environmental Conservation Organization - [Convention against Discrimination in Education](/source/Convention_against_Discrimination_in_Education) adopted in 1960 - Organization of the International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA) in an interval of 12 years - Publication of the Education for All Global Monitoring Report - Publication of the *Four Pillars of Learning* seminal document - UNESCO ASPNet, an international network of more than 12,000 schools in 182 countries - UNESCO does not accredit institutions of higher learning.[70]

- UNESCO also issues public statements to educate the public: - [Seville Statement on Violence](/source/Seville_Statement_on_Violence): A statement adopted by UNESCO in 1989 to refute the notion that humans are biologically predisposed to organized violence.

- Designating projects and places of cultural and scientific significance, such as: - [Global Geoparks Network](/source/Global_Geoparks_Network) - [Biosphere reserves](/source/Biosphere_reserve), through the [Programme on Man and the Biosphere](/source/Programme_on_Man_and_the_Biosphere) (MAB), since 1971 - [City of Literature](/source/City_of_Literature); in 2007, the first city to be given this title was [Edinburgh](/source/Edinburgh), the site of Scotland's first [circulating library](/source/Circulating_library).[71] In 2008, Iowa City, Iowa, became the City of Literature.[72][73] - [Endangered languages](/source/Endangered_language) and [linguistic diversity](/source/Linguistic_diversity) projects (*[UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger](/source/UNESCO_Atlas_of_the_World's_Languages_in_Danger)*) - [Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity](/source/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity) - [Memory of the World](/source/Memory_of_the_World) International Register, since 1997, plus a number of national and regional registers - [Water resources management](/source/Water_resources_management), through the [International Hydrological Programme](/source/International_Hydrological_Programme) (IHP), since 1965 - [World Heritage Sites](/source/World_Heritage_Site) - [World Digital Library](/source/World_Digital_Library)

- Encouraging the "free flow of ideas by images and words" by: - Promoting [freedom of expression](/source/Freedom_of_expression), including [freedom of the press](/source/Freedom_of_the_press) and [freedom of information legislation](/source/Freedom_of_information_legislation), through the Division of Freedom of Expression and Media Development,[74] including the [International Programme for the Development of Communication](/source/International_Programme_for_the_Development_of_Communication)[75] - Promoting the [safety of journalists](/source/Safety_of_journalists) and combatting impunity for those who attack them,[76] through coordination of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity[77] - Promoting universal access to and preservation of information and open solutions for sustainable development through the Knowledge Societies Division,[78] including the [Memory of the World Programme](/source/Memory_of_the_World_Programme)[79] and [Information for All Programme](/source/Information_for_All_Programme_(IFAP))[80] - Promoting [pluralism](/source/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)), [gender equality](/source/Gender_equality) and [cultural diversity](/source/Cultural_diversity) in the media - Promoting [Internet Universality](/source/Internet_Universality) and its principles, that the Internet should be (I) [human Rights](/source/Human_rights)-based, (ii) Open, (iii) [Accessible](/source/Accessibility) to all, and (iv) nurtured by [Multi-stakeholder](/source/Multistakeholder_governance_model) participation (summarized as the acronym R.O.A.M.)[81] - Generating knowledge through publications such as *World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development*,[82] the UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom,[83] and the Media Development Indicators,[84] as well as other indicator-based studies.

- Promoting events, such as: - [International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World](/source/International_Decade_for_the_Promotion_of_a_Culture_of_Peace_and_Non-Violence_for_the_Children_of_the_World): 2001–2010, proclaimed by the UN in 1998[85] - [World Press Freedom Day](/source/World_Press_Freedom_Day), 3 May each year, to promote [freedom of expression](/source/Freedom_of_expression) and [freedom of the press](/source/Freedom_of_the_press) as a basic human right and as crucial components of any healthy, democratic and free society.[86] - *Criança Esperança* in Brazil, in partnership with [Rede Globo](/source/Rede_Globo), to raise funds for community-based projects that foster social integration and violence prevention.[87] - [International Literacy Day](/source/International_Literacy_Day), 8 September each year - [International Year for the Culture of Peace](/source/International_Year_for_the_Culture_of_Peace), 2000 - Health Education for Behavior Change programme in partnership with the Ministry of Education of [Kenya](/source/Kenya) which was financially supported by the Government of [Azerbaijan](/source/Azerbaijan) to promote health education among 10-19-year-old young people who live in informal camp in [Kibera](/source/Kibera), Nairobi. The project was carried out between September 2014 – December 2016.[88] - [World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development](/source/World_Day_for_Cultural_Diversity_for_Dialogue_and_Development) 21 May each year

- Founding and funding projects, such as: - [Migration Museums](/source/Migration_Museums) Initiative: Promoting the establishment of museums for cultural dialogue with migrant populations.[89] - [UNESCO-CEPES](/source/UNESCO-CEPES), the European Centre for Higher Education: established in 1972 in Bucharest, Romania, as a decentralized office to promote international co-operation in higher education in Europe as well as Canada, USA and Israel. *Higher Education in Europe* is its official journal. - [Free Software Directory](/source/Free_Software_Directory): since 1998 UNESCO and the [Free Software Foundation](/source/Free_Software_Foundation) have jointly funded this project cataloguing [free software](/source/Free_software). - [FRESH](/source/FRESH%2C_UNESCO), Focusing Resources on [Effective School Health](/source/School_health_services)[90] - [OANA](/source/OANA), Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies - [International Council of Science](/source/International_Council_of_Science) - [UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors](/source/UNESCO_Goodwill_Ambassador) - [ASOMPS](/source/ASOMPS), Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants and Spices, a series of scientific conferences held in Asia - [Botany 2000](/source/Botany_2000), a programme supporting taxonomy, and [biological](/source/Biodiversity) and [cultural diversity](/source/Cultural_diversity) of medicinal and ornamental plants, and their protection against [environmental pollution](/source/Environmental_pollution) - The [UNESCO Collection of Representative Works](/source/UNESCO_Collection_of_Representative_Works), translating works of world literature both to and from multiple languages, from 1948 to 2005 - [GoUNESCO](/source/GoUNESCO), an umbrella of initiatives to make heritage fun supported by UNESCO, New Delhi Office[91] - [UNESCO-CHIC BIRUP](/source/UNESCO-CHIC_BIRUP), UNESCO-CHIC Group (China) Biosphere Rural and Urbanization Programme[92]

The UNESCO transparency portal has been designed to enable public [access to information](/source/Access_to_information) regarding the Organization's activities, such as its aggregate budget for a biennium, as well as links to relevant programmatic and financial documents. These two distinct sets of information are published on the [IATI](/source/International_Aid_Transparency_Initiative) registry, respectively based on the IATI Activity Standard and the IATI Organization Standard.[93]

### New proposed lists

Two new UNESCO lists have been proposed.[94]

The first proposed list would focus on movable cultural heritage such as artifacts, paintings, and biofacts. The list could include cultural objects, such as the [Jōmon Venus](/source/J%C5%8Dmon_Venus) of Japan, the *[Mona Lisa](/source/Mona_Lisa)* of France, the [Gebel el-Arak Knife](/source/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife) of [Egypt](/source/Egypt), *[The Ninth Wave](/source/The_Ninth_Wave)* of Russia, the [Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük](/source/Seated_Woman_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk) of Turkey, the [*David* (Michelangelo)](/source/David_(Michelangelo)) of Italy, the [Mathura Herakles](/source/Mathura_Herakles) of India, the [Manunggul Jar](/source/Manunggul_Jar) of the Philippines, the [Crown of Baekje](/source/Crown_of_Baekje) of South Korea, *[The Hay Wain](/source/The_Hay_Wain)* of the United Kingdom, and the [Benin Bronzes](/source/Benin_Bronzes) of Nigeria.[94]

The second proposed list would focus on the world's living species.[94][95]

## Media

UNESCO and its specialized institutions issue a number of magazines.

Created in 1945, *[The UNESCO Courier](/source/The_UNESCO_Courier)* magazine states its mission to "promote UNESCO's ideals, maintain a platform for the dialogue between cultures and provide a forum for international debate". Since March 2006 it has been available free online, with limited printed issues. Its articles express the opinions of the authors which are not necessarily the opinions of UNESCO. There was a hiatus in publishing between 2012 and 2017.[96]

In 1950, UNESCO initiated the quarterly review *Impact of Science on Society* (also known as *Impact*) to discuss the influence of science on society. The journal ceased publication in 1992.[97]

## Official UNESCO NGOs

UNESCO has official relations with 322 [international non-governmental organizations](/source/International_non-governmental_organization) (NGOs).[98] Most of these are what UNESCO calls "operational"; a select few are "formal".[99] The highest form of affiliation to UNESCO is "formal associate", and the 22 NGOs[100] with *formal associate* (ASC) relations occupying offices at UNESCO are:

Abbr Organization IB International Baccalaureate CCIVS Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service CIPSH International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies (Conseil International de Philosophie et des Sciences Humaines; publishes Diogenes) CIOFF International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts (Conseil International des Organisations de Festivals de Folklore et d'Arts Traditionnels) EI Education International IAU International Association of Universities IFTC International Council for Film, Television and Audiovisual Communication ICOM International Council of Museums ICSSPE International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education ICA International Council on Archives ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites IFJ International Federation of Journalists IFLA International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions IFPA International Federation of Poetry Associations IMC International Music Council IPA International Police Association INSULA International Scientific Council for Island Development ISC International Science Council (formerly ICSU and ISSC) ITI International Theatre Institute IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IUTAO International Union of Technical Associations and Organizations UIA Union of International Associations WAN World Association of Newspapers WFEO World Federation of Engineering Organizations WFUCA World Federation of UNESCO Clubs, Centres and Associations

[UNESCO Institute for Water Education](/source/UNESCO-IHE) in [Delft](/source/Delft)

## Institutes and centres

The institutes are specialized departments of the organization that support UNESCO's programme, providing specialized support for cluster and national offices.[101]

Abbr Name Location IBE International Bureau of Education Geneva[102] UIL UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning Hamburg[103] IIEP UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning Paris (headquarters) and Buenos Aires and Dakar (regional offices)[104] IITE UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education Moscow[105] IICBA UNESCO International Institute for Capacity Building in Africa Addis Ababa[106] IESALC UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean Caracas[107] MGIEP Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development New Delhi[108] UNESCO-UNEVOC UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training Bonn[109] ICWRGC International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change Koblenz[110] IHE IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education Delft[111] ICTP International Centre for Theoretical Physics Trieste[112] UIS UNESCO Institute for Statistics Montreal[113]

## Prizes

UNESCO awards 26 prizes[114] in education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, communication and information as well as peace:

### Education

- [UNESCO/King Sejong Literacy Prize](/source/UNESCO_King_Sejong_Literacy_Prize)

- [UNESCO/Confucius Prize for Literacy](/source/UNESCO_Confucius_Prize_for_Literacy)

- UNESCO-Japan Prize on Education for Sustainable Development

- UNESCO Prize for Girls' and Women's Education

- UNESCO/Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum Prize for Outstanding Practice and Performance in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teachers

- [UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize](/source/UNESCO_King_Hamad_Bin_Isa_Al-Khalifa_Prize) for the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Education

### Natural Sciences

- [L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science](/source/L'Or%C3%A9al-UNESCO_For_Women_in_Science_Awards)[115][116]

- [UNESCO/Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science](/source/Kalinga_Prize)

- [UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences](/source/UNESCO-Equatorial_Guinea_International_Prize_for_Research_in_the_Life_Sciences)

- [Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology](/source/Carlos_J._Finlay_Prize_for_Microbiology)

- [UNESCO/Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation](/source/Sultan_Qaboos_Prize_for_Environmental_Preservation)

- UNESCO-Russia Mendeleev International Prize in the Basic Sciences

- UNESCO-Al Fozan International Prize for the Promotion of Young Scientists in STEM

- Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management

### Social and Human Sciences

- UNESCO Avicenna Prize for Ethics in Science

- UNESCO/Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion of Social Science Research in Latin America and the Caribbean

- UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence

- UNESCO-Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture

- [UNESCO/International José Martí Prize](/source/International_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_Prize)

- UNESCO-UNAM / Jaime Torres Bodet Prize in social sciences, humanities and arts

### Culture

- Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes (UNESCO-Greece)

### Communication and Information

- [UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize](/source/UNESCO%2FGuillermo_Cano_World_Press_Freedom_Prize)

- UNESCO/Emir Jaber al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah Prize to promote Quality Education for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities

- UNESCO/Jikji [Memory of the World](/source/Memory_of_the_World_Programme) Prize

### Peace

- [Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize](/source/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boigny_Peace_Prize)

### Inactive prizes

- [International Simón Bolívar Prize](/source/International_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Prize) (inactive since 2004)

- [UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education](/source/UNESCO_Prize_for_Human_Rights_Education)

- UNESCO/Obiang Nguema Mbasogo International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences (inactive since 2010)

- UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts

## International Days observed at UNESCO

International Days observed at UNESCO are provided in the table below:[117]

Date Name 14 January World Logic Day 24 January World Day for African and Afrodescendant Culture[118] 24 January International Day of Education 25 January International Day of Women in Multilateralism[119] 27 January International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust 11 February International Day of Women and Girls in Science 13 February World Radio Day 21 February International Mother Language Day 4 March UNESCO World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development 8 March International Women's Day 14 March International Day of Mathematics 20 March International Francophonie Day 21 March International Day of Nowruz 21 March World Poetry Day 21 March International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 22 March World Water Day 5 April International Day of Conscience 6 April International Day of Sport for Development and Peace 15 April World Art Day 23 April World Book and Copyright Day 30 April International Jazz Day 3 May World Press Freedom Day 5 May African World Heritage Day 5 May World Portuguese Language Day 16 May International Day of Light 21 May World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development 22 May International Day for Biological Diversity 5 June World Environment Day 8 June World Oceans Day 17 June World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought 7 July Kiswahili Language Day 15 July World Youth Skills Day 18 July Nelson Mandela International Day 26 July International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem 9 August International Day of the World's Indigenous People 12 August International Youth Day 23 August International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition 8 September International Literacy Day 9 September International Day to Protect Education from Attack 15 September International Day of Democracy 20 September International Day for University Sport 21 September International Day of Peace 28 September International Day for the Universal Access to Information 5 October World Teachers' Day 6 October International Geodiversity Day[120] 11 October International Day of the Girl Child 13 October International Day for Disaster Reduction 17 October International Day for the Eradication of Poverty 24 October United Nations Day 27 October World Day for Audiovisual Heritage 2 November International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists[121] 3 November International Day for Biosphere Reserves[122] First Thursday of November International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying[123] 5 November World Day of Romani Language 5 November World Tsunami Awareness Day 10 November World Science Day for Peace and Development[124] 14 November International Day against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property[125] Third Thursday of November World Philosophy Day 16 November International Day for Tolerance 18 November International International Day of Islamic Art[126] 25 November International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women 26 November World Olive Tree Day[127] 29 November International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People 1 December World AIDS Day 2 December World Futures Day[128] 3 December International Day of Persons with Disabilities 10 December Human Rights Day 18 December International Migrants Day 18 December World Arabic Language Day

## Member states

Main article: [Member states of UNESCO](/source/Member_states_of_UNESCO)

  UNESCO member states

  UNESCO member state dependent territory with separate NOC

  UNESCO associates

  UNESCO observers

As of July 2023[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNESCO&action=edit), UNESCO has 194 member states and 12 associate members.[129] Some members are not [independent states](/source/Independent_state) and some members have additional National Organizing Committees from some of their [dependent territories](/source/Dependent_territory).[130] UNESCO state parties are the [United Nations member states](/source/United_Nations_member_states) (except Israel[131] and [Liechtenstein](/source/Liechtenstein)), as well as [Cook Islands](/source/Cook_Islands), [Niue](/source/Niue) and [Palestine](/source/Palestine).[132][133] Israel left UNESCO on 31 December 2018.[134][135]

On 4 May 2025, Nicaragua announced its decision to withdraw from UNESCO, effective 31 December 2026.[136][137]

The United States left UNESCO in 1984, rejoined in 2003, left again in 2018, and rejoined in 2023.[65][138][66] On 22 July 2025, the United States informed the Director-General of its decision to withdraw again, effective 31 December 2026.[139][138][140]

## Governing bodies

### Director-General

As of June 2023[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNESCO&action=edit), there have been 12 Directors-General of UNESCO since its inception – nine men and two women. The 12 Directors-General of UNESCO have come from seven regions within the organization: West Europe (5), Central America (1), North America (2), West Africa (1), East Asia (1), East Europe (1), Middle East (1).

To date, there has been no elected Director-General from the remaining ten regions within UNESCO: Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central and North Asia, North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, South Africa, Australia-Oceania, and South America.

The list of the Directors-General of UNESCO since its establishment in 1946 is as follows:[141]

Directors-General of UNESCO Order Image Name Country Term 1st Julian Huxley United Kingdom 1946–1948 2nd Jaime Torres Bodet Mexico 1948–1952 – John Wilkinson Taylor United States acting 1952–1953 3rd Luther Evans United States 1953–1958 4th Vittorino Veronese Italy 1958–1961 5th René Maheu France acting 1961; 1961–1974 6th Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow Senegal 1974–1987 7th Federico Mayor Zaragoza Spain 1987–1999 8th Koïchiro Matsuura Japan 1999–2009 9th Irina Bokova Bulgaria 2009–2017 10th Audrey Azoulay France 2017–2025 11th Khaled al-Anani Egypt 2025–Incumbent

### General Conference

This is the list of the sessions of the UNESCO General Conference held since 1946:[142]

Session Location Year Chaired by from 1st Paris 1946 Léon Blum France 2nd Mexico City 1947 Manuel Gual Vidal Mexico 3rd Beirut 1948 Hamid Bey Frangie Lebanon 1st extraordinary Paris 1948 4th Paris 1949 Edward Ronald Walker Australia 5th Florence 1950 Stefano Jacini Italy 6th Paris 1951 Howland H. Sargeant United States 7th Paris 1952 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan India 2nd extraordinary Paris 1953 8th Montevideo 1954 Justino Zavala Muniz Uruguay 9th New Delhi 1956 Abul Kalam Azad India 10th Paris 1958 Jean Berthoin France 11th Paris 1960 Akale-Work Abte-Wold Ethiopia 12th Paris 1962 Paulo de Berrêdo Carneiro Brazil 13th Paris 1964 Norair Sisakian Soviet Union 14th Paris 1966 Bedrettin Tuncel Turkey 15th Paris 1968 William Eteki Mboumoua Cameroon 16th Paris 1970 Atilio Dell'Oro Maini Argentina 17th Paris 1972 Toru Haguiwara Japan 3rd extraordinary Paris 1973 18th Paris 1974 Magda Jóború Hungary 19th Nairobi 1976 Taaita Toweett Kenya 20th Paris 1978 Napoléon LeBlanc Canada 21st Belgrade 1980 Ivo Margan Yugoslavia 4th extraordinary Paris 1982 22nd Paris 1983 Saïd Tell Jordan 23rd Sofia 1985 Nikolai Todorov Bulgaria 24th Paris 1987 Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez Guatemala 25th Paris 1989 Anwar Ibrahim Malaysia 26th Paris 1991 Bethwell Allan Ogot Kenya 27th Paris 1993 Ahmed Saleh Sayyad Yemen 28th Paris 1995 Torben Krogh Denmark 29th Paris 1997 Eduardo Portella Brazil 30th Paris 1999 Jaroslava Moserová Czech Republic 31st Paris 2001 Ahmad Jalali Iran 32nd Paris 2003 Michael Omolewa Nigeria 33rd Paris 2005 Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan Oman 34th Paris 2007 Georgios Anastassopoulos Greece 35th Paris 2009 Davidson Hepburn Bahamas 36th Paris 2011 Katalin Bogyay Hungary 37th[143] Paris 2013 Hao Ping China 38th Paris 2015 Stanley Mutumba Simataa[144] Namibia 39th Paris 2017 Zohour Alaoui[145] Morocco 40th Paris 2019 Ahmet Altay Cengizer[146] Turkey 41st[147] Paris 2021 Santiago Irazabal Mourão Brazil 42nd[148] Paris 2023 Simona Miculescu Romania 43nd Samarkand 2025 Khondker Talkha Bangladesh

### Executive Board

Biennial elections are held, with 58 elected representatives holding office for four years.

Term Group I (9 seats) Group II (7 seats) Group III (10 seats) Group IV (12 seats) Group V(a) (13 seats) Group V(b) (7 seats) 2017– 2021 Finland Portugal Turkey Albania Belarus Bulgaria Cuba Grenada Jamaica Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Venezuela Bangladesh China India Indonesia Japan Philippines Burundi Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Madagascar Zambia Zimbabwe Egypt Jordan Morocco 2019–2023[149] France Germany Italy Netherlands Spain Switzerland Hungary Poland Russia Serbia Argentina Brazil Dominican Republic Uruguay Afghanistan Kyrgyzstan Philippines Pakistan South Korea Thailand Benin Congo Guinea Ghana Kenya Namibia Senegal Togo Saudi Arabia UAE Tunisia 2021–2025[150] Austria Iceland Turkey Armenia Azerbaijan Lithuania Chile Grenada Haiti Mexico Paraguay Saint Lucia China Cook Islands India Japan Philippines Vietnam Angola Botswana Congo Djibouti South Africa Tanzania Egypt Jordan Kuwait 2023–2027[151] France Germany Italy Spain United Kingdom United States Albania Czech Republic Serbia Slovakia Argentina Brazil Cuba Dominican Republic Australia Bangladesh Indonesia Pakistan South Korea Sri Lanka Burkina Faso Côte d'Ivoire Gabon Liberia Mauritius Mozambique Nigeria Iraq Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia

## Offices and headquarters

Main article: [World Heritage Centre](/source/World_Heritage_Centre)

The UNESCO headquarters is located at [Place de Fontenoy](/source/Place_de_Fontenoy) in Paris, France. Several architects collaborated on the construction of the headquarters, including [Bernard Zehrfuss](/source/Bernard_Zehrfuss), [Marcel Breuer](/source/Marcel_Breuer) and Luigi Nervi.[152]

 Main conference room at UNESCO headquarters (Paris).

It includes a *Garden of Peace* which was donated by the [Government of Japan](/source/Government_of_Japan).[153] This garden was designed by American-Japanese sculptor artist [Isamu Noguchi](/source/Isamu_Noguchi) in 1958 and installed by Japanese gardener Toemon Sano. In 1994–1995, in memory of the 50th anniversary of UNESCO, a [meditation](/source/Meditation) room was built by [Tadao Ando](/source/Tadao_Ando).[154]

UNESCO's field offices across the globe are categorized into four primary office types based upon their function and geographic coverage: cluster offices, national offices, regional bureaus and liaison offices.

### Field offices by region

The following list of all UNESCO Field Offices is organized geographically by UNESCO Region and identifies the members states and associate members of UNESCO which are served by each office.[155]

#### Africa

African field office locations office countries/organisations covered Abidjan National Office to Côte d'Ivoire Abuja National Office to Nigeria Accra Cluster Office for Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Togo Addis Ababa Liaison Office with the African Union and with the Economic Commission for Africa Bamako Cluster Office for Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali and Niger Brazzaville National Office to the Republic of the Congo Bujumbura National Office to Burundi Dakar Regional Bureau for Education in Africa and Cluster Office for Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, and Senegal Dar es Salaam Cluster Office for Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Tanzania Harare Cluster Office for Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe Juba National Office to South Sudan Kinshasa National Office to the Democratic Republic of the Congo Libreville Cluster Office for the Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and São Tomé and Príncipe Maputo National Office to Mozambique Nairobi Regional Bureau for Sciences in Africa and Cluster Office for Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan and Uganda Windhoek National Office to Namibia Yaoundé Cluster Office to Cameroon, Central African Republic and Chad

#### Arab States

- [Amman](/source/Amman) – National Office to [Jordan](/source/Jordan)

- [Beirut](/source/Beirut) – Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States and Cluster Office to [Lebanon](/source/Lebanon), [Syria](/source/Syria), [Jordan](/source/Jordan), [Iraq](/source/Iraq) and [Palestine](/source/Palestine)

- [Cairo](/source/Cairo) – Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab States and Cluster Office for [Egypt](/source/Egypt) and [Sudan](/source/Sudan)

- [Doha](/source/Doha) – Cluster Office to [Bahrain](/source/Bahrain), [Kuwait](/source/Kuwait), [Oman](/source/Oman), [Qatar](/source/Qatar), [Saudi Arabia](/source/Saudi_Arabia), [United Arab Emirates](/source/United_Arab_Emirates) and [Yemen](/source/Yemen)

- [Iraq](/source/Iraq) – National Office for [Iraq](/source/Iraq) (currently located in [Amman](/source/Amman), Jordan)

- [Khartoum](/source/Khartoum) – National Office to [Sudan](/source/Sudan)

- [Manama](/source/Manama) – [Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage](/source/Arab_Regional_Centre_for_World_Heritage)

- [Rabat](/source/Rabat) – Cluster Office to [Algeria](/source/Algeria), [Libya](/source/Libya), [Mauritania](/source/Mauritania), [Morocco](/source/Morocco) and [Tunisia](/source/Tunisia)

- [Ramallah](/source/Ramallah) – National Office to the Palestinian Territories

#### Asia and Pacific

See also: [UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards](/source/UNESCO_Asia_Pacific_Heritage_Awards)

- [Almaty](/source/Almaty) – Cluster Office to [Kazakhstan](/source/Kazakhstan), [Kyrgyzstan](/source/Kyrgyzstan), [Tajikistan](/source/Tajikistan) and [Uzbekistan](/source/Uzbekistan)

- [Apia](/source/Apia) – Cluster Office to Australia, [Cook Islands](/source/Cook_Islands), [Fiji](/source/Fiji), [Kiribati](/source/Kiribati), [Marshall Islands](/source/Marshall_Islands), [Federated States of Micronesia](/source/Federated_States_of_Micronesia), [Nauru](/source/Nauru), New Zealand, [Niue](/source/Niue), [Palau](/source/Palau), [Papua New Guinea](/source/Papua_New_Guinea), [Samoa](/source/Samoa), [Solomon Islands](/source/Solomon_Islands), [Tonga](/source/Tonga), [Tuvalu](/source/Tuvalu), [Vanuatu](/source/Vanuatu) and [Tokelau](/source/Tokelau) (Associate Member)

- [Bangkok](/source/Bangkok) – Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to [Thailand](/source/Thailand), [Burma](/source/Burma), [Laos](/source/Laos), Singapore and [Vietnam](/source/Vietnam)

- Beijing – Cluster Office to [North Korea](/source/North_Korea), Japan, [Mongolia](/source/Mongolia), the [People's Republic of China](/source/China) and [South Korea](/source/South_Korea)

- [Dhaka](/source/Dhaka) – National Office to [Bangladesh](/source/Bangladesh)

- [Hanoi](/source/Hanoi) – National Office to [Vietnam](/source/Vietnam)

- [Islamabad](/source/Islamabad) – National Office to [Pakistan](/source/Pakistan)

- [Jakarta](/source/Jakarta) – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to the [Philippines](/source/Philippines), [Brunei](/source/Brunei), [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia), [Malaysia](/source/Malaysia), and [East Timor](/source/East_Timor)

- [Manila](/source/Manila) – National Office to the [Philippines](/source/Philippines)

- [Kabul](/source/Kabul) – National Office to [Afghanistan](/source/Afghanistan)

- [Kathmandu](/source/Kathmandu) – National Office to [Nepal](/source/Nepal)

- New Delhi – Cluster Office to [Bangladesh](/source/Bangladesh), [Bhutan](/source/Bhutan), India, [Maldives](/source/Maldives) and [Sri Lanka](/source/Sri_Lanka)

- [Phnom Penh](/source/Phnom_Penh) – National Office to [Cambodia](/source/Cambodia)

- [Tashkent](/source/Tashkent) – National Office to [Uzbekistan](/source/Uzbekistan)

- [Tehran](/source/Tehran) – Cluster Office to [Afghanistan](/source/Afghanistan), [Iran](/source/Iran), [Pakistan](/source/Pakistan) and [Turkmenistan](/source/Turkmenistan)

#### Europe and North America

- [Brussels](/source/Brussels) – Liaison Office to the [European Union](/source/European_Union) and its [subsidiary bodies in Brussels](/source/Brussels_and_the_European_Union)

- [Geneva](/source/Geneva) – Liaison Office to the [United Nations in Geneva](/source/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva)

- New York City – Liaison Office to the [United Nations in New York](/source/United_Nations_Headquarters)

- [Venice](/source/Venice) – Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culture in Europe

#### Latin America and the Caribbean

[Carondelet Palace](/source/Carondelet_Palace), Presidential Palace – with changing of the guards. The [Historic Center of Quito](/source/Historic_Center_of_Quito), Ecuador, is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centres in [the Americas](/source/The_Americas).[156] This centre was, together with the historic centre of [Kraków](/source/Krak%C3%B3w) in Poland, the first to be declared [World Heritage Site](/source/World_Heritage_Site) by UNESCO on 18 September 1978.

- [Brasília](/source/Bras%C3%ADlia) – National Office to Brazil[157]

- [Guatemala City](/source/Guatemala_City) – National Office to [Guatemala](/source/Guatemala)

- [Havana](/source/Havana) – Regional Bureau for Culture in Latin America and the [Caribbean](/source/Caribbean) and Cluster Office to [Cuba](/source/Cuba), [Dominican Republic](/source/Dominican_Republic), [Haiti](/source/Haiti) and [Aruba](/source/Aruba)

- [Kingston](/source/Kingston%2C_Jamaica) – Cluster Office to [Antigua and Barbuda](/source/Antigua_and_Barbuda), [Bahamas](/source/Bahamas), [Barbados](/source/Barbados), [Belize](/source/Belize), [Dominica](/source/Dominica), [Grenada](/source/Grenada), [Guyana](/source/Guyana), [Jamaica](/source/Jamaica), [Saint Kitts and Nevis](/source/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis), [Saint Lucia](/source/Saint_Lucia), [Saint Vincent and the Grenadines](/source/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines), [Suriname](/source/Suriname) and [Trinidad and Tobago](/source/Trinidad_and_Tobago) as well as the associate member states of [British Virgin Islands](/source/British_Virgin_Islands), [Cayman Islands](/source/Cayman_Islands), [Curaçao](/source/Cura%C3%A7ao) and [Sint Maarten](/source/Sint_Maarten)

- [Lima](/source/Lima) – National Office to [Peru](/source/Peru)

- [Mexico City](/source/Mexico_City) – National Office to Mexico

- [Montevideo](/source/Montevideo) – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Latin America and the [Caribbean](/source/Caribbean) and Cluster Office to [Argentina](/source/Argentina), Brazil, Chile, [Paraguay](/source/Paraguay) and [Uruguay](/source/Uruguay)

- [Port-au-Prince](/source/Port-au-Prince) – National Office to [Haiti](/source/Haiti)

- [Quito](/source/Quito) – Cluster Office to [Bolivia](/source/Bolivia), [Colombia](/source/Colombia), [Ecuador](/source/Ecuador) and [Venezuela](/source/Venezuela)[158]

- [San José](/source/San_Jos%C3%A9%2C_Costa_Rica) – Cluster Office to [Costa Rica](/source/Costa_Rica), [El Salvador](/source/El_Salvador), [Guatemala](/source/Guatemala), [Honduras](/source/Honduras), Mexico, [Nicaragua](/source/Nicaragua) and [Panama](/source/Panama)

- [Santiago de Chile](/source/Santiago_de_Chile) – Regional Bureau for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean and National Office to Chile

### Partner organizations

- [International Committee of the Red Cross](/source/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross) (ICRC) – Humanitarian non-governmental organization

- [Blue Shield International](/source/Blue_Shield_International) (BSI) – International organization protecting cultural heritage

- [International Council of Museums](/source/International_Council_of_Museums) (ICOM) – Organization of museums and museum professionals founded in 1946

- [International Council on Monuments and Sites](/source/International_Council_on_Monuments_and_Sites) (ICOMOS) – French cultural heritage organization

- [International Institute of Humanitarian Law](/source/International_Institute_of_Humanitarian_Law) (IIHL) – Institute promoting the study and dissemination of international humanitarian law

## Controversies

### New World Information and Communication Order

UNESCO has been the centre of controversy in the past, particularly in its relationships with the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore and the former [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union). During the 1970s and 1980s, UNESCO's support for a "[New World Information and Communication Order](/source/New_World_Information_and_Communication_Order)" and its [MacBride report](/source/MacBride_report) calling for democratization of the media and more egalitarian access to information was condemned in these countries as attempts to curb [freedom of the press](/source/Freedom_of_the_press). UNESCO was perceived as a platform for communists and Third World dictators to attack the West, in contrast to accusations made by the USSR in the late 1940s and early 1950s.[159] In 1984, the United States withheld its contributions and withdrew from the organization in protest, followed by the United Kingdom in 1985.[160] Singapore withdrew also at the end of 1985, citing rising membership fees.[161] Following a change of government in 1997, the UK rejoined. The United States rejoined in 2003, followed by Singapore on 8 October 2007.[162]

### China

UNESCO has been criticized[*[by whom?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions)*] as being used by the People's Republic of China to present a [Chinese Communist Party](/source/Chinese_Communist_Party) version of history and to dilute the contributions of [ethnic minorities in China](/source/Ethnic_minorities_in_China) such as [Uyghurs](/source/Uyghurs) and [Tibetans](/source/Tibetan_people).[163][164][165]

### Israel

Israel was admitted to UNESCO in 1949, one year after its creation. Israel has maintained its membership since then. In 2010, Israel designated the [Cave of the Patriarchs](/source/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs) in [Hebron](/source/Hebron) and [Rachel's Tomb](/source/Rachel's_Tomb) in [Bethlehem](/source/Bethlehem) – both in the [West Bank](/source/West_Bank) – as [National Heritage Sites](/source/List_of_National_Heritage_Sites_of_Israel) and announced restoration work, prompting criticism from the Obama administration and protests from Palestinians.[166] In October 2010, UNESCO's executive board voted to declare the sites as "al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs" and "Bilal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb" and stated that they were "an integral part of the [occupied Palestinian Territories](/source/Occupied_Palestinian_Territories)" and any unilateral Israeli action was a violation of [international law](/source/International_law).[167] UNESCO described the sites as significant to "people of the Muslim, Christian and Jewish traditions", and accused Israel of highlighting only the Jewish character of the sites.[168] Israel in turn accused UNESCO of "detach[ing] the Nation of Israel from its heritage", and accused it of being politically motivated.[169] The [Rabbi of the Western Wall](/source/Shmuel_Rabinovitch) said that Rachel's tomb had not previously been declared a holy Muslim site.[170] Israel partially suspended ties with UNESCO. Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister [Danny Ayalon](/source/Danny_Ayalon) declared that the resolution was a "part of Palestinian escalation". [Zevulun Orlev](/source/Zevulun_Orlev), chairman of the [Knesset](/source/Knesset) Education and Culture Committee, referred to the resolutions as an attempt to undermine the mission of UNESCO as a scientific and cultural organization that promotes cooperation throughout the world.[171][172]

On 28 June 2011, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee, at [Jordan](/source/Jordan)'s insistence, censured[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] Israel's decision to demolish and rebuild the [Mughrabi Gate](/source/Mughrabi-Bridge) Bridge in Jerusalem for safety reasons. Israel stated that Jordan had signed an agreement with Israel stipulating that the existing bridge must be dismantled for safety reasons; Jordan disputed the agreement, saying that it was only signed under U.S. pressure. Israel was also unable to address the UNESCO committee over objections from [Egypt](/source/Egypt).[173]

In January 2014, days before it was scheduled to open, UNESCO Director-General, [Irina Bokova](/source/Irina_Bokova), "indefinitely postponed" and effectively cancelled an exhibit created by the [Simon Wiesenthal Centre](/source/Simon_Wiesenthal_Centre) entitled "The People, The Book, The Land: The 3,500-year relationship between the [Jewish people and the Land of Israel](/source/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel)". The event was scheduled to run from 21 January through 30 January in Paris. Bokova cancelled the event after representatives of Arab states at UNESCO argued that its display would "harm the [peace process](/source/Arab-Israeli_peace_process)".[174] The author of the exhibition, professor [Robert Wistrich](/source/Robert_Wistrich) of the [Hebrew University](/source/Hebrew_University)'s [Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism](/source/Vidal_Sassoon_International_Center_for_the_Study_of_Antisemitism), called the cancellation an "appalling act", and characterized Bokova's decision as "an arbitrary act of total cynicism and, really, contempt for the Jewish people and its history". UNESCO amended the decision to cancel the exhibit within the year, and it quickly achieved popularity and was viewed as a great success.[175]

On 1 January 2019, Israel formally left UNESCO in pursuance of the US withdrawal over perceived continuous anti-Israel bias.[176]

#### Occupied Palestine Resolution

Main article: [Occupied Palestine Resolution](/source/Occupied_Palestine_Resolution)

On 13 October 2016, UNESCO passed a resolution on East Jerusalem that condemned Israel for "aggressions" by Israeli police and soldiers and "illegal measures" against the freedom of worship and Muslims' access to their holy sites, while also recognizing Israel as the occupying power. Palestinian leaders welcomed the decision.[177] While the text acknowledged the "importance of the Old City of Jerusalem and its walls for the three monotheistic religions", it referred to the sacred hilltop compound in Jerusalem's Old City only by its Muslim name "Al-Haram al-Sharif", Arabic for Noble Sanctuary. In response, Israel denounced the UNESCO resolution for its omission of the words "Temple Mount" or "Har HaBayit", stating that it [denies Jewish ties to the key holy site](/source/Temple_denial).[177][178] After receiving criticism from numerous Israeli politicians and diplomats, including [Benjamin Netanyahu](/source/Benjamin_Netanyahu) and [Ayelet Shaked](/source/Ayelet_Shaked), Israel froze all ties with the organization.[179][180] The resolution was condemned by [Ban Ki-moon](/source/Ban_Ki-moon) and the Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, who said that Judaism, Islam and Christianity have clear historical connections to Jerusalem and "to deny, conceal or erase any of the Jewish, Christian or Muslim traditions undermines the integrity of the site.[181][182] "Al-Aqsa Mosque [or] Al-Haram al-Sharif" is also Temple Mount, whose Western Wall is the holiest place in Judaism."[183] It was also rejected by the Czech Parliament which said the resolution reflects a "hateful [anti-Israel](/source/Calls_for_the_destruction_of_Israel) sentiment",[184] and hundreds of Italian Jews demonstrated in Rome over Italy's abstention.[184] On 26 October, UNESCO approved a reviewed version of the resolution, which also criticized Israel for its continuous "refusal to let the body's experts access Jerusalem's holy sites to determine their conservation status".[185] Despite containing some softening of language following Israeli protests over a previous version, Israel continued to denounce the text.[186] The resolution refers to the site Jews and Christians refer to as the Temple Mount, or Har HaBayit in Hebrew, only by its Arab name – a significant semantic decision also adopted by UNESCO's executive board, triggering condemnation from Israel and its allies. U.S. Ambassador Crystal Nix Hines stated: "This item should have been defeated. These politicized and one-sided resolutions are damaging the credibility of UNESCO."[187]

In October 2017, the United States and Israel announced they would withdraw from the organization, citing in-part anti-Israel bias.[188][189]

### Palestine

#### Palestinian youth magazine controversy

In February 2011, an article was published in a Palestinian youth magazine in which a teenage girl described one of her four role models as [Adolf Hitler](/source/Adolf_Hitler). In December 2011, UNESCO, which partly funded the magazine, condemned the material and subsequently withdrew support.[190]

#### Islamic University of Gaza controversy

In 2012, UNESCO decided to establish a chair at the [Islamic University of Gaza](/source/Islamic_University_of_Gaza) in the field of [astronomy](/source/Astronomy), [astrophysics](/source/Astrophysics), and [space sciences](/source/Space_science),[191] fueling controversy and criticism. Israel bombed the school in 2008 stating that they develop and store weapons there, which Israel restated in criticizing UNESCO's move.[192][193]

The head, [Kamalain Shaath](/source/Kamalain_Shaath), defended UNESCO, stating that "the Islamic University is a purely academic university that is interested only in education and its development".[194][195][196] Israeli ambassador to UNESCO [Nimrod Barkan](/source/Nimrod_Barkan) planned to submit a letter of protest with information about the university's ties to Hamas, especially angry that this was the first Palestinian university that UNESCO chose to cooperate with. He never provided any evidence to support his claim of ties to Hamas.[197] The Jewish organization [B'nai B'rith](/source/B'nai_B'rith) criticized the move as well.[198]

### Listing Nanjing Massacre documents

In 2015, Japan threatened to halt funding of UNESCO because of the organization's decision to include documents related to the 1937 [Nanjing massacre](/source/Nanjing_massacre) in the latest listing for its "Memory of the World" program.[199] In October 2016, Japanese Foreign Minister [Fumio Kishida](/source/Fumio_Kishida) confirmed that Japan's 2016 annual funding of ¥4.4 billion had been suspended, although he denied any direct link with the Nanjing document controversy.[200]

### United States and UNESCO

The United States withdrew from UNESCO in 1984, citing the "highly politicized" nature of the organization, its ostensible "hostility toward the basic institutions of a [free society](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_society&action=edit&redlink=1), especially a [free market](/source/Free_market) and a [free press](/source/Freedom_of_the_press)", as well as its "unrestrained budgetary expansion", and poor management under then Director-General Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow of Senegal.[201]

On 19 September 1989, US Congressman [Jim Leach](/source/Jim_Leach) stated before a congressional subcommittee:[202]

The reasons for the withdrawal of the United States from UNESCO in 1984 are well-known; my view is that we overreacted to the calls of some who wanted to radicalize UNESCO, and the calls of others who wanted the United States to lead in emasculating the UN system. The fact is UNESCO is one of the least dangerous international institutions ever created. While some member countries within UNESCO attempted to push journalistic views antithetical to the values of the west, and engage in Israel bashing, UNESCO itself never adopted such radical postures. The United States opted for empty-chair diplomacy, after winning, not losing, the battles we engaged in... It was nuts to get out, and would be nuttier not to rejoin.

Leach concluded that the record showed Israel bashing, a call for a new world information order, money management, and arms control policy to be the impetuses behind the withdrawal; he asserted that before departing from UNESCO, a withdrawal from the [IAEA](/source/IAEA) had been pushed on him.[202] On 1 October 2003, the United States rejoined UNESCO.[201]

On 12 October 2017, the United States notified UNESCO it would again withdraw from the organization, on 31 December 2018; Israel followed suit.[203] The [Department of State](/source/United_States_Department_of_State) cited "mounting arrears at UNESCO, the need for fundamental reform in the organization, and continuing anti-Israel bias at UNESCO".[188]

The United States has not paid over $600 million in dues[204] since it stopped paying its $80 million annual UNESCO dues when Palestine became a full member in 2011. Israel and the United States were among the 14 votes against the membership out of 194 member countries.[205] When the United States announced it was rejoining the body in 2023, it also pledged to pay all past-due payments.[65]

On 4 February 2025, the White House said to conduct a review of US membership in UNESCO.[206] On 22 July, [Donald Trump](/source/Donald_Trump) decided that US will again withdraw from UNESCO, effective at the end of 2026.[207]

### Kurdish–Turkish conflict

On 25 May 2016, Turkish poet and human rights activist [Zülfü Livaneli](/source/O._Z._Livaneli) resigned as [Turkey](/source/Turkey)'s only UNESCO goodwill ambassador. He highlighted the [human rights situation in Turkey](/source/Human_rights_in_Turkey) and the destruction of the historical [Sur](/source/Sur%2C_Diyarbak%C4%B1r) district of [Diyarbakir](/source/Diyarbak%C4%B1r), the largest city in Kurdish-majority southeast Turkey, during [fighting](/source/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(2015%E2%80%93present)) between the Turkish army and Kurdish militants as the main reasons for his resignation. Livaneli said: "To pontificate on peace while remaining silent against such violations is a contradiction of the fundamental ideals of UNESCO."[208]

### Campaigns against illicit art trading

In 2020 UNESCO stated that the size of the illicit trade in cultural property amounted to 10 billion dollars a year. A report that same year by the [Rand Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rand_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1) suggested the actual market is "not likely to be larger than a few hundred million dollars each year". An expert cited by UNESCO as attributing the 10 billion figure denied it, saying he had "no idea" where the figure came from. Art dealers were particularly critical of the UNESCO figure because it amounted to 15% of the total world art market.[209]

In November 2020, part of a UNESCO advertising campaign intended to highlight international trafficking in looted artefacts had to be withdrawn after it falsely presented a series of museum-held artworks with known provenances as recently looted objects held in private collections. The adverts claimed that a head of Buddha in the Metropolitan Museum's collection since 1930 had been looted from a Kabul Museum in 2001 and then smuggled into the US art market, that a funerary monument from Palmyra that the Met had acquired in 1901 had been recently looted from the Palmyra Museum by Islamic State militants and then smuggled into the European antiquities market, and that an Ivory Coast mask with a provenance that indicates it was in the United States by 1954 was looted during armed clashes in 2010–2011. After complaints by the Met, the adverts were withdrawn.[210]

## Products and services

- UNESDOC Database[211] – Contains more than 146,000 UNESCO documents in full text published since 1945 as well as metadata from the collections of the UNESCO Library and documentation centres in field offices and institutes.

### Information processing tools

UNESCO develops, maintains, and disseminates, free of charge, two interrelated software packages for database management (CDS/ISIS [not to be confused with UK police software package ISIS]) and data mining/statistical analysis (IDAMS).[212]

- CDS/ISIS – a generalized information storage and retrieval system. The Windows version may run on a single computer or in a local area network. The JavaISIS client/server components allow remote database management over the Internet and are available for Windows, Linux, and Macintosh. Furthermore, GenISIS allows users to produce HTML Web forms for CDS/ISIS database searching. The ISIS_DLL provides an API for developing CDS/ISIS based applications.

- OpenIDAMS – a software package for processing and analysing numerical data developed, maintained and disseminated by UNESCO. The original package was proprietary, but UNESCO has initiated a project to provide it as open source.[213]

- IDIS – a tool for direct data exchange between CDS/ISIS and IDAMS

## See also

- [Schools portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Schools)
- [Science portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Science)
- [Society portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Society)
- [Politics portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics)
- [World portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World)

- [Academic mobility network](/source/Academic_mobility_network) – International university exchange program

- [League of Nations archives](/source/League_of_Nations_archives) – Collection of the historical records and official documents of the League of Nations

- [UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists](/source/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists)

- *[UNESCO Reclining Figure 1957–58](/source/UNESCO_Reclining_Figure_1957%E2%80%9358)*, sculpture by [Henry Moore](/source/Henry_Moore)

- [UniRef](/source/UniRef) – Humanitarian organization based in Switzerland

- [International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport](/source/International_Charter_of_Physical_Education%2C_Physical_Activity_and_Sport) – UNESCO charter promoting access to sport

- [World Conference on Cultural Policies and Sustainable Development](/source/World_Conference_on_Cultural_Policies_and_Sustainable_Development) – High level UNESCO cultural policy meeting held every 4 years

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** French: *Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture*

## References

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** ["Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions"](https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/convention-protection-and-promotion-diversity-cultural-expressions). UNESCO. Retrieved 9 August 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["About CERN"](https://home.cern/about). [CERN](/source/CERN). Retrieved 26 July 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** ["UNESCO must reform to stay relevant – and reconnect people through science"](https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03311-3). *Nature*. **587** (7835): 521–522. 25 November 2020. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2020Natur.587..521.](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.587..521.). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/d41586-020-03311-3](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-03311-3). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [33239811](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33239811). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [227176079](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227176079).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** ["UNESCO in the Making"](https://web.archive.org/web/20240727014353/https://en.geneva.unesco.org/70years/unesco_making). Paris, France: UNESCO. 2019. Archived from [the original](https://en.geneva.unesco.org/70years/unesco_making) on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 16 August 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** ["Use and conservation of the biosphere: Proceedings of the intergovernmental conference of experts on the scientific basis for rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere, Paris, 4–13 September 1968"](http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf) (PDF). *Natural Resources Research*. **X**. 1970. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031659/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** Finnemore, Martha (1996). [*National Interests in International Society*](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh). Cornell University Press. p. 4. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8014-8323-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8323-3). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210601221422/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh) from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_49-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_49-1) ["United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization: Seeds of Peace, Weeds of War"](https://irpj.euclid.int/articles/united-nations-educational-scientific-and-cultural-organization-seeds-of-peace-weeds-of-war/). *IRPJ = Intergovernmental Research and Policy Journal*. Retrieved 26 July 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_50-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_50-1) Wouters, Jan; Vidal, Maarten (29 June 1905). "UNESCO and the promotion of cultural exchange and cultural diversity". [*Normative Action in Education, Science and Culture – Essays in Commemoration of the Sixtieth Anniversary of UNESCO*](https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000156697). Standard-Setting in UNESCO. Vol. 1. UNESCO Publishing. pp. 147–169. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-92-3-104067-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104067-2). Retrieved 26 July 2024. {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** ["International Programme for the Development of Communication – About"](https://www.unesco.org/en/international-programme-development-communication/about). UNESCO. Retrieved 9 August 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** ["World Press Freedom Day"](https://www.un.org/en/observances/press-freedom-day). United Nations. Retrieved 26 July 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** ["What is UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize?"](https://www.manoramayearbook.in/current-affairs/world/2024/05/03/unesco-guillermo-cano-world-press-freedom-prize.html). *www.manoramayearbook.in*. Retrieved 26 July 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** ["General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member"](http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/). 31 October 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111214135140/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/) from the original on 14 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** Blomfield, Adrian (31 October 2011). ["US withdraws Unesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html). *The Telegraph*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111101190549/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html) from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** [*Palestine Admitted to UNESCO*](https://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-2168). 2 November 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2025 – via www.unesco.org.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Sakran2019_57-0)** Shadi Sakran (26 November 2019). [*The Legal Consequences of Limited Statehood: Palestine in Multilateral Frameworks*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT64). Taylor & Francis. pp. 64–. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-00-076357-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-076357-7). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211224172201/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT64) from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** [Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State](https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200413024831/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng) 13 April 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), UNESCO Executive Board, 131st, 1989

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** The laws originated in [H.R. 2145](https://www.congress.gov/bill/101st-congress/house-bill/2145) and [S. 875](https://www.congress.gov/bill/101st-congress/senate-bill/875); for further details, see committee discussions at: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations (1989). [*The PLO's Efforts to Obtain Statehood Status at the World Health Organization and Other International Organizations: Hearing and Markup Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session, on H.R. 2145, May 4, 1989*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Sel5XgE6eGQC). U.S. Government Printing Office. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200819213216/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sel5XgE6eGQC) from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.. The texts of the House and Senate resolutions were subsequently put into the following laws: [H.R. 3743](https://www.congress.gov/bill/101st-congress/house-bill/3743) (which produced [Pub. L.](/source/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation) [101–246](https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/101/246)), [H.R. 5368](https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/house-bill/5368), [H.R. 2295](https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/house-bill/2295) and finally [H.R. 2333](https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/house-bill/2333) (which produced [Pub. L.](/source/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation) [103–236](https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/103/236)). See also: Beattie, Kirk (3 May 2016). [*Congress and the Shaping of the Middle East*](https://books.google.com/books?id=gEMJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT287). Seven Stories Press. p. 287 online. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-60980-562-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-562-3). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200819091928/https://books.google.com/books?id=gEMJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT287) from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020. ...1989 Senate and House efforts like... Senate Resolution 875 and House Resolution 2145, both of which contained language similar to that found in the public laws of 1990 and 1994. Sen. [Robert Kasten, Jr.](/source/Bob_Kasten) (R-WI) was the primary sponsor of S 875, and Rep. [Tom Lantos](/source/Tom_Lantos) sponsored HR 2145. In a nutshell, recognition by any UN body of the Palestinians' right to statehood or its achievement of statehood status would trigger a suspension of US funding to the "offending" UN body under these laws.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** ["U.S. stops UNESCO funding over Palestinian vote"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-unesco-usa-funding/u-s-stops-unesco-funding-over-palestinian-vote-idUSTRE79U5ED20111031). *Reuters*. 31 October 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200226162636/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-unesco-usa-funding/u-s-stops-unesco-funding-over-palestinian-vote-idUSTRE79U5ED20111031) from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** Erlanger, Steven; Sayare, Scott (31 October 2011). ["Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians"](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111031171156/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html) from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** ["After UNESCO vote, Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Authority anger U.S."](https://web.archive.org/web/20111207205936/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600) *Haaretz*. 4 November 2011. Archived from [the original](https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600) on 7 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-63)** ["Israel freezes UNESCO funds"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111106053150/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST). CNN. 3 December 2011. Archived from [the original](http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST) on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-64)** ["U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108). *Reuters*. 8 November 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140709192541/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/08/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108) from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** Ahren, Raphael (31 December 2018). [""69 years after joining, Israel formally leaves UNESCO; so, too, does the US" – The Times of Israel"](https://www.timesofisrael.com/69-years-after-joining-israel-formally-leaves-un-cultural-body/). *[The Times of Israel](/source/The_Times_of_Israel)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191230161001/https://www.timesofisrael.com/69-years-after-joining-israel-formally-leaves-un-cultural-body/) from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-usa2023_66-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-usa2023_66-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-usa2023_66-2) Charlton, Angela (12 June 2023). ["US decides to rejoin UNESCO and pay back dues, to counter Chinese influence"](https://apnews.com/article/unesco-us-rejoin-palestine-china-5b7849bd2cae966e4e9837380c0c094f). [Associated Press](/source/Associated_Press). Retrieved 26 September 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-uspbs_67-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-uspbs_67-1) Lee, Matthew (26 September 2024). ["U.S. formally rejoins UNESCO 5 years after withdraw"](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/u-s-formally-rejoins-unesco-5-years-after-withdraw). *[PBS](/source/PBS)*. [Associated Press](/source/Associated_Press). Retrieved 11 July 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-68)** Chrisafis, Angelique (22 July 2025). ["Trump pulls US out of Unesco in blow for UN culture and education agency"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/22/us-unesco-withdrawal-trump-united-nations). *The Guardian*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 22 July 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** ["Russia not elected to UNESCO Executive Board for the first time"](https://kyivindependent.com/russia-not-elected-to-unesco-executive-board-for-the-first-time/). 15 November 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-70)** ["Expertise"](https://www.unesco.org/en/fieldoffice/newdelhi/expertise). UNESCO. Retrieved 9 August 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-71)** Because [diploma mills](/source/Diploma_mill) have falsely claimed UNESCO accreditation, UNESCO itself has published warnings against education organizations that claim UNESCO recognition or affiliation. See Luca Lantero, [Degree Mills: non-accredited and irregular higher education institutions](http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150513185433/http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf) 13 May 2015 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), [Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence (CIMEA)](/source/Information_Centre_on_Academic_Mobility_and_Equivalence), Italy. and [UNESCO "Alert: Misuse of UNESCO Name by Bogus Institutions"](http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090521152755/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=48787&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-72)** Varga, Susan (2006). *Edinburgh Old Town (Images of Scotland)*. The History Press Ltd. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7524-4083-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4083-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-73)** Schmidt, Mitchell (12 October 2017). ["Iowa City, nation's only 'UNESCO City of Literature' disappointed over withdrawal"](https://www.thegazette.com/nation-world/iowa-city-nations-only-unesco-city-of-literature-disappointed-over-withdrawal/). *The Gazette*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082906/https://www.thegazette.com/nation-world/iowa-city-nations-only-unesco-city-of-literature-disappointed-over-withdrawal/) from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-74)** Phipps, Kinsey (9 December 2018). ["Iowa City grows after 10 years as City of Literature"](https://dailyiowan.com/2018/12/09/iowa-city-grows-after-10-years-as-city-of-literature/). *The Daily Iowan*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181211133329/https://dailyiowan.com/2018/12/09/iowa-city-grows-after-10-years-as-city-of-literature/) from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-75)** ["Communication & Information"](https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053749/https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression). *UNESCO*. Archived from [the original](https://www.unesco.org/en/communication-information) on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-76)** ["International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170618011854/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage). *United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization*. Archived from [the original](https://www.unesco.org/en/international-programme-development-communication) on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-77)** ["Safety of Journalists"](https://www.unesco.org/en/safety-journalists). *UNESCO*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200120131159/https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists) from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-78)** ["UN Plan of Action"](http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action/). *United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103326/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action) from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-79)** ["Building Knowledge Societies"](https://www.unesco.org/en/communication-information). *UNESCO*. 18 June 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200116181422/https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies) from the original on 16 January 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-80)** ["Memory of the World"](https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world). *United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization*. Retrieved 22 April 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-81)** ["Information for All Programme (IFAP)"](https://www.unesco.org/en/ifap). *United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170910112204/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/) from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-82)** ["Internet Universality"](https://www.unesco.org/en/internet-universality-indicators). *United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170728033751/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/) from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-83)** ["World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development"](https://www.unesco.org/en/world-media-trends). *United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170826003315/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends) from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-84)** ["UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom"](http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom). *United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170821161616/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom) from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-85)** ["Media Development Indicators (MDIs)"](http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/). *United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170612042809/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/) from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-86)** ["International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World"](https://www.unesco.org/en/decades/international-decade-culture-peace-and-non-violence-children).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-87)** United Nations. ["World Press Freedom Day - EN"](https://www.un.org/en/observances/press-freedom-day). *United Nations*. Retrieved 13 April 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-88)** ["Criança Esperança Programme"](https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/crianca-esperanca-programme).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-89)** ["Promouvoir l'éducation à la santé chez les jeunes du campement informel de Kibera à Nairobi | Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture"](http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera/). *unesco.org* (in French). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170820102139/http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera) from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-90)** ["Migration Institutions – Home"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070305005432/http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/). Migrationmuseums.org. Archived from the original on 5 March 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-91)** ["Education | EDUCATION –"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091006100958/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35173%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html). UNESCO. Archived from [the original](http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35173&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html) on 6 October 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-92)** ["Official support for GoUNESCO from UNESCO New Delhi"](https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/). *GoUNESCO – Make Heritage Fun!*. 24 March 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190815083136/https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/) from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-UNESCO-CHIC_Biosphere_Integrated_Rural_Urbanization_Project_(BIRUP)_93-0)** [\[1\]](http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/unesco_chic_biosphere_integrated_rural_urbanization_project_birup/), UNESCO-CHIC Biosphere Integrated Rural Urbanization Project (BIRUP).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-94)** ["UNESCO Transparency Portal"](https://opendata.unesco.org/en/). *opendata.unesco.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210510034410/https://opendata.unesco.org/en/) from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-newunescolists_95-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-newunescolists_95-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-newunescolists_95-2) ["Tangible Cultural Heritage – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"](http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/). *unesco.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180319084612/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/) from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-96)** Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. ["UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Document – Discovered artifacts under preservation, Archaeological Site, 18 Hoang Dieu street"](https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/114908). *whc.unesco.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191103001256/https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/114908/) from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-97)** ["Archives"](https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives). *The UNESCO Courier*. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 20 April 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224552/https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives) from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2018.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-176)** Ahren, Raphael (21 January 2014). ["Author of UNESCO's nixed Israel exhibit decries 'appalling betrayal'"](https://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal). *The Times of Israel*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140122053858/http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal/) from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-UNESCO_adopts_anti_178-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-UNESCO_adopts_anti_178-1) ["UNESCO adopts anti-Israel resolution on al-Aqsa Mosque"](http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html). Al Jazeera. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132706/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html) from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-stategov_189-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-stategov_189-1) ["The United States Withdraws From UNESCO"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190408053146/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm). [U.S. Department of State](/source/U.S._Department_of_State). Archived from [the original](https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm) on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2017.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-NationalPostUNESCO_195-0)** Higgins, Michael (12 July 2012). ["UNESCO establishes chair at Gaza university accused of housing Hamas bomb labs"](https://nationalpost.com/news/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground). *National Post*. Retrieved 15 July 2012.{{[cite news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-HaaretzUNESCOGaza_198-0)** Ravid, Barak (12 July 2012). ["Israel furious at UNESCO decision to back science chair at Islamic University of Gaza"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120715042511/http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524). *Haaretz*. Archived from [the original](https://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524) on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BnaiBrithUNESCO_199-0)** Yaakov, Yifa (14 July 2012). ["B'nai Brith slams UNESCO affiliation with Gaza University"](https://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/). *The Times of Israel*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120717095157/http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/) from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-200)** (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. ["Japan furious at UNESCO listing Nanjing Massacre documents – Asia – DW.COM – 19.10.2015"](http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477). *[Deutsche Welle](/source/Deutsche_Welle)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151222175825/http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477) from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-withdrawal_202-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-withdrawal_202-1) ["UNESCO Membership: Issues for Congress"](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html). [Congressional Research Service reports](/source/Congressional_Research_Service_reports). 20 November 2003. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082545/https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html) from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-cspan_203-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-cspan_203-1) ["United States & UNESCO, Part 1"](https://www.c-span.org/video/?9189-1/united-states-unesco-part-1). *Starting from 05:08*. [C-SPAN](/source/C-SPAN). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104007/https://www.c-span.org/video/?9189-1%2Funited-states-unesco-part-1) from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-204)** ["U.S. and Israel officially withdraw from UNESCO"](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/u-s-and-israel-officially-withdraw-from-unesco). [PBS](/source/PBS). 1 January 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-205)** Rosenberg, Eli; Morello, Carol (12 October 2017). ["U.S. withdraws from UNESCO, the UN's cultural organization, citing anti-Israel bias"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/10/12/u-s-withdraws-from-unesco-the-u-n-s-cultural-organization-citing-anti-israel-bias/?noredirect=on). *[The Washington Post](/source/The_Washington_Post)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082940/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/10/12/u-s-withdraws-from-unesco-the-u-n-s-cultural-organization-citing-anti-israel-bias/?noredirect=on) from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bias_206-0)** Irish, John (13 October 2017). ["U.S., Israel quit UNESCO over alleged bias"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO). *Reuters*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082539/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO) from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-207)** ["Withdrawing the United States from and ending funding to certain United Nations Organizations and reviewing United States support to all international organizations"](https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/02/withdrawing-the-united-states-from-and-ending-funding-to-certain-united-nations-organizations-and-reviewing-united-states-support-to-all-international-organizations/). *the [White House](/source/White_House)*. 4 February 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-208)** ["US says it's leaving UN cultural agency UNESCO again, only 2 years after rejoining"](https://apnews.com/article/unesco-trump-withdraw-paris-united-nations-israel-129a4ffbce562e1aa497231e0bdd55a5). *AP*. 22 July 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-209)** "[Turkish writer quits UNESCO to protest damage to heritage, rights abuse](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180509012658/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA) 9 May 2018 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)". Reuters. 26 May 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-210)** Vincent Noice, "Unesco, stop citing 'bogus' $10bn figure, art trade pleads", The Art Newspaper, 12 November 2020 [\[2\]](https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/unesco-bogus-figure) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201115080112/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/unesco-bogus-figure) 15 November 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-211)** Nancy Kenney, "Unesco under fire for using Met objects in anti-trafficking campaign", The Art Newspaper, 13 November 2020 [\[3\]](https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/facing-complaint-unesco-pulls-misleading-images-from-advertisements-about-illicit-art-trafficking) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201117145243/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/facing-complaint-unesco-pulls-misleading-images-from-advertisements-about-illicit-art-trafficking) 17 November 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-212)** ["UNESDOC Database – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"](http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/). *unesco.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151214091237/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/) from the original on 14 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-213)** ["Information Processing Tools"](http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150108023105/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D1542%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html). Unesco. Archived from [the original](http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1542&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html) on 8 January 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-214)** ["OpenIDAMS"](http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150113175706/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D15653%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html). Unesco. Archived from [the original](http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15653&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html) on 13 January 2015.

## Further reading

- Finnemore, Martha. 1993. "[International Organizations as Teachers of Norms: The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cutural \[*sic*\] Organization and Science Policy.](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2706939?seq=1)" *International Organization* Vol. 47, No. 4 (Autumn, 1993), pp. 565–597

## External links

**UNESCO**  at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects)

- [Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:UNESCO) from Commons
- [Data](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7809) from Wikidata
- [Discussions](https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiProject_UNESCO) from Meta-Wiki

- [Official website](https://www.unesco.org/)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [UNESCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.