# UGC 9684

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Galaxy located in Boötes

UGC 9684 UGC 9684 imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope Observation data (J2000 epoch) Constellation Boötes Right ascension 15h 03m 50.4823s[1] Declination +42° 06′ 55.748″[1] Redshift 0.016866 Heliocentric radial velocity 5,056 km/s Distance 247 Mly (75.7 Mpc) Apparent magnitude (V) 14.4 Characteristics Type SBab, Sab Size 90,000 ly Apparent size (V) 1.35 x 0.56 arcmin Other designations PGC 53758, ECO 04872, CGCG 221-023, MCG +07-31-024, 2MASX J15035050+4206556, 2MASS J15035049+4206554, SDSS J150350.47+420655.5, IRAS F15020+4218, UZC J150350.5+420655, LEDA 53758

**UGC 9684** is a [barred spiral galaxy](/source/Barred_spiral_galaxy) with a ring structure[2] in the [Boötes](/source/Bo%C3%B6tes) constellation.[3] It is located 250 million [light-years](/source/Light-year) from the [Solar System](/source/Solar_System) and has an approximate [diameter](/source/Diameter) of 90,000 light-years.[1]

The [luminosity class](/source/Stellar_classification) of UGC 9684 is I–II[4][1] and it is classified as an active [star-forming galaxy](/source/Star-forming_galaxy) according to a study published in 2022,[5] in which produces one [solar mass](/source/Solar_mass) of [stars](/source/Star) every few years, with levels of [stellar formation](/source/Star_formation).[6]

## Studying of star formation rate for UGC 9684

[Scientists](/source/Scientist) who studied UGC 9684, have longed to find out the star-formation rate for UGC 9684.[5] To do this, they used a Fitting and Assessment of Synthetic Templates code.[7] The scientists used further [observations](/source/Observation) via [ultraviolet](/source/Ultraviolet), both [optical](/source/Optics) and [near-infrared](/source/Infrared) and from the luminosity measurements from different [databases](/source/Database) from [GALEX](/source/GALEX),[8] [SDSS](/source/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey) and from the final release of the [MASS](/source/Two-Micron_All_Sky_Survey) extended source catalog by Jarrett et al. 2000,[9] with all the data retrieved from [NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database](/source/NASA%2FIPAC_Extragalactic_Database).[5]

As for the star formation, they employed a [decreasing function](/source/Monotonic_function) of (SFR ∝ *e*−*t* ) and also a delayed function (SFR ∝ *t* × *e*−*t* ) as well as the stellar population libraries written from Bruzual & Charlot[10] and Convoy et al.[11] Several [metallicity](/source/Metallicity) estimates, published by Prieto et al. 2008,[12] Kelly & Kirshner from 2012,[13] whom the majority agreed, it is slightly above solar oxygen abundance 12+ log(O/H) ≈ 9.0 which corresponds to ~2 *Z*⊙.[5]

Scientists therefore found that the [star-formation](/source/Star_formation) rate of UGC 9684 is 0.25–0.39 M☉ yr−1.[5] Apart from that, they found the total [stellar mass](/source/Stellar_mass) for the galaxy is *M*⋆ = (2.0–3.5)×1010 M☉ which is a current specific rate sSFR ≈ 0.01 Gyr−1. This is higher compared to literature but compatible to large number of recent events in UGC 9684.[5]

## Supernovae

Three [supernovae](/source/Supernova) and one [astronomical transient](/source/Time-domain_astronomy) have been discovered in UGC 9684, making it one of the most active supernova-producing [galaxies](/source/Galaxy).[6]

- **SN 2006ed** ([Type II](/source/Type_II_supernova), mag. 19.0) was discovered on September 18, 2006, via unfiltered CCD images, by N. Joubert, D. R. Madison, R. Mostardi, H. Khandrika and W. Li from [University of California, Berkeley](/source/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley) on behalf of [Lick Observatory Supernova Search](/source/Lick_Observatory) program (LOSS).[14] It was located 1".8 east and 7".2 south of the nucleus.[15][16][14]

- **SN 2012ib** ([Type Ib/c](/source/Type_Ib_and_Ic_supernovae), mag. 16.0) was discovered on December 20, 2012, by amateur [astronomer](/source/Astronomer), V. Shumkov from [Sternberg Astronomical Institute](/source/Sternberg_Astronomical_Institute) (SAI), on four 60-sec unfiltered images from the MASTER-Amur [robotic telescope](/source/Robotic_telescope) via a 0.40-m f/2.5 [reflector](/source/Reflector_sight).[17] The supernova was located at 48".7 [east](/source/East) and 0".4 [south](/source/South) of the nucleus.[18][19]

- **AT 2017cgh** (type unknown, mag. 17.74) was discovered on March 15, 2017, by [Pan-STARRS](/source/Pan-STARRS)1[20] Science consortium.[21] It was located 0".0 east and 0".0 [north](/source/North) of the nucleus.[21] This astronomical transient was never officially classified as a supernova.[22]

- **SN 2020pni** (Type II, mag. 19.8044) was discovered on July 16, 2020, by a team of astronomers on behalf of the ALeRCE broker[23] via r-ZTF filters which was taken by a Palomar 1.2m Oachin [telescope](/source/Telescope).[24] It was located 5".7 [west](/source/West) and 5".0 [south](/source/South) of the nucleus.[25][26] Its progenitor, a [massive star](/source/Supergiant),[27] was enriched in [helium](/source/Helium) and [nitrogen](/source/Nitrogen) in relative abundances in mass fractions of 0.30–0.40 and 8.2×10−3, respectively.[5] A first study shows 1 day after the discovery, there was a significant He II emission which had [strong flash features](/source/Gamma_ray).[28] Another study shows during the 4 days after, there was an increase in [velocity](/source/Velocity) of [hydrogen lines](/source/Hydrogen_spectral_series) (from ~250 to ~1000 km/s) suggesting complex [circumstellar medium](/source/Circumstellar_envelope) (CSM).[5] A presence of dense and confined CSM as well as its [inhomogeneous structure](/source/Inhomogeneous_cosmology), indicates a phrase of enhanced [mass loss](/source/Stellar_mass_loss) of the SN 2020pni progenitor a year before the explosion.[5] As of 2023, the supernova has since faded from view.[6]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:0_1-3) ["Results for object UGC 09684"](https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/byname?objname=UGC+09684). *ned.ipac.caltech.edu*. Retrieved 2024-05-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["HyperLeda -object description"](http://atlas.obs-hp.fr/hyperleda/ledacat.cgi?o=UGC%209684). *atlas.obs-hp.fr*. Retrieved 2024-05-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Ford, Dominic. ["UGC 9684 (Galaxy)"](https://in-the-sky.org//data/object.php?id=UGC_9684). *In-The-Sky.org*. Retrieved 2024-05-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Reference Lookup | NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database"](https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/NED::Refcode/1991RC3.9.C...0000d). *ned.ipac.caltech.edu*. Retrieved 2024-05-07.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:4_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:4_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:4_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:4_5-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:4_5-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:4_5-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-:4_5-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-:4_5-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-:4_5-8) Terreran, G.; Jacobson-Galán, W. V.; Groh, J. H.; [Margutti, R.](/source/Raffaella_Margutti); Coppejans, D. L.; Dimitriadis, G.; Kilpatrick, C. D.; Matthews, D. J.; Siebert, M. R.; Angus, C. R.; Brink, T. G.; Filippenko, A. V.; Foley, R. J.; Jones, D. O.; Tinyanont, S. (February 2022). ["The Early Phases of Supernova 2020pni: Shock Ionization of the Nitrogen-enriched Circumstellar Material"](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fac3820). *[The Astrophysical Journal](/source/The_Astrophysical_Journal)*. **926** (1): 20. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[2105.12296](https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.12296). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2022ApJ...926...20T](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ApJ...926...20T). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3847/1538-4357/ac3820](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fac3820). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-637X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_6-2) ["A star forming factory"](https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw2419a/). *www.spacetelescope.org*. Retrieved 2024-05-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Kriek, Mariska; Dokkum, Pieter G. van; Labbé, Ivo; Franx, Marijn; Illingworth, Garth D.; Marchesini, Danilo; Quadri, Ryan F. (July 2009). "An Ultra-Deep Near-Infrared Spectrum of a Compact Quiescent Galaxy at z = 2.2". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **700** (1): 221. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[0905.1692](https://arxiv.org/abs/0905.1692). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2009ApJ...700..221K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...700..221K). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1088/0004-637X/700/1/221](https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F700%2F1%2F221). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-637X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Seibert, Mark; Wyder, T.; Neill, J.; Madore, B.; Bianchi, L.; Smith, M.; Shiao, B.; Schiminovich, D.; Rich, R. M.; Conrow, T.; Martin, D. C.; GALEX Catalog Team (2012-01-01). "The Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) Source Catalogs". *American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #219*. **219**: 340.01. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2012AAS...21934001S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AAS...21934001S).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Jarrett, T. H.; Chester, T.; Cutri, R.; Schneider, S.; Skrutskie, M.; Huchra, J. P. (2000-05-01). "2MASS Extended Source Catalog: Overview and Algorithms". *The Astronomical Journal*. **119** (5): 2498–2531. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[astro-ph/0004318](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0004318). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2000AJ....119.2498J](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000AJ....119.2498J). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/301330](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F301330). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-6256](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6256).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Bruzual, G.; Charlot, S. (October 1, 2003). ["Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003"](https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2003.06897.x). *Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society*. **344** (4): 1000–1028. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[astro-ph/0309134](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0309134). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2003MNRAS.344.1000B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MNRAS.344.1000B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06897.x](https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2003.06897.x).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Conroy, Charlie; Gunn, James E.; White, Martin (2009-06-12). "The Propagation of Uncertainties in Stellar Population Synthesis Modeling. I. The Relevance of Uncertain Aspects of Stellar Evolution and the Initial Mass Function to the Derived Physical Properties of Galaxies". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **699** (1): 486–506. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[0809.4261](https://arxiv.org/abs/0809.4261). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2009ApJ...699..486C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...699..486C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1088/0004-637x/699/1/486](https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637x%2F699%2F1%2F486). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-637X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Prieto, Jose L.; Stanek, Krzysztof Z.; Beacom, John F. (February 2008). "Characterizing Supernova Progenitors via the Metallicities of their Host Galaxies, from Poor Dwarfs to Rich Spirals". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **673** (2): 999–1008. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[0707.0690](https://arxiv.org/abs/0707.0690). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2008ApJ...673..999P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...673..999P). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/524654](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F524654). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-637X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Kelly, Patrick L.; Kirshner, Robert P. (2012-10-26). "Core-Collapse Supernovae and Host Galaxy Stellar Populations". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **759** (2): 107. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1110.1377](https://arxiv.org/abs/1110.1377). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2012ApJ...759..107K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...759..107K). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1088/0004-637x/759/2/107](https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637x%2F759%2F2%2F107). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-637X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_14-1) Joubert, N.; Li, W. (2006-08-01). "Supernovae 2006ed, 2006ee, 2006ef". *Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams* (597): 1. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2006CBET..597....1J](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006CBET..597....1J).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Bright Supernovae - 2006"](https://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2006/index.html#2006ed). *www.rochesterastronomy.org*. Retrieved 2024-05-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["SN 2006ed | Transient Name Server"](https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2006ed). *www.wis-tns.org*. Retrieved 2024-05-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Lipunov, V.; Shumkov, V.; Denisenko, D.; Gorbovskoy, E.; Brimacombe, J.; Tomasella, L.; Benetti, S.; Cappellaro, E.; Ochner, P.; Pastorello, A.; Turatto, M. (2012-12-01). "Supernova 2012ib in UGC 9684 = Psn J15035487+4206553". *Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams* (3359): 1. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2012CBET.3359....1L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012CBET.3359....1L).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["Bright Supernovae - 2012"](https://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2012/index.html#2012ib). *www.rochesterastronomy.org*. Retrieved 2024-05-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["SN 2012ib | Transient Name Server"](https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2012ib). *www.wis-tns.org*. Retrieved 2024-05-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Chambers, K. C.; Huber, M. E.; Flewelling, H.; Magnier, E. A.; Primak, N.; Schultz, A.; Smartt, S. J.; Smith, K. W.; Tonry, J.; Waters, C.; Wright, D. E.; Young, D. R. (2017). "Pan-STARRS1 Transient Discovery Report for 2017-01-03". *Transient Name Server Discovery Report*. **14**: 1. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2017TNSTR..14....1C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017TNSTR..14....1C).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:3_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:3_21-1) ["Bright Supernovae - 2017"](https://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2017/index.html#2017cgh). *www.rochesterastronomy.org*. Retrieved 2024-05-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["AT 2017cgh | Transient Name Server"](https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2017cgh). *www.wis-tns.org*. Retrieved 2024-05-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Home | ALeRCE"](https://alerce.science/). *alerce.science*. Retrieved 2024-05-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["Discovery certificate for object 2020pni | Transient Name Server"](https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2020pni/discovery-cert). *www.wis-tns.org*. Retrieved 2024-05-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["Bright Supernovae - 2020"](https://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2020/index.html#2020pni). *www.rochesterastronomy.org*. Retrieved 2024-05-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["SN 2020pni | Transient Name Server"](https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2020pni). *www.wis-tns.org*. Retrieved 2024-05-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Martinez, L.; Bersten, M. C.; Anderson, J. P.; González-Gaitán, S.; Förster, F.; Folatelli, G. (2020-10-01). "Progenitor properties of type II supernovae: fitting to hydrodynamical models using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods". *Astronomy & Astrophysics*. **642**: A143. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[2008.05572](https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.05572). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2020A&A...642A.143M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020A&A...642A.143M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1051/0004-6361/202038393](https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202038393). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-6361](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6361).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Bruch, R.; Nordin, J.; Schulze, S.; Yang, Y.; Irani, I.; Gal-Yam, A.; Yaron, O.; Perley, D.; Sollerman, J. (2020-07-01). "ZTF early discovery and rapid follow-up of the infant SN ZTF20ablygyy/2020pni". *Transient Name Server AstroNote*. **136**: 1. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2020TNSAN.136....1B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020TNSAN.136....1B).

v t e Constellation of Boötes Boötes in Chinese astronomy Boötes Void List of stars in Boötes Stars Bayer α (Arcturus) β (Nekkar) γ (Seginus) δ (Qigong) ε (Izar, Pulcherrima) ζ η (Muphrid) θ ι κ λ (Xuange) μ1 (Alkalurops) μ2 ν1 ν2 ξ ο π ρ (Kalasungsang) σ (Genghe) τ (Tepiamenit) υ φ χ ψ ω Flamsteed 1 2 3 6 (e) 7 9 10 11 12 (d) 13 14 15 18 20 22 (f) 24 (g) 26 31 32 33 34 (Alrumh) 38 (Merga) 39 40 44 (Quadrans) 45 (c) 46 (b) 47 (k) 50 Variable R S T RX ZZ AB BL BP BX BY CE CH CI CN CP CR CX CY (101 Vir) DE EK HN HP HD 118508 118889 122563 125040 125351 (A) 125658 126128 126129 126141 126200 126271 127304 127334 127726 128093 128198 129132 129357 130084 130603 130917 131040 131473 131496 (Arcalís) 132029 132406 132563 134064 134335 135438 135530 135944 141399 Other 2MASS J15031961+2525196 CFBDSIR 1458+10 Gliese 526 HAT-P-4 LHS 2924 PSR J1544+4937 SDSS J1416+1348 SDSS J1433+1011 TVLM 513-46546 WASP-14 WD 1425+540 ZTF J153932.16+502738.8 Exoplanets HAT-P-4b HD 128311 b c HD 132406 b HD 136418 b (Awasis) τ Boötis b TOI-1853 b WASP-14b Star clusters NGC 5466 Galaxies NGC 5008 5248 5251 5416 5490 5500 5504 5508 5514 5523 5529 5532 5533 5535 5539 5541 5544 5545 5548 5557 5559 5562 5579 5582 5591 5601 5603 5609 5613 5614 5615 5624 5629 5630 5641 5642 5653 5665 5676 5681 5682 5683 5698 5714 5722 5752 5753 5754 5755 5772 5778 5784 5790 5820 5821 5829 5837 5857 5875 5876 5886 5888 5896 5929 5930 5966 Numbered I II III Other 3C 295 3C 299 3C 300 3C 303 3C 315 4C 19.44 4C +26.42 7C 1354+2552 Abell 2009 BCG Arp 302 B2 1420+32 B2 1441+26 CEERS-2112 CEERS-93316 CEERS2-588 CLASS B1359+154 Cloverleaf quasar DDO 190 EGS-zs8-1 EGS-z11-R0 EGSY8p7 H1426+428 IC 4397 IC 4461 IC 4462 IC 4481 IC 4516 IRAS 13349+2438 IRAS 14394+5332 IRAS 15206+3342 LEDA 2108986 MACS 1423-z7p64 MACS J1447.4+0827 BCG Maisie's Galaxy Markarian 463 Markarian 471 Markarian 478 MS 1455.0+2232 BCG MS 1512-cB58 NVSS J141343+433945 OQ 172 OQ 530 PG 1411+442 PG 1543+489 PGC 93125 PGC 1470080 PKS 1345+125 PKS 1413+135 QSO B1422+202 RBS 1467 RGZ J145001.5+144747 RGZ J145039.8+441829 SBS 1415+437 SDSS J135646.10+102609.0 SDSS J1430+2303 Teacup galaxy UGC 8669 UGC 9128 UGC 9425 UGC 9684 UGC 9796 ULAS J1342+0928 VV 191 Galaxy clusters Abell 1795 Abell 1991 BoRG-58 IDCS J1426.5+3508 Astronomical events GRB 990123 GRB 080319B SCP 06F6 SN 2003fg SN 2005bc SN 2020tlf Category

v t e Astronomical catalogs UGC UGC 9680 UGC 9681 UGC 9682 UGC 9683 UGC 9684 UGC 9685 UGC 9686 UGC 9687 UGC 9688

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [UGC 9684](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGC_9684) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGC_9684?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.