# Tygarrup

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***Tygarrup*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [soil centipedes](/source/Geophilomorpha) in the [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Mecistocephalidae](/source/Mecistocephalidae).[1] These [centipedes](/source/Centipede) are found mainly in [tropical](/source/Tropics) and [subtropical](/source/Subtropics) regions of [East Asia](/source/East_Asia) and [southeast Asia](/source/Southeast_Asia) and from [Seychelles](/source/Seychelles) to [Hawaii](/source/Hawaii).[2][3] The [species](/source/Species) in this genus have adapted to a broad range of habitats, from sea level to high mountains and from tropical [rainforests](/source/Rainforest) to cold [montane](/source/Montane_ecosystem) forests.[2][3] The species *[Tygarrup javanicus](/source/Tygarrup_javanicus)* has spread to greenhouses in Europe.[4][5]

## Taxonomy

This genus was first described by the American [biologist](/source/Biologist) [Ralph V. Chamberlin](/source/Ralph_Vary_Chamberlin) in 1914 to contain the newly discovered [type species](/source/Type_species) *[T. intermedius](/source/Tygarrup_intermedius)*.[6] In 1942, the German [zoologist](/source/Zoology) [Karl W. Verhoeff](/source/Karl_Wilhelm_Verhoeff) described *Brahmaputrus* as a new genus to contain the newly discovered type species *B. poriger*.[2] In 1968, however, the American [myriapodologist](/source/Myriapodology) Ralph E. Crabill deemed *Brahmaputrus* to be a [junior synonym](/source/Synonym_(taxonomy)) of *Tygarrup*.[7] Authorities now consider *Tygarrup* to be the valid name for *Brahmaputrus*.[8]

## Description

Centipedes in this genus feature heads that are distinctly longer than wide.[2][9] The [clypeus](/source/Clypeus) lacks a longitudinal areolate stripe down the middle, and the [pleurites](/source/Sclerite) on the side of the head lack [setae](/source/Seta). The [coxosternite](/source/Maxilla_(arthropod_mouthpart)) of the first [maxillae](/source/Maxilla_(arthropod_mouthpart)) is divided down the middle by a longitudinal suture, but the coxosternite of the second maxillae is undivided. The second maxillae are well developed and reach beyond the first maxillae. Each of the second maxillae ends in a claw. The [forcipular](/source/Forcipule) [tergum](/source/Tergum) is slightly wider than long, without a distinct longitudinal groove in the middle. The groove on the ventral surface of the trunk segments is not forked. The [ultimate legs](/source/Ultimate_legs) are as slender in the male as in the female.[10][11]

Species in this genus range from 2 cm to 6 cm in length.[3] These species can have either 43 or 45 leg-bearing segments.[12][13] Most of these species have 45 leg pairs (e.g., *[Tygarrup anepipe](/source/Tygarrup_anepipe)*,[14] *[T. daliensis](/source/Tygarrup_daliensis),*[15] *[T. diversidens](/source/Tygarrup_diversidens),*[16] *[T. griseoviridis](/source/Tygarrup_griseoviridis),*[17] *T. javanicus*,[14] *[T. malabarus](/source/Tygarrup_malabarus),*[18] *[T. muminabadicus](/source/Tygarrup_muminabadicus)*,[2][14] *[T. nepalensis](/source/Tygarrup_nepalensis)*,[15] *T. poriger*,[2][15] *[T. singaporiensis](/source/Tygarrup_singaporiensis)*,[17] and *[T. takarazimensis](/source/Tygarrup_takarazimensis)*[14][19]).[3][20] An [undescribed](/source/Undescribed_taxon) *Tygarrup* species found in the [Andaman Islands](/source/Andaman_Islands) has 43 leg pairs.[3][14]

## Phylogeny

A [phylogenetic](/source/Phylogenetics) analysis of the family Mecistocephalidae based on [morphology](/source/Morphology_(biology)) places the genus *Tygarrup* in the subfamily Mecistocephalinae along with the genera *[Krateraspis](/source/Krateraspis)*, *[Mecistocephalus](/source/Mecistocephalus),* and *[Takashimaia](/source/Takashimaia).* This analysis also places the genus *Tygarrup* on the most basal branch of a [phylogenetic tree](/source/Phylogenetic_tree) in this subfamily with the other three genera in a [clade](/source/Clade) forming a [sister group](/source/Sister_group) for *Tygarrup*. The genera in this subfamily share a set of distinctive traits, including a head that is evidently longer than wide, a divided coxosternum of the first maxillae, an undivided coxosternum of the second maxillae, well developed second maxillae that each feature a claw, and a forcipular tergum that is slightly wider than long.[14]

A set of other traits, however, distinguishes *Tygarrup* from its close relatives in this subfamily. For example, where the anterior part of the side of the head in *Mecistocephalus* and *Takashimaia* features a spiculum (a [sclerotized](/source/Sclerotin) pointed projection), this spiculum in absent in *Tygarrup*. Furthermore, where the central part of the clypeus is areolate with a longitudinal areolate stripe running down the middle of the posterior part of the clypeus in *Krateraspis* and *Mecistocephalus*, both of these areas of areolation are absent in *Tygarrup*.[13][12]

## Species

Currently accepted species include:[1][21]

- *[Tygarrup anepipe](/source/Tygarrup_anepipe)* Verhoeff, 1939
- *[Tygarrup crassignathus](/source/Tygarrup_crassignathus)* Titova, 1983
- *[Tygarrup daliensis](/source/Tygarrup_draco)* Chao, Lee, Yang & Chang, 2020
- *[Tygarrup diversidens](/source/Tygarrup_diversidens)* Silvestri, 1919
- *[Tygarrup griseoviridis](/source/Tygarrup_griseoviridis)* Verhoeff, 1937
- *[Tygarrup intermedius](/source/Tygarrup_intermedius)* Chamberlin, 1914
- *[Tygarrup javanicus](/source/Tygarrup_javanicus)* Attems, 1929
- *[Tygarrup malabarus](/source/Tygarrup_malabarus)* Chamberlin R., 1944
- *[Tygarrup muminabadicus](/source/Tygarrup_muminabadicus)* Titova, 1965
- *[Tygarrup nepalensis](/source/Tygarrup_nepalensis)* Shinohara, 1965
- *[Tygarrup poriger](/source/Tygarrup_poriger)* Verhoeff, 1942
- *[Tygarrup quelpartensis](/source/Tygarrup_quelpartensis)* Paik, 1961
- *[Tygarrup singaporiensis](/source/Tygarrup_singaporiensis)* Verhoeff K.W., 1937
- *[Tygarrup takarazimensis](/source/Tygarrup_takarazimensis)* Miyosi, 1957
- *[Tygarrup triporus](/source/Tygarrup_triporus)* Titova, 1983

## References

1. Bonato, L.; Chagas Junior, A.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Lewis, J.G.E.; Minelli, A.; Pereira, L.A.; Shelley, R.M.; Stoev, P.; Zapparoli, M. (2016). ["Tygarrup Chamberlin, 1914"](https://chilobase.biologia.unipd.it/searches/result_genres/552). *ChiloBase 2.0 - A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda)*. Retrieved 2025-03-09.

1. Jiang, Chao; Fan, Jiabo; You, Chunxue; Li, Weichun; Huang, Luqi (2025-02-26). ["New species of Tygarrup centipedes from Xizang, China (Geophilomorpha, Mecistocephalidae)"](https://zse.pensoft.net/article/141741/). *Zoosystematics and Evolution*. **101** (2): 533–550 [533–534, 544, 546]. [doi:10.3897/zse.101.141741](https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.101.141741). [ISSN 1860-0743](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1860-0743)

1. Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Zapparoli, Marzio (2011). "Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview". *The Myriapoda. Volume 1*. Minelli, Alessandro (ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 363–443 [434]. ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6. [OCLC 812207443](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/812207443)

1. Tuf, Ivan Hadrián; Mock, Andrej; Dvořák, Libor (2018-06-01). ["An exotic species spreads through Europe: Tygarrup javanicus (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Mecistocephalidae) is reported from the Slovakia and the Czech Republic"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226861517307719). *Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology*. **21** (2): 560–562. [Bibcode:2018JAsPE..21..560T](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JAsPE..21..560T). [doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2018.03.004](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2018.03.004). [ISSN 1226-8615](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1226-8615). [S2CID 89794909](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89794909)

1. Damasiewicz, Alicja & Leśniewska, Małgorzata (2020). "*Tygarrup javanicus* (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha) – an exotic species that has reached Poland". *Polish Journal of Entomology*. **1** (89): 52–58. [doi:10.5604/01.3001.0014.0300](https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0300)

1. Chamberlin, Ralph V. & Chamberlin, Ralph V. (1914). ["The Stanford Expedition to Brazil 1911 John C. Branner Director. The Chilopoda of Brazil"](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/25121). *Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College*. **58**: 151–221 [210–214]. – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.

1. Crabill, R.E., Jr. (1968). ["A bizzare case of sexual dimorphism in a centipede with consequent submergence of a genus (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Mecistocephalidae)"](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16343463#page/342/mode/1up). *Entomological News*. **79**: 286–287. – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.

1. Bonato, L.; Chagas Junior, A.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Lewis, J.G.E.; Minelli, A.; Pereira, L.A.; Shelley, R.M.; Stoev, P.; Zapparoli, M. (2016). ["Brahmaputrus Verhoeff, 1942"](https://chilobase.biologia.unipd.it/searches/result_genres/571). *ChiloBase 2.0 - A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda)*. Retrieved 2025-03-11.

1. Dyachkov, Yurii V. & Bonato, Lucio (2024-04-23). "An updated synthesis of the Geophilomorpha (Chilopoda) of Asian Russia". *ZooKeys*. '***(1198): 17–54. [Bibcode:2024ZooK.1198...17D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ZooK.1198...17D). [doi:10.3897/zookeys.1198.119781](https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1198.119781). [ISSN 1313-2970](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1313-2970). [PMC 11061560](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11061560). [PMID 38693975](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38693975)***

1. Uliana, Marco; Bonato, Lucio; Minelli, Alessandro (2007-01-22). ["The Mecistocephalidae of the Japanese and Taiwanese islands (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha)"](https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1396.1.1). *Zootaxa*. **1396** (1): 1–84 [68–69]. [doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1396.1.1](https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1396.1.1). [ISSN 1175-5334](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1175-5334)

1. Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory; Lewis, John; Minelli, Alessandro; Pereira, Luis; Shelley, Rowland; Zapparoli, Marzio (2010-11-18). "A common terminology for the external anatomy of centipedes (Chilopoda)". *ZooKeys*. '***(69): 17–51. [Bibcode:2010ZooK...69...17B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ZooK...69...17B). [doi:10.3897/zookeys.69.737](https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.69.737). [ISSN 1313-2970](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1313-2970). [PMC 3088443](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3088443). [PMID 21594038](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21594038)***

1. Bonato, Lucio; Dányi, László; Minelli, Alessandro (2010). "Morphology and phylogeny of *Dicellophilus*, a centipede genus with a highly disjunct distribution (Chilopoda: Mecistocephalidae)". *Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society*. **158** (3): 501–532 [515]. [doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00557.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00557.x). [hdl:11577/2465689](https://hdl.handle.net/11577/2465689)

1. Dyachkov, Yurii V. & Bonato, Lucio (2022-04-14). "Morphology and distribution of the Middle Asian centipede genus Krateraspis Lignau, 1929 (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Mecistocephalidae)". *ZooKeys*. '***(1095): 143–164 [147]. [Bibcode:2022ZooK.1095..143D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ZooK.1095..143D). [doi:10.3897/zookeys.1095.80806](https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1095.80806). [ISSN 1313-2970](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1313-2970). [PMC 9023436](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9023436). [PMID 35836682](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35836682)***

1. Bonato, Lucio; Foddai, Donatella; Minelli, Alessandro (2003). ["Evolutionary trends and patterns in centipede segment number based on a cladistic analysis of Mecistocephalidae (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha): Evolution of segment number in Mecistocephalidae"](http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-3113.2003.00217.x). *Systematic Entomology*. **28** (4): 539–579 [542–546, 549]. [doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.2003.00217.x](https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3113.2003.00217.x)

1. Chao, Jui-Lung; Lee, Kwen-Shen; Yang, Zi-Zhong; Chang, Hsueh-Wen (2020). "Two new species of centipedes, Tygarrup daliensis sp. nov. (Mecistocephalidae) and Australobius cangshanensis sp. nov. (Lithobiidae), from Southwestern China". *Opuscula Zoologica*. **51** (Supplementum 2): 57–67 [58, 60]. [doi:10.18348/opzool.2020.s2.57](https://doi.org/10.18348/opzool.2020.s2.57). [ISSN 0237-5419](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0237-5419)

1. Silvestri, F. (1919). ["Contributions to a knowledge of the Chilopoda Geophilomorpha of India"](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11132071#page/91/mode/1up) (in Latin). *Records of the Indian Museum*. **16**: 45–107 [76–78]. [doi:10.5962/bhl.part.25916](https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.25916). [S2CID 87839550](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87839550). – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.

1. Verhoeff, K.W. (1937). ["Chilopoden aus Malacca nach den Objecten des Raffles Museum in Singapore"](https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/app/uploads/2017/06/13brm198-270.pdf) (in German). *Bulletin of the Raffles Museum*. **13**: 198–270 [236]. – via National University of Singapore.

1. Chamberlin, Ralph V. (1944). ["Some chilopods from the Indo-Australian Archipelago"](https://books.google.com/books?id=dk-2seMo8CkC). *Notulae Naturae*. **147**: 1–14 [6]

1. Miyoshi, Yasunori (1957). ["Beiträge zur Kenntnis japanischer Myriopoden. 20. Aufsatz: Über eine neue Gattung von Diplopoda eine neue Art und eine neue Unterart von Chilopoda"](https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/10839271). *Zoological Magazine, Tokyo*. **66** (6): 264-268. – via National Diet Library (NDL) Digital Collections.

1. Titova, Lidia P. (1981). ["Two new Tygarrup Chamb. (Chilopoda, Geophilida, Mecistocephalidae) from Indochina"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41766660). *Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie*. **85**: 147–156. [ISSN 0255-0105](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0255-0105). [JSTOR 41766660](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41766660)

1. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. ["*Tygarrup* Chamberlin, 1914"](https://www.gbif.org/species/2234145). *gbif.org*. GBIF Secretariat. Retrieved 17 July 2020.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Tygarrup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tygarrup) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tygarrup?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.