# Two dots (diacritic) > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Two_dots_(diacritic) > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Two_dots_(diacritic).md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic) > Source revision: 1352524824 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Diacritic that consists of two dots placed over a letter For the two dots diacritic used to indicate a vowel-fronting sound change, see [Umlaut (diacritic)](/source/Umlaut_(diacritic)). "Tréma" redirects here. For other uses, see [Trema](/source/Trema_(disambiguation)). ◌̈ ◌̤o Two dots U+0308 ◌̈ COMBINING DIAERESIS[a] U+0324 ◌̤ COMBINING DIAERESIS BELOW U+07F3 ߳ NKO COMBINING DOUBLE DOT ABOVE This page uses [IPA](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet) notation for orthographic or other linguistic analysis. For the meaning of how ⟨ ⟩, | |, / /, and [ ] are used here, see [this page](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters). [Diacritical marks](/source/Diacritical_mark) of **two dots** **¨**, placed side-by-side over or under a letter, are used in several languages for several different purposes. The most familiar to [English-language](/source/English_language) speakers are the [diaeresis](/source/Diaeresis_(diacritic)) and the [umlaut](/source/Umlaut_(diacritic)), though there are numerous others. For example, in [Albanian](/source/Albanian_language), [ë](/source/%C3%8B) represents a [schwa](/source/Schwa). Such diacritics are also sometimes used for stylistic reasons (as in the family name [Brontë](/source/Bront%C3%AB_family) or the band name [Mötley Crüe](/source/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe)). In modern computer systems using [Unicode](/source/Unicode), the two-dot diacritics are almost always [encoded](/source/Character_encoding) identically, having the same [code point](/source/Code_point).[1] For example, U+00F6 ö LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS represents both *o-umlaut* and *o-diaeresis*. Their appearance in print or on screen may vary between [typefaces](/source/Typeface) but rarely within the same typeface. The word ***[trema](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trema#English)*** ([French](/source/French_language): ***tréma***), used in linguistics and also [classical scholarship](/source/Classics), describes the form of both the umlaut diacritic and the diaeresis rather than their function and is used in those contexts to refer to either. ## Uses ### Diaeresis Main article: [Diaeresis (diacritic)](/source/Diaeresis_(diacritic)) As the "diaeresis" diacritic, it is used to mark the separation of two distinct vowels in adjacent syllables when an instance of [diaeresis (or hiatus)](/source/Hiatus_(linguistics)) occurs, so as to distinguish from a [digraph](/source/Digraph_(orthography)) or [diphthong](/source/Diphthong). For example, in the obsolete spelling *coöperate*, the diaeresis reminded the reader that the word has four syllables *co-op-er-ate*, not three. It is used in several languages of western and southern Europe, though rarely now in English.[2] One well-known usage is in [French](/source/French_language): the diaeresis is obligatory in *naïve* to show that the pronunciation is [na.iv], not [nɛv]. ### Umlaut Main article: [Umlaut (diacritic)](/source/Umlaut_(diacritic)) As the "umlaut" diacritic, it indicates a [sound shift](/source/Sound_shift) – also known as [umlaut](/source/Umlaut_(linguistics)) – in which a [back vowel](/source/Back_vowel) becomes a [front vowel](/source/Front_vowel). It is a specific feature of [German](/source/German_language) and other Germanic languages, affecting the graphemes ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩ and ⟨au⟩, which are modified to ⟨[ä](/source/%C3%84)⟩, ⟨[ö](/source/%C3%96)⟩, ⟨[ü](/source/%C3%9C)⟩ and ⟨äu⟩. It can be seen in the [Sütterlin](/source/S%C3%BCtterlin) script, formerly used widely in German handwriting, in which the letter *e* is formed as two short parallel vertical lines very close together (see under [Sütterlin#Characteristics](/source/S%C3%BCtterlin#Characteristics)). ### Stylistic use The two dot diacritic is also sometimes used for purely stylistic reasons. For example, the [Brontë family](/source/Bront%C3%AB_family)'s surname was derived from [Gaelic](/source/Irish_Gaelic) and had been [anglicised](/source/Anglicisation) as "Prunty", or "Brunty", but at some point, the father of the sisters, [Patrick Brontë](/source/Patrick_Bront%C3%AB) (born Brunty), decided on the alternative spelling with a diaeresis diacritic over the terminal ⟨e⟩ to indicate that the name had two syllables. Similarly, the "[metal umlaut](/source/Metal_umlaut)" is a diacritic that is sometimes used gratuitously or decoratively over letters in the names of [hard rock](/source/Hard_rock) or [heavy metal](/source/Heavy_metal_music) bands – for example, those of [Motörhead](/source/Mot%C3%B6rhead) and [Mötley Crüe](/source/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe), and of parody bands, such as [Spın̈al Tap](/source/Spinal_Tap_(band)). ### Other uses by language A double dot is also used as a diacritic in cases where it functions as neither a diaeresis nor an umlaut. In the [International Phonetic Alphabet](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet) (IPA), a double dot above a letter is used for a [centralized vowel](/source/Centralization_(phonetics)), a situation more similar to umlaut than to diaeresis. In other languages it is used for vowel length, nasalization, tone, and various other uses where diaeresis or umlaut was available typographically. The IPA uses a double dot below a letter to indicate [breathy (murmured) voice](/source/Breathy_voice).[3][b] #### Vowels - In [Albanian](/source/Albanian_language), [Tagalog](/source/Tagalog_language), [Kashubian](/source/Kashubian_language), and [Luxembourgish](/source/Luxembourgish) ⟨ë⟩ represents a [schwa](/source/Schwa) [ə]. - In [Aymara](/source/Aymara_language), a double dot is used on ⟨ä⟩ ⟨ï⟩ ⟨ü⟩ for [vowel length](/source/Vowel_length). - In the Basque dialect of Soule, ⟨ü⟩ represents [y] - In the DMG romanization of [Tunisian Arabic](/source/Tunisian_Arabic), ⟨ä⟩, ⟨ö⟩, ⟨ṏ⟩, ⟨ü⟩, and ⟨ṻ⟩ represent [æ], [œ], [œ̃], [y], and [y:]. - In [Ligurian](/source/Ligurian_(Romance_language)) official orthography, ⟨ö⟩ is used to represent the sound [oː]. - In [Māori](/source/M%C4%81ori_language), a diaeresis (e.g. *wähine*) was often used on computers in the past instead of the [macron](/source/Macron_(diacritic)) to indicate long vowels, as the diaeresis was relatively easy to produce on many systems, and the macron difficult or impossible.[4][5] - In [Seneca](/source/Seneca_language), ⟨ë⟩ ⟨ö⟩ are [nasal vowels](/source/Nasal_vowel), though ⟨ä⟩ is [ɛ], as in German umlaut. - In [Vurës](/source/Vur%C3%ABs_language) (Vanuatu), ⟨ë⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ encode respectively [œ] and [ø]. - In the [Pahawh Hmong](/source/Pahawh_Hmong) script, a double dot is used as one of several tone marks. - The double dot was used in the [early Cyrillic alphabet](/source/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet), which was used to write [Old Church Slavonic](/source/Old_Church_Slavonic). The modern [Cyrillic](/source/Cyrillic) [Belarusian](/source/Belarusian_alphabet) and [Russian](/source/Russian_alphabet) alphabets include the letter ⟨ё⟩ (*[yo](/source/Yo_(Cyrillic))*), although replacing it with the letter ⟨[е](/source/%D0%95)⟩ without the diacritic is allowed in Russian. - Since the 1870s, ⟨Ї⟩, ⟨ї⟩ ([Cyrillic letter *yi*](/source/Yi_(Cyrillic))) has been used in the [Ukrainian alphabet](/source/Ukrainian_alphabet) for [iotated](/source/Iotated) [ji]; plain [і](/source/%D0%86) is not iotated [i]. In [Udmurt](/source/Udmurt_language), [ӥ](/source/%D3%A4) is used for uniotated [i], with [и](/source/%D0%98) for iotated [ji]. - The form ⟨ÿ⟩ is common in [Dutch](/source/Dutch_orthography) handwriting and also occasionally used in printed text – but is a form of [the digraph "ij"](/source/IJ_(digraph)) rather than a modification of the letter ⟨y⟩. - [Komi](/source/Komi_language) and [Udmurt](/source/Udmurt_language) use ⟨[Ӧ](/source/O_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic))⟩ (a Cyrillic O with two dots) for [\[ə\]](/source/Mid_central_vowel). - The [Swedish](/source/Swedish_language), [Finnish](/source/Finnish_language) and [Estonian](/source/Estonian_language) languages use ⟨[Ä](/source/%C3%84)⟩ and ⟨[Ö](/source/%C3%96)⟩ to represent [\[æ\]](/source/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel) and [\[ø\]](/source/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel) - In the languages of [J.R.R. Tolkien](/source/J.R.R._Tolkien)'s *[Middle-Earth](/source/Middle-Earth)* novels, a diaeresis is used to separate vowels belonging to different syllables (e.g. in *[Eärendil](/source/E%C3%A4rendil)*) and on final e to mark it as *not* a [schwa](/source/Schwa) or silent (e.g. in *[Manwë](/source/Manw%C3%AB_(Middle-earth))*, *[Aulë](/source/Aul%C3%AB)*, *[Oromë](/source/Orom%C3%AB)*, etc.). (There is no schwa in these languages but Tolkien wanted to make sure that readers wouldn't mistakenly pronounce one when speaking the names aloud.)[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] #### Consonants [Jacaltec](/source/Jacaltec) (a [Mayan](/source/Mayan_languages) language) and [Malagasy](/source/Malagasy_language) are among the very few languages with a double dot on the letter "n"; in both, [n̈](/source/N%CC%88) is the [velar nasal](/source/Velar_nasal) [ŋ]. In [Udmurt](/source/Udmurt_language), a double dot is also used with the consonant letters [ӝ](/source/%D3%9C) [dʒ] (from ж [ʒ]), [ӟ](/source/%D3%9E) [dʑ] (from з [z] ~ [ʑ]) and [ӵ](/source/%D3%B4) [tʃ] (from ч [tɕ]). When distinction is important, [Ḧ](/source/%E1%B8%A6) and [ẍ](/source/%E1%BA%8C) are used for representing [ħ] and [ɣ] in the Kurdish [Kurmanji alphabet](/source/Kurmanji_alphabet) (which are otherwise represented by "h" and "x"). These sounds are borrowed from Arabic. [Ẅ](/source/%E1%BA%84) and [ÿ](/source/%C5%B8): *Ÿ* is generally a vowel, but it is used as the (semi-vowel) consonant [ɰ] (a [w] without the use of the lips) in [Tlingit](/source/Tlingit_language). This sound is also found in [Coast Tsimshian](/source/Coast_Tsimshian), where it is written [ẅ](/source/%E1%BA%84). A number of languages in [Vanuatu](/source/Vanuatu) use double dots on consonants, to represent [linguolabial](/source/Linguolabial_consonant) (or "apicolabial") phonemes in their orthography. Thus [Araki](/source/Araki_language#Consonants) contrasts bilabial *p* [p] with linguolabial *p̈* [t̼]; bilabial *m* [m] with linguolabial *m̈* [n̼]; and bilabial *v* [β] with linguolabial *v̈* [ð̼]. In [Arabic](/source/Arabic) the letter [ẗ](/source/T%CC%88) is used in the [ISO 233](/source/ISO_233) transliteration for the [tāʾ marbūṭah](/source/T%C4%81%CA%BE_marb%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADah) [ة], used to mark feminine gender in nouns and adjectives. [Syriac](/source/Syriac_language) uses a two dots above a letter, called [Siyame](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siyame&action=edit&redlink=1), to indicate that the word should be understood as plural. For instance, ܒܝܬܐ (*bayta*) means "house", while ܒܝ̈ܬܐ (*bayte*) means "houses". The sign is used especially when no vowel marks are present, which could differentiate between the two forms. Although the origin of the [Siyame](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siyame&action=edit&redlink=1) is different from that of the diaeresis sign, in modern computer systems both are represented by the same Unicode character. This, however, often leads to wrong rendering of the Syriac text. The [N'Ko script](/source/N'Ko_script), used to write the [Mandé languages](/source/Mande_languages) of [West Africa](/source/West_Africa) uses a two-dot diacritic (among others) to represent non-native sounds. The dots are slightly larger than those used for diaeresis or umlaut. #### Diacritic underneath See also: [Romanization](/source/Romanization) The IPA specifies a "subscript umlaut", for example Hindi [kʊm̤ar] "potter";[3]: 25 the [ALA-LC romanization](/source/ALA-LC_romanization) system provides for its use and is one of the [main schemes to romanize Persian](/source/Romanization_of_Persian#Main_romanization_schemes) (for example, rendering ⟨ض⟩ as ⟨z̤⟩). The notation was used to write some Asian languages in Latin script, for example [Red Karen](/source/Red_Karen_language). The double-dot underneath a vowel is still used in [Fuzhou romanization](/source/B%C3%A0ng-u%C3%A2-c%C3%AA) of [Eastern Min](/source/Eastern_Min) to indicate a modified vowel sound; placing the modifier diacritic underneath the vowel letter makes it easier to combine it with tonal diacritics above the letter, as in the word Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ ("Eastern Min language"). #### Side dots In [historical Hangul punctuation](/source/Korean_punctuation), the diacritics **〮** and **〯** , known as *bangjeom* or *pangchŏm* (방점; 傍點), were used to mark supposed tones or pitch accents. They were written to the left of a syllable in vertical writing and above a syllable in horizontal writing.[6] ## Computer encodings ### In Unicode [Unicode](/source/Unicode) only contains one code point for each [precomposed character](/source/Precomposed_character) with a "two-dot over diacritic", regardless of whether it is used for an umlaut or a diaeresis or for some other purpose, and uses diaeresis in the code point name. The following are provided: - Diaeresis ◌̈ ◌̤ **Latin**: [Ä ä](/source/%C3%84) - [Ǟ ǟ](/source/%C3%84) - [C̈ c̈](/source/C%CC%88) - [Ë ë](/source/%C3%8B) - Ḧ ḧ - [Ï ï](/source/%C3%8F) - [Ḯ ḯ](/source/%C3%8D) - [J̈ j̈](/source/J%CC%88) - K̈ k̈ - L̈ l̈ - M̈ m̈ - [N̈ n̈](/source/N-diaeresis) - [Ö ö](/source/%C3%96) - [Ȫ ȫ](/source/Livonian_language) - [Ǫ̈ ǫ](/source/Ogonek)̈ - [Ṏ ṏ](/source/%C3%96) - [S̈ s̈](/source/S%CC%88) - [T̈ ẗ](/source/T-diaeresis) - [Ü ü](/source/%C3%9C) - [Ǖ ǖ](/source/%C3%9C) - [Ǘ ǘ](/source/%C3%9C) - [Ǚ ǚ](/source/%C3%9C) - [Ǜ ǜ](/source/%C3%9C) - Ṳ ṳ - [Ṻ ṻ](/source/%C3%9C) - [ᴞ](/source/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet) - Ẅ ẅ - Ẍ ẍ - [Ÿ ÿ](/source/%C5%B8) **Greek**: [Ϊ ϊ](/source/Greek_diacritics) - [Ϊ́ ΐ](/source/Greek_diacritics) - [Ϊ̀ ῒ](/source/Greek_diacritics) - [Ϊ͂ ῗ](/source/Greek_diacritics) - [Ϋ ϋ](/source/Greek_diacritics) - [Ϋ́ ΰ](/source/Greek_diacritics) - [Ϋ̀ ῢ](/source/Greek_diacritics) - [Ϋ͂ ῧ](/source/Greek_diacritics) - [ϔ](/source/Upsilon) **Cyrillic**: [Ӓ ӓ](/source/A_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)) - [Ё ё](/source/Yo_(Cyrillic)) - [Ӛ ӛ](/source/Schwa_with_diaeresis) - [Ӝ ӝ](/source/Zhe_with_diaeresis) - [Ӟ ӟ](/source/Ze_with_diaeresis) - [Ӥ ӥ](/source/I_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)) - [Ї ї](/source/Yi_(Cyrillic)) - [Ӧ ӧ](/source/O_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)) - [Ӫ ӫ](/source/Oe_with_diaeresis) - [Ӱ ӱ](/source/U_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)) - [Ӵ ӵ](/source/Che_with_diaeresis) - [Ӹ ӹ](/source/Yer%C3%BD_with_diaeresis) - [Ӭ ӭ](/source/E_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)) In addition, many more symbols may be composed using the [combining character](/source/Combining_character) facility, U+0308 ◌̈ [COMBINING DIAERESIS](/source/Combining_character), that may be used with any letter or other diacritic to create a customised symbol. When the letter to be accented is an ⟨i⟩, the diacritic replaces the [tittle](/source/Tittle), thus: ⟨ï⟩. Compound diacritics are possible, for example U+01DA ǚ LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS AND CARON, used as a [tonal marks for Hanyu Pinyin](/source/%C3%9C#Tonal_marks_for_Hanyu_Pinyin), which uses both a two dots diacritic with a [caron](/source/Caron) diacritic. Conversely, Sometimes, there's a need to distinguish between the umlaut sign and the diaeresis sign. For instance, either may [appear in a German name](/source/German_orthography#Umlaut_diacritic_usage). ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 recommends the following for these cases:[7] - To represent the **umlaut** use the Combining Diaeresis (U+0308) - To represent the **diaeresis** use [Combining Grapheme Joiner](/source/Combining_Grapheme_Joiner) (CGJ, U+034F) + Combining Diaeresis (U+0308) The same advice can be found in the official Unicode FAQ.[8] Since version 3.2.0, Unicode also provides U+0364 ◌ͤ COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER E which can produce the older umlaut typography. Unicode provides a combining double dot below as U+0324 ◌̤ COMBINING DIAERESIS BELOW. For use with the [N'Ko script](/source/N'Ko_script), there is U+07F3 ◌߳ NKO COMBINING DOUBLE DOT ABOVE. For compatibility with legacy character sets there is also a free-standing U+00A8 ¨ DIAERESIS. Presumably this existed for 'backspace and overtype' usage. ### Pre-Unicode For broader coverage of this topic, see [Western Latin character sets (computing)](/source/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)). [ASCII](/source/ASCII), a seven-bit code with just 95 "printable" characters, has no provision for any kind of dot diacritic. Subsequent standardisation treated ASCII as the US national variant of [ISO/IEC 646](/source/ISO%2FIEC_646): the French, German and other national variants [reassigned a few code points](/source/ISO%2FIEC_646#Variant_comparison_chart) to specific vowels with diacritics, as precomposed characters. Some of these variants also defined the sequence e,backspace," as producing ë but few terminals supported this. The subsequent (eight bit) [ISO 8859-1](/source/ISO_8859-1) character encoding includes the letters *ä*, *ë*, *ï*, *ö*, *ü*, and their respective [capital](/source/Majuscule) forms, as well as *ÿ* in [lower case](/source/Lower_case) only, with *Ÿ* added in the revised edition [ISO 8859-15](/source/ISO_8859-15) and [Windows-1252](/source/Windows-1252). ## Computer usage Letters with umlaut on a [German computer keyboard](/source/German_keyboard). [Character encoding](/source/Character_encoding) generally treats the umlaut and the diaeresis as the same diacritic mark. [Unicode](/source/Unicode) refers to both as diaereses without making any distinction, although the term itself [has a more precise literary meaning](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diaeresis). For example, U+00F6 ö LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS represents both *o-umlaut* and *o-diaeresis*, while similar codes are used to represent all such cases. In countries where the local language(s) routinely include letters with diacritics, local keyboards are typically engraved with those symbols. If letters with double dots are not present on the keyboard, there are a number of ways to input them into a computer system. (For details, see local sources, computer system documentation and the article [Unicode input](/source/Unicode_input).) ## See also - [Dot (diacritic)](/source/Dot_(diacritic)) - [Two dots (disambiguation)](/source/Two_dots_(disambiguation)) - [English terms with diacritical marks](/source/English_terms_with_diacritical_marks) ## Notes 1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** The diacritic is referred to in Unicode as a [diaeresis](/source/Diaeresis_(diacritic)), without distinction, although the term has a [more precise literary meaning](/source/Diaeresis_(prosody)). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** The *IPA Handbook* calls the mark "subscript umlaut", in contrast with the [Unicode Consortium](/source/Unicode_Consortium)'s choice of "diaeresis below". ## References 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Unicode5.0_2-0)** *The Unicode Standard v 5.0*. San Francisco: Addison-Wesley. 2006. p. 228. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-321-48091-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-48091-0). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Baum, Dan (16 December 2010). ["The New Yorker's odd mark — the diaeresis"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101216160024/http://dscriber.com/news/121-the-new-yorkers-odd-mark-the-diaeresis). *Dscriber*. Trade Secrets. Archived from [the original](http://dscriber.com/news/121-the-new-yorkers-odd-mark-the-diaeresis) on 16 December 2010. Among the many mysteries of The New Yorker is that funny little umlaut over words like coöperate and reëlect. The New Yorker seems to be the only publication on the planet that uses it, and I always found it a little pretentious until I did some research. Turns out, it's not an umlaut. It's a diaeresis. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-IPA_below_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-IPA_below_4-1) International Phonetic Association (2021). *Handbook of the International Phonetic Association : a guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780521652360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521652360).. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-macrons_6-0)** ["Māori Orthographic Conventions"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090906110915/http://www.tetaurawhiri.govt.nz/english/pub_e/conventions3.shtml#Part_One_). Māori Language Commission. Archived from [the original](http://www.tetaurawhiri.govt.nz/english/pub_e/conventions3.shtml#Part_One_) on 2009-09-06. Retrieved 11 June 2010. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Māori language on the internet"](https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/matauranga-hangarau-information-technology/3). *[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand](/source/Te_Ara%3A_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand)*. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** 정연찬. [방점 (傍點)](https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0021781). *[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture](/source/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture)* (in Korean). [Academy of Korean Studies](/source/Academy_of_Korean_Studies). Retrieved 2025-09-29. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Kaplan, Michael S (4 September 2006). ["Every character has a story #24: U+0308 (COMBINING DIAERESIS)"](http://archives.miloush.net/michkap/archive/2006/09/04/738263.html). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Characters and Combining Marks | Q: Unicode doesn't seem to distinguish between tréma and umlaut, but I need to distinguish. What shall I do?"](https://unicode.org/faq/char_combmark.html#18). Unicode Consortium. ## External links Look up ***[ä](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A4)***, ***[Ë](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%8B)***, ***[ë](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%AB)***, or ***[ö](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%B6)*** in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. v t e Diacritics In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek ◌́ ◌̋ acute and Roman apex, double acute ◌̆ ◌̑ breve, inverted breve ◌̌ caron, háček ◌̧ cedilla ◌̂ circumflex ◌̈ diaeresis, umlaut, other ◌̇ ◌̣ dot ◌̀ ◌̏ grave, double grave ◌̉ hook above ◌̡ ◌̢ palatal hook, retroflex hook ◌̛ horn ◌ͅ iota subscript ◌̄ macron ◌̨ ogonek, nosinė ◌̊ ◌̥ overring, underring ◌͗ sicilicus ◌̃ tilde, perispomene ◌᷃ Vietnamese tilde ◌῾ ◌᾿ rough breathing, smooth breathing In Early Cyrillic ◌҄ palatalization sign ◌҇ pokrytie ◌҃ titlo In Indic ं ং ଂ ം anusvara ऽ ঽ ଽ ఽ ഽ ྅ avagraha ँ ఁ ྃ chandrabindu ़ nuqta ् ് ్ ್ ් ် virama ः ঃ ଃ ஃ visarga In other scripts Arabic diacritics Greek diacritics Gurmukhī diacritics Hebrew diacritics diacritics in IPA Japanese kana diacritics ◌゙ ◌゚ dakuten, handakuten Khmer diacritics Syriac diacritics Thai diacritics Marks used as diacritics ’ apostrophe / bar : colon , comma . full stop/period ˗ hyphen ′ prime Non-diacritic uses ^ caret ° degree symbol ~ tilde § Mathematics In Unicode ◌ dotted circle (placeholder glyph character) combining character § Unicode ranges See also: English terms with diacritical marks Metal umlaut Punctuation marks Category: Diacritics v t e Latin script History Spread Romanization Roman numerals Ligatures Alphabets (list) Classical Latin alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet Phonetic alphabets International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA Spelling alphabet Letters (list) Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Additional Latin letters Æ æ Ɑ ɑ Ʌ ʌ Ꞵ ꞵ Ð ð Ɛ ɛ Ə ə Ǝ ə Ɣ ɣ Ƣ ƣ Ɩ ɩ Ɥ ɥ Ꟛ ꟛ Ŋ ŋ Œ œ Ɔ ɔ Ɤ ɤ Kʼ ĸ Ʀ ʀ ẞ ß Ʃ ʃ Ɯ ɯ Ʊ ʊ Ꞷ ꞷ Ʋ ʋ Ƿ ƿ Ȝ ȝ ϴ θ Ʒ ʒ Ƹ ƹ Þ þ Ȣ ȣ Ꭓ ꭓ Ɂ ʔ ɂ ꟎ ʕ ꟏ ǀ ǁ ǂ ǃ ʘ ʻ ʼ Ꞌ ꞌ Ƨ ƨ Ꜫ ꜫ Ꜭ ꜭ Ƽ ƽ Ƅ ƅ 7 Letters using umlaut or diaeresis sign ( ◌̈, ◌̤ ) Ää C̈c̈ Ëë Ḧḧ Ï ï N̈n̈ Öö S̈s̈ T̈ẗ Üü Ṳṳ Ẅẅ Ẍẍ Ÿÿ Multigraphs Digraphs Ch Dz Dž Gh IJ Lj Ll Ly Nh Nj Ny Sh Sz Th Trigraphs dzs eau Tetragraphs ough Keyboard layouts (list) QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY Dvorak Colemak BÉPO Neo Historical standards ISO/IEC 646 Western Latin character sets Current standards Unicode DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe Lists Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode Letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks Diacritics Palaeography --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Two dots (diacritic)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)?action=history)). 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