# Turmeric

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Plant used as spice

This article is about the plant and rhizome used as a spice. For other uses, see [Turmeric (disambiguation)](/source/Turmeric_(disambiguation)).

"Haridra" redirects here. For the river in India, see [Haridra River](/source/Haridra_River).

Turmeric Inflorescence of Curcuma longa Turmeric rhizome and powder Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Clade: Commelinids Order: Zingiberales Family: Zingiberaceae Genus: Curcuma Species: C. longa Binomial name Curcuma longa L.[1] Synonyms Curcuma domestica Valeton

**Turmeric** ([/ˈtɜːrmərɪk, ˈtjuː-/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English)),[2][3] or ***Curcuma longa*** ([/ˈkɜːrkjʊmə ˈlɒŋɡə/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English)),[4][5] is a [flowering plant](/source/Flowering_plant) in the [ginger](/source/Ginger) family [Zingiberaceae](/source/Zingiberaceae). It is a [perennial](/source/Perennial), [rhizomatous](/source/Rhizomatous), [herbaceous plant](/source/Herbaceous_plant) native to the [Indian subcontinent](/source/Indian_subcontinent) and [Southeast Asia](/source/Southeast_Asia) that requires temperatures between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F) and high [annual rainfall](/source/Annual_rainfall_in_india) to thrive. Plants are gathered each year for their [rhizomes](/source/Rhizome), some for propagation in the following season and some for consumption or [dyeing](/source/Dye).[6]

The rhizomes can be used fresh, but they are often boiled in water and dried, after which they are ground into a deep orange-yellow shelf-stable spice powder commonly used as a [coloring](/source/Food_coloring#Natural_food_dyes) and flavoring agent in many [Asian cuisines](/source/Asian_cuisine), especially for [curries](/source/Curry) ([curry powder](/source/Curry_powder)). Turmeric powder has a warm, bitter, [black pepper](/source/Black_pepper)-like flavor and earthy, [mustard](/source/Mustard_plant)-like [aroma](/source/Aroma).[7]

Although long used in [Ayurvedic medicine](/source/Ayurvedic_medicine), there is no [high-quality clinical evidence](/source/Evidence-based_medicine) that consuming turmeric or the principal turmeric constituent, [curcumin](/source/Curcumin), is effective for treating any disease.[8][9] Curcumin, a bright yellow chemical produced by the turmeric plant, is approved as a [food additive](/source/Food_additive) by the [World Health Organization](/source/World_Health_Organization), [European Union](/source/European_Union), and United States [Food and Drug Administration](/source/Food_and_Drug_Administration).[6] Turmeric and its extract curcumin are generally safe but have recently been linked, especially in high-[bioavailability](/source/Bioavailability) forms, to rare cases of [immune-mediated](/source/Immune_disorder) [acute liver injury](/source/Acute_liver_failure) that typically resolve after stopping use, though severe outcomes can occur if use continues.[10][11]

Botanical view of *Curcuma longa*

## Origin and distribution

The greatest diversity of *[Curcuma](/source/Curcuma)* species by number alone is in [India](/source/India), at around 40 to 45 species. [Thailand](/source/Thailand) has a comparable 30 to 40 species. Other countries in tropical Asia also have numerous wild species of *Curcuma*. Recent studies have also shown that the taxonomy of *C. longa* is problematic, with only the specimens from South India being identifiable as *C. longa*. The phylogeny, relationships, intraspecific and interspecific variation, and even identity of other species and cultivars in other parts of the world still need to be established and validated. Various species currently utilized and sold as "turmeric" in other parts of Asia have been shown to belong to several physically similar taxa, with overlapping local names.[12][13]

## History

Turmeric has been used in Asia for centuries and is a major part of [Ayurveda](/source/Ayurveda), [Siddha medicine](/source/Siddha_medicine), [traditional Chinese medicine](/source/Traditional_Chinese_medicine), [Unani](/source/Unani),[14] and the animistic rituals of [Austronesian peoples](/source/Austronesian_peoples).[15][16] It was first used as a [dye](/source/Dye), and then later for its supposed properties in [folk medicine](/source/Traditional_medicine).[8][9]

In India, it spread with Hinduism and Buddhism, as the yellow dye is used to color the robes of monks and priests.[17]

In [Maritime Southeast Asia](/source/Maritime_Southeast_Asia), there is linguistic and circumstantial evidence of the ancient use of turmeric among the [Austronesian peoples](/source/Austronesian_peoples) soon after dispersal from [Taiwan](/source/Taiwan) (starting c. 3000 BCE), before contact with India. In [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia) and the [Philippines](/source/Philippines), turmeric was used for food, dyeing textiles, medicine, as well as body painting. It was commonly an important ingredient in various animistic rituals. Kikusawa and Reid (2007) have concluded that **kunij*, the oldest reconstructed [Proto-Malayo-Polynesian](/source/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian) form for "turmeric" in the Austronesian languages, is primarily associated with the importance of its use as a dye. Other members of the genus *Curcuma* native to Southeast Asia (like *[Curcuma zedoaria](/source/Curcuma_zedoaria)*) were also used for food and spice, but not as dyes.[15]

Turmeric (along with *[Curcuma zedoaria](/source/Curcuma_zedoaria)*) was also spread with the [Lapita people](/source/Lapita_people) of the [Austronesian expansion](/source/Austronesian_expansion) into [Oceania](/source/Oceania). Turmeric can only be propagated with rhizomes, thus its pre-contact distribution into the [Pacific Islands](/source/Pacific_Islands) can only be via human introduction. The populations in [Micronesia](/source/Micronesia), [Island Melanesia](/source/Island_Melanesia), and [Polynesia](/source/Polynesia) (including as far as [Hawaii](/source/Hawaii) and [Easter Island](/source/Easter_Island)) use turmeric widely for both food and dye before European contact.[15][16][17] In [Micronesia](/source/Micronesia), it was an important trade item in the *[sawei](/source/Sawei)* maritime exchange between [Yap](/source/Yap) and further [atolls](/source/Atoll) in the [Carolines](/source/Caroline_Islands), where it could not grow. In some smaller islands, the dye was extracted from the leaves, since the rhizomes remained too small in sandy soils. It was also carried by the Austronesian migrations to [Madagascar](/source/Madagascar).[15]

Turmeric was found in [Farmana](/source/Farmana), dating to between 2600 and 2200 BCE, and in a merchant's tomb in [Megiddo, Israel](/source/Megiddo%2C_Israel), dating from the second millennium BCE.[18] It was noted as a dye plant in the [Assyrians](/source/Assyria)' cuneiform medical texts from [Ashurbanipal](/source/Ashurbanipal)'s library at Nineveh from 7th century BCE.[17] In [Medieval Europe](/source/Medieval_Europe), turmeric was called "Indian [saffron](/source/Saffron)."[17]

## Etymology

The name possibly derives from [Middle English](/source/Middle_English) or Early Modern English as *turmeryte* or *tarmaret*. It may be of [Latin](/source/Latin) origin, *terra merita* ("deserved earth").[4] The Latin specific epithet *longa* means long.[19]

## Description

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Turmeric is a [perennial](/source/Perennial_plant) [herbaceous plant](/source/Herbaceous_plant) that reaches up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall.[1] It has highly branched, yellow to orange, cylindrical, aromatic rhizomes.[1]

The leaves are [alternate](/source/Phyllotaxis#Leaf_arrangement) and arranged in two rows. They are divided into leaf sheath, [petiole](/source/Petiole_(botany)), and leaf blade.[1] From the leaf sheaths, a false stem is formed. The petiole is 50 to 115 cm (20–45 in) long. The simple leaf blades are usually 76 to 115 cm (30–45 in) long and rarely up to 230 cm (7 ft 7 in). They have a width of 38 to 45 cm (15 to 17+1⁄2 in) and are oblong to elliptical, narrowing at the tip.[1]

### Inflorescence, flower, and fruit

At the top of the inflorescence, stem bracts are present on which no flowers occur; these are white to green and sometimes tinged reddish-purple, and the upper ends are tapered.[20]

The [hermaphrodite](/source/Hermaphrodite_(botany)) flowers are [zygomorphic](/source/Zygomorphic) and threefold. The three [sepals](/source/Sepal) are 0.8 to 1.2 cm (3⁄8 to 1⁄2 in) long, fused, and white, and have fluffy hairs; the three [calyx](/source/Sepal) teeth are unequal. The three bright-yellow [petals](/source/Petal) are fused into a [corolla](/source/Corolla_(flower)) tube up to 3 cm (1+1⁄4 in) long. The three corolla lobes have a length of 1.0 to 1.5 cm (3⁄8–5⁄8 in) and are triangular with soft-spiny upper ends. While the average corolla lobe is larger than the two lateral, only the median [stamen](/source/Stamen) of the inner circle is fertile. The dust bag is spurred at its base. All other stamens are converted to [staminodes](/source/Staminode). The outer staminodes are shorter than the [labellum](/source/Labellum_(botany)). The labellum is yellowish, with a yellow ribbon in its center and it is [obovate](/source/Obovate), with a length from 1.2 to 2.0 cm (1⁄2 to 3⁄4 in). Three [carpels](/source/Carpels) are under a constant, trilobed ovary adherent, which is sparsely hairy. The fruit capsule opens with three compartments.[21][22]

In [East Asia](/source/East_Asia), the flowering time is usually in August. Terminally on the false stem is an [inflorescence](/source/Inflorescence) stem, 12 to 20 cm (4+1⁄2 to 8 in) long, containing many flowers. The [bracts](/source/Bract) are light green and ovate to oblong with a blunt upper end with a length of 3 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in).[20]

		- *Curcuma domestica* Valeton, a drawing by A. Bernecker around 1860

		- Turmeric farm on [Deccan Plateau](/source/Deccan_Plateau)

		- Turmeric flower

## Phytochemistry

Curcumin [keto](/source/Ketone) form

Curcumin [enol](/source/Enol) form

Turmeric powder is about 67% [carbohydrates](/source/Carbohydrates), 12% water, 9% [protein](/source/Protein_(nutrient)), 3% [fat](/source/Fat)[23], 3–7% [dietary minerals](/source/Dietary_minerals), 3–7% [essential oils](/source/Essential_oil), 22% [dietary fiber](/source/Dietary_fiber), and 1–6% [curcuminoids](/source/Curcuminoid).[8][*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)*] The golden yellow color of turmeric is due to curcumin.[6]

[Phytochemical](/source/Phytochemistry) components of turmeric include [diarylheptanoids](/source/Diarylheptanoid), a class including numerous curcuminoids, such as [curcumin](/source/Curcumin), [demethoxycurcumin](/source/Demethoxycurcumin), and [bisdemethoxycurcumin](/source/Bisdemethoxycurcumin).[8][6] Curcumin constitutes an average of 3.14% by weight of assayed commercial samples of turmeric powder; curry powder contains much less (an average of 0.29%).[24] Some 34 essential oils are present in turmeric, among which [turmerone](/source/Turmerone), [germacrone](/source/Germacrone), atlantone, and [zingiberene](/source/Zingiberene) are major constituents.[25][26][27]

## Uses

### Culinary

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Turmeric is one of the key ingredients in many Asian dishes, imparting a mustard-like, earthy aroma and pungent, slightly bitter flavor to foods.[7] It is used mostly in savory dishes, but also is used in some sweet dishes, such as the Lebanese cake *[sfouf](/source/Sfouf)*. In India, turmeric leaf is used to prepare special sweet dishes, *[patoleo](/source/Patoleo)*, by layering rice flour and [coconut](/source/Coconut)-[jaggery](/source/Jaggery) mixture on the leaf, then closing and steaming it in a special utensil (*chondrõ*).[28]

Most turmeric is used in the form of [rhizome](/source/Rhizome) powder to impart a golden yellow color.[7] It is used in many products such as canned beverages, baked products, dairy products, ice cream, yogurt, yellow cakes, orange juice, biscuits, popcorn, cereals and sauces. It is a principal ingredient in curry powders.[7][29] Although typically used in its dried, powdered form, turmeric also is used fresh, like ginger.[29]

Turmeric is used widely as a spice in South Asian and Middle Eastern cooking. Various [Iranian](/source/Iranian_cuisine) *[khoresh](/source/Khoresh)* recipes begin with onions [caramelized](/source/Caramelization) in oil and turmeric. The [Moroccan](/source/Moroccan_cuisine) spice mix [ras el hanout](/source/Ras_el_hanout) typically includes turmeric. In South Africa, turmeric is used to give boiled white rice a golden color, known as *geelrys* (yellow rice) traditionally served with [bobotie](/source/Bobotie). In [Vietnamese cuisine](/source/Vietnamese_cuisine), turmeric powder is used to color and enhance the flavors of certain dishes, such as *[bánh xèo](/source/B%C3%A1nh_x%C3%A8o)*, *bánh khọt*, and *[mì Quảng](/source/M%C3%AC_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng)*. The staple [Cambodian](/source/Cambodian_cuisine) curry paste, *[kroeung](/source/Kroeung)*, used in many dishes, including [fish amok](/source/Fish_amok), typically contains fresh turmeric. In [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia), turmeric leaves are used for [Minang](/source/Minangkabau_people) or [Padang](/source/Padang_cuisine) curry base of [Sumatra](/source/Sumatra), such as *[rendang](/source/Rendang)*, *[sate padang](/source/Sate_padang)*, and many other varieties. In the [Philippines](/source/Philippines), turmeric is used in the preparation and cooking of *[kuning](/source/Kuning)*, *[satti](/source/Satay)*, and some variants of *[adobo](/source/Philippine_adobo)*. In [Thailand](/source/Thailand), fresh turmeric rhizomes are used widely in many dishes, in particular in the southern [Thai cuisine](/source/Thai_cuisine), such as yellow curry and turmeric soup.

In a traditional Indian beverage known as *haldī dūdh* (हल्दी दूध),[*[verification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)*] [turmeric juice](/source/Turmeric_juice) or dried powder is added to heated cow milk or a [plant milk](/source/Plant_milk) with black pepper and [ghee](/source/Ghee), then served in some cafes as *golden milk* (also called *golden [latte](/source/Latte)*).[30][*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*]

Turmeric is approved for use in the European Union and other countries as a [food color](/source/Food_color), assigned the code [E100](/source/E_number).[6][29] Turmeric is used to give a yellow color to some prepared [mustards](/source/Mustard_(condiment)), canned chicken [broths](/source/Broth), and other foods—often as a less-expensive substitute for [saffron](/source/Saffron).[29][31] For oil-containing products, the turmeric [oleoresin](/source/Oleoresin) is used.[6]

		- Cleaning turmeric [rhizomes](/source/Rhizome) with boiling water

		- Drying turmeric rhizomes

		- Turmeric powder

		- Cooked vegetables with turmeric as one of its key ingredients, referred to as *Sabzi*, a dish from India

		- *Ganghwang-[bap](/source/Bap_(food))* (turmeric rice)

		- *[Patoleo](/source/Patoleo)* – sweet [rice cakes](/source/Rice_cake) steamed in turmeric leaves consisting of a filling of coconut and coconut palm sugar prepared in [Goan Catholic](/source/Goan_Catholic) style

### Traditional uses

[Khandoba](/source/Khandoba)'s newer temple in [Jejuri](/source/Jejuri), where devotees shower turmeric powder (*bhandara*) on each other

In 2019, the [European Medicines Agency](/source/European_Medicines_Agency) concluded that although there was insufficient scientific evidence of efficacy, turmeric herbal [teas](/source/Turmeric_tea), or other forms taken by mouth, could be used to relieve mild digestive problems, such as feelings of fullness and [flatulence](/source/Flatulence), on the basis of their long-standing traditional use.[32]

Turmeric grows wild in the forests of South and Southeast Asia, where it is collected for use in classical Indian medicine (Siddha or Ayurveda).[8] In Eastern India, the plant is used as one of the nine components of *nabapatrika* along with young [plantain](/source/Plantain_(cooking)) or banana plant, [taro](/source/Taro) leaves, [barley](/source/Barley) (*jayanti*), [wood apple](/source/Aegle_marmelos) (*bilva*), [pomegranate](/source/Pomegranate) (*darimba*), *[Saraca indica](/source/Saraca_indica)*, *manaka* (*[Arum](/source/Arum)*), or *manakochu*, and rice paddy. The Haldi ceremony called *[gaye holud](/source/Gaye_holud)* in Bengal (literally "yellow on the body") is a ceremony observed during wedding celebrations of people of Indian culture all throughout the Indian subcontinent.[33]

In [Tamil Nadu](/source/Tamil_Nadu) and [Andhra Pradesh](/source/Andhra_Pradesh), as a part of the Tamil–Telugu marriage ritual, a dried turmeric tuber tied with a string is used to create a [Thali necklace](/source/Thali_necklace). In western and coastal India, during weddings of the [Marathi](/source/Marathi_people) and [Konkani people](/source/Konkani_people), [Kannada](/source/Kannada_people) [Brahmins](/source/Brahmins), turmeric tubers are tied with strings by the couple to their wrists during a ceremony, *Kankana Bandhana*.[34] In many Hindu communities, turmeric paste is applied to the bride and groom as part of pre-wedding festivities known as the haldi ceremony.[35]

Turmeric makes a poor fabric [dye](/source/Dye), as it is not [light fast](/source/Colour_fastness), but is commonly used in Indian clothing, such as [saris](/source/Sari) and [Buddhist monks' robes](/source/Kasaya_(clothing)).[3] During the late [Edo period](/source/Edo_period) (1603–1867), turmeric was used to dilute or substitute more expensive [safflower](/source/Safflower) dyestuff in the production of *[beni itajime shibori](/source/Shibori#Beni_itajime)*.[36]: 1 [Friedrich Ratzel](/source/Friedrich_Ratzel) reported in *The History of Mankind* during 1896, that in Micronesia, turmeric powder was applied for embellishment of body, clothing, utensils, and ceremonial uses.[37] [Native Hawaiians](/source/Native_Hawaiians) who introduced it to [Hawaii](/source/Hawaii) ([Hawaiian](/source/Hawaiian_language): *ʻōlena*) make a bright yellow dye out of it.[38]

### Indicator

Turmeric dispersed in water is yellow under acid and red under alkaline conditions

Turmeric paper, also called curcuma paper or in German literature *curcumapapier*, is paper steeped in a [tincture](/source/Tincture) of turmeric and allowed to dry. It is used in [chemical analysis](/source/Chemical_analysis) as a [pH indicator](/source/PH_indicator).[39] The paper is yellow in acidic and [neutral solutions](/source/Neutral_solution) and turns brown to reddish-brown in alkaline solutions, with transition between pH of 7.4 and 9.2.[40]

## Adulteration

As turmeric and other spices are commonly sold by weight, the potential exists for powders of toxic, cheaper agents with a similar color to be added, such as [lead(II,IV) oxide](/source/Lead(II%2CIV)_oxide) ("red lead"). These additives give turmeric an orange-red color instead of its native gold-yellow, and such conditions led the US [Food and Drug Administration](/source/Food_and_Drug_Administration) (FDA) to issue import alerts from 2013 to 2019 on turmeric originating in [India](/source/India) and [Bangladesh](/source/Bangladesh).[41] Imported into the United States in 2014 were approximately 5.4 million kilograms (12 million pounds) of turmeric, some of which was used for [food coloring](/source/Food_coloring), [traditional medicine](/source/Traditional_medicine), or [dietary supplement](/source/Dietary_supplement).[41] Lead detection in turmeric products led to [recalls](/source/Product_recall) across the United States, Canada, Japan, Korea, and the United Kingdom through 2016.[41]

[Lead chromate](/source/Lead_chromate), a bright yellow chemical compound, was found as an adulterant of turmeric in Bangladesh, where turmeric is used commonly in foods and the contamination levels were up to 500 times higher than the national limit.[42] Researchers identified a chain of sources adulterating the turmeric with lead chromate: from farmers to merchants selling low-grade turmeric roots to "polishers" who added lead chromate for yellow color enhancement, to [wholesalers](/source/Wholesale) for market distribution, all unaware of the potential consequences of lead toxicity.[42]

Another common adulterant in turmeric, [metanil yellow](/source/Metanil_yellow) (also known as acid yellow 36), is considered by the [British](/source/Great_Britain) [Food Standards Agency](/source/Food_Standards_Agency) as an illegal [dye](/source/Dye) for use in foods.[43]

## Medical research

See also: [Curcumin](/source/Curcumin)

Turmeric and curcumin have been studied in various, low-quality [clinical trials](/source/Clinical_trial), with no good evidence of an anti-disease effect or health benefit.[8][44][45][46] There is no scientific evidence that curcumin reduces [inflammation](/source/Inflammation), as of 2019[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turmeric&action=edit).[8][46] There is weak evidence that turmeric extracts may relieve symptoms of knee [osteoarthritis](/source/Osteoarthritis)[47] and lower muscle pain following physical exercise.[48]

Turmeric supplements are associated with rare but potentially serious liver injuries, particularly in [genetically susceptible](/source/Genetic_predisposition) individuals.[11]

## See also

- [*Alpinia zerumbet*](/source/Alpinia_zerumbet) – Species of flowering plant

- [*Curcuma xanthorrhiza*](/source/Curcuma_xanthorrhiza) – Species of flowering plantPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

- [*Curcuma zedoaria*](/source/Curcuma_zedoaria) – Species of flowering plant

- [Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia](/source/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia) – Ancient expansion of agriculture

- [*Etlingera elatior*](/source/Etlingera_elatior) – Species of herbaceous perennial plant

- [*Kaempferia galanga*](/source/Kaempferia_galanga) – Species of flowering plant

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-Siewek_21-0)** Siewek, F (2013). [*Exotische Gewürze Herkunft Verwendung Inhaltsstoffe*](https://books.google.com/books?id=G3KcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72) (in German). Springer-Verlag. p. 72. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-0348-5239-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0348-5239-5).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Berger, S; Sicker, D (2009). [*Classics in Spectroscopy*](https://books.google.com/books?id=4jjhnbu8ytEC&q=turmeric+paper+ph&pg=PA208). Wiley & Sons. p. 208. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-527-32516-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-32516-0).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-cowell_41-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-cowell_41-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-cowell_41-2) Cowell W, Ireland T, Vorhees D, Heiger-Bernays W (2017). ["Ground Turmeric as a Source of Lead Exposure in the United States"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5415259). *Public Health Reports*. **132** (3): 289–293. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/0033354917700109](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0033354917700109). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5415259](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5415259). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [28358991](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28358991).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Forsyth_42-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Forsyth_42-1) Forsyth, Jenna E.; Nurunnahar, Syeda; Islam, Sheikh Shariful; et al. (2019). ["Turmeric means "yellow" in Bengali: Lead chromate pigments added to turmeric threaten public health across Bangladesh"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envres.2019.108722). *Environmental Research*. **179** (Pt A) 108722. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2019ER....17908722F](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ER....17908722F). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.envres.2019.108722](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envres.2019.108722). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0013-9351](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-9351). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [31550596](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31550596).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** Daily, JW; Yang, M; Park, S (2016). ["Efficacy of Turmeric Extracts and Curcumin for Alleviating the Symptoms of Joint Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5003001). *Journal of Medicinal Food*. **19** (8): 717–29. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1089/jmf.2016.3705](https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fjmf.2016.3705). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5003001](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5003001). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [27533649](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27533649).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** Wang Z, Singh A, Jones G, et al. (January 2021). ["Efficacy and Safety of Turmeric Extracts for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230526215752/https://eprints.utas.edu.au/37096/1/Turmeric%20Manuscript.SLK_clean.pdf) (PDF). *Current Rheumatology Reports*. **23** (2) 11. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s11926-020-00975-8](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11926-020-00975-8). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [33511486](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33511486). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [231724282](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231724282). Archived from [the original](https://eprints.utas.edu.au/37096/1/Turmeric%20Manuscript.SLK_clean.pdf) (PDF) on 26 May 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** Suhett, Lara Gomes; de Miranda Monteiro Santos, Rodrigo; Silveira, Brenda Kelly Souza; et al. (2021). "Effects of curcumin supplementation on sport and physical exercise: a systematic review". *Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition*. **61** (6): 946–958. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/10408398.2020.1749025](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408398.2020.1749025). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1549-7852](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1549-7852). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [32282223](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32282223). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [215759520](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215759520).

## External links

- The dictionary definition of [*turmeric*](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/turmeric) at Wiktionary

- [Turmeric](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Turmeric) at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject

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v t e TRP channel modulators TRPA Activators 4-Hydroxynonenal 4-Oxo-2-nonenal 5,6-EET 12S-HpETE 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) Acrolein Allicin (garlic) Allyl isothiocyanate (mustard, radish, horseradish, wasabi) AM404 ASP-7663 Bradykinin Cannabichromene (cannabis) Cannabidiol (cannabis) Cannabigerol (cannabis) Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon) CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO) CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile) Cuminaldehyde (cumin) Curcumin (turmeric) Dehydroligustilide (celery) Diallyl disulfide Dicentrine (Lindera spp.) Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid Formalin Gingerols (ginger) Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Hydrogen peroxide Icilin Isothiocyanate JT-010 Ligustilide (celery, Angelica acutiloba) Linalool (Sichuan pepper, thyme) Methylglyoxal Methyl salicylate (wintergreen) N-Methylmaleimide Nicotine (tobacco) Oleocanthal (olive oil) Paclitaxel (Pacific yew) PF-4840154 Phenacyl chloride Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper) Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) Tear gases Tetrahydrocannabinol (cannabis) Tetrahydrocannabiorcol Thiopropanal S-oxide (onion) Umbellulone (Umbellularia californica) WIN 55,212-2 Blockers A-967079 AM-0902 Dehydroligustilide (celery) HC-030031 Nicotine (tobacco) PF-04745637 Ruthenium red TRPC Activators Adhyperforin (St John's wort) Diacyl glycerol GSK1702934A Hyperforin (St John's wort) Substance P Blockers DCDPC DHEA-S Flufenamic acid GSK417651A GSK2293017A Meclofenamic acid N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid Niflumic acid Pregnenolone sulfate Progesterone Pyr3 Tolfenamic acid TRPM Activators ADP-ribose BCTC Calcium (intracellular) CIM-0216 Cold Coolact P Cooling Agent 10 Eucalyptol (eucalyptus) Frescolat MGA Frescolat ML Geraniol Hydroxycitronellal Icilin Linalool Menthol (mint) PMD 38 Pregnenolone sulfate Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens) Steviol glycosides (e.g., stevioside) (Stevia rebaudiana) Sweet tastants (e.g., glucose, fructose, sucrose; indirectly) Thio-BCTC WS-12 Blockers AMG-333 Capsazepine Clotrimazole DCDPC Elismetrep Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid Nicotine (tobacco) Niflumic acid Ononetin PF-05105679 RQ-00203078 Ruthenium red Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens) Tolfenamic acid TPPO TRPM4-IN-5 TRPML Activators EVP21 MK6-83 ML-SA1 ML2-SA1 PI(3,5)P2 SF-22 SN-2 Blockers ML-SI3 PI(4,5)P2 TRPP Activators Triptolide (Tripterygium wilfordii) Blockers Ruthenium red TRPV Activators 2-APB 5,6-EET 9-HODE 9-oxoODE 12S-HETE 12S-HpETE 13-HODE 13-oxoODE 20-HETE α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) Allicin (garlic) AM404 Anandamide Bisandrographolide (Andrographis paniculata) Camphor (camphor laurel, rosemary, camphorweed, African blue basil, camphor basil) Cannabidiol (cannabis) Cannabidivarin (cannabis) Capsaicin (chili pepper) Carvacrol (oregano, thyme, pepperwort, wild bergamot, others) DHEA Diacyl glycerol Dihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper) Estradiol Eugenol (basil, clove) Evodiamine (Euodia ruticarpa) Gingerols (ginger) GSK1016790A Heat Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Homocapsaicin (chili pepper) Homodihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper) Incensole (incense) Lysophosphatidic acid Low pH (acidic conditions) Menthol (mint) N-Arachidonoyl dopamine N-Oleoyldopamine N-Oleoylethanolamide Nonivamide (PAVA) (PAVA spray) Nordihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper) Paclitaxel (Pacific yew) Paracetamol (acetaminophen) Phenylacetylrinvanil Phorbol esters (e.g., 4α-PDD) Piperine (black pepper, long pepper) Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper) Probenecid Protons RhTx Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens) Resiniferatoxin (RTX) (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii) Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) Tetrahydrocannabivarin (cannabis) Thymol (thyme, oregano) Tinyatoxin (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii) Tramadol Vanillin (vanilla) Zucapsaicin Blockers α-Spinasterol (Vernonia tweediana) AMG-517 AMG-9810 Asivatrep BCTC Cannabigerol (cannabis) Cannabigerolic acid (cannabis) Cannabigerovarin (cannabis) Cannabinol (cannabis) Capsazepine DCDPC DHEA DHEA-S Flufenamic acid GRC-6211 HC-067047 Lanthanum Mavatrep Meclofenamic acid N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid NGD-8243 Niflumic acid Pregnenolone sulfate RN-1734 RN-9893 Ruthenium red SB-366791 SB-705498 Tivanisiran Tolfenamic acid TRPV3-74a See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Ion channel modulators

Taxon identifiers Curcuma longa Wikidata: Q42562 Wikispecies: Curcuma longa APDB: 20253 APNI: 90687 ATRF: Curcuma_longa BOLD: 439721 CoL: 32K27 Ecocrop: 828 EoL: 1122309 EPPO: CURLO FNA: 200028370 FoAO2: Curcuma longa FoC: 200028370 GBIF: 2757624 GRIN: 12676 iNaturalist: 119386 IPNI: 796451-1 IRMNG: 10208096 ITIS: 42394 IUCN: 88308047 MoBotPF: 287580 NatureServe: 2.157230 NCBI: 136217 NZOR: 27228f32-20ff-4b9c-843c-25118c9d837e Observation.org: 373974 Open Tree of Life: 168258 Plant List: kew-235249 PLANTS: CULO POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:796451-1 RHS: 5091 TaiCOL: t0053209 Tropicos: 34500029 WFO: wfo-0000365771

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Turmeric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.