# Turicum

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Former Gallo-Roman settlement in Switzerland

Turicum Lindenhof hill, Schipfe and the Roman wall of the later Pfalz fortifications, as seen from Limmatquai, Weinplatz to the left Location of Turicum in Switzerland 47°22′22″N 8°32′26″E / 47.37278°N 8.54056°E / 47.37278; 8.54056 Type Vicus Periods Roman Republic to Roman Empire Cultures Helvetii and Gallo-Roman Location Lindenhof–Sihlbühl–Münsterhof-Weinplatz-Limmatquai Region former Germania Superior, present city of Zurich, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland Part of Lindenhof hill respectively Oppidum Zürich-Lindenhof History Built Probably around 15 BC Abandoned Around 401 AD by the Roman army, settlement continued by Gallo-Roman inhabitants Site notes Material stone and wood Length about 500 metres (1,640 ft) Sihlbühl–Bürkliplatz, Grosser Hafner island excluded Width about 200 metres (656 ft) Augustinergasse–Limmatquai Excavation dates 1906, 1937, 1989, 1997, 1998-2001, 2004, 2007, 2008 and 2014 at Lindenhof hill, Münsterhof, Weinplatz (Thermengasse), Rennweg, Augustinergasse, St. Peterhofstatt, Münzplatz, Schipfe (Limmat) and Grosser Hafner Archaeologists Margrit Balmer, Dölf Wild Condition aeaorchological access Management City of Zurich Public access Thermengasse and so-called Lindenhofkeller showing the Celtii, Gallo-Roman and Carolinum walls.[1][2]

**Turicum** was a [Gallo-Roman](/source/Gallo-Roman) [settlement](/source/Vicus) at the lower end of [Lake Zurich](/source/Lake_Zurich), and precursor of the city of [Zurich](/source/Zurich). It was situated within the Roman province of [Germania Superior](/source/Germania_Superior) and near the border to the province of [Raetia](/source/Raetia); there was a tax-collecting point for goods traffic on the waterway [Walensee](/source/Walensee)–[Obersee-Lake Zurich](/source/Obersee_(Lake_Zurich))–[Limmat](/source/Limmat)–[Aare](/source/Aare)–[Rhine](/source/Rhine).

Roman remains of a building at *Lindenhofkeller*

2nd/3rd century AD remains of pluster, [Weinplatz](/source/Weinplatz) (*Thermengasse*)

## Prehistory and Celtic Oppidum Lindenhof

Main article: [Prehistoric pile dwellings around Lake Zurich](/source/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_Lake_Zurich)

[Neolithic pile dwellings](/source/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_Lake_Zurich) were located in the then swamp area between Limmat and [Lake Zurich](/source/Lake_Zurich) around the present [Sechseläutenplatz](/source/Sechsel%C3%A4utenplatz%2C_Zurich) plaza. These were built on piles to protect the inhabitants against occasional flooding by the rivers [Sihl](/source/Sihl), [Linth](/source/Linth) and [Jona](/source/Jona_(river)).[3] Three settlements were located in [Enge](/source/Enge_(Zurich)), a locality of the [municipality](/source/Municipalities_in_the_canton_of_Zurich) of Zurich: [Zürich–Enge Alpenquai](/source/Z%C3%BCrich%E2%80%93Enge_Alpenquai) and [Kleiner Hafner](/source/Kleiner_Hafner) on then islands or peninsulas on the effluence of the Limmat, and [Grosser Hafner](/source/Grosser_Hafner),[4] as well as the settlement *[Kleiner Hafner](/source/Kleiner_Hafner)*[5][6] near the present [Sechseläutenplatz](/source/Sechsel%C3%A4utenwiese) plaza on the effluence of the Limmat on Lake Zurich lake shore, all within an area of about 0.2 square kilometres (49.42 acres) some 500 metres (1,640 ft) away of the core of the Celtic *Oppidum* respectively the Roman era *Vicus*.

Main article: [Oppidum Zurich-Lindenhof](/source/Oppidum_Zurich-Lindenhof)

Probably in the first 1st century BC or even much earlier, the Celts settled on and around the Lindenhof hill. For the 1st century BC [La Tène culture](/source/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture), archaeologists excavated individual and aerial finds of the Celtic *[Oppidum](/source/Oppidum)* whose remains were discovered in archaeological campaigns in the years 1989, 1997, 2004 and 2007,[7] and also the 1900s and 1930s finds which mistakenly were identified as Roman objects.[8] Extraordinary are the single finds of 1890 at the Prehistoric pile dwelling settlement *[Alpenquai](/source/Alpenquai)* – the so-called *[Potin](/source/Potin) lumps* whose largest weights 59.2 kilograms (131 lb) consist of about 18,000 of used Celtic coins which date to around 100 BC. Initially prejudged just as *melt coins*, the present scientific research assumes that the melting down of the lump was not completed, therefore the aim was to form cultic offerings. The site of the find was at that time around 50 metres (164 ft) from the present [Bürkliplatz](/source/B%C3%BCrkliplatz) plaza in the Lake Zurich.[9][10] *[Grosser Hafner](/source/Grosser_Hafner)* was also an island sanctuary of the [Helvetii](/source/Helvetii) in connection with the settlement at the preceding Oppidi Uetliberg and Lindenhof.

## Geography and area of the Roman settlement

[Lindenhof hill](/source/Lindenhof_hill) and [Schipfe](/source/Schipfe) as seen from [Limmatquai](/source/Limmatquai)

Modern replica of the Roman gravestone in *Pfalzgasse* on [Lindenhof hill](/source/Lindenhof_hill) in Zurich

The core of the Helvetic and Roman settlement was the [Lindenhof hill](/source/Lindenhof_hill) in the present *Altstadt* of the modern city of Zurich. The [moraine](/source/Moraine) hill was the site of the prehistoric settlements where the modern city has developed. The hilltop area dominates the city of Zurich alongside the eastern Limmat riverbank, and its northern slope called *[Sihlbühl](/source/Sihlb%C3%BChl)* towards the former [Sihl](/source/Sihl) delta marked the northern boundary of the Helvetic and Roman settlement – where the structures of the medieval [Oetenbach Nunnery](/source/Oetenbach_Nunnery), [Waisenhaus Zürich](/source/Waisenhaus_Z%C3%BCrich) and later the [Urania Sternwarte](/source/Urania_Sternwarte) were erected at the present *Uraniastrasse*, and therefore important historical archaeological excavations never were done. To the south, at the [St. Peter church](/source/St._Peter%2C_Z%C3%BCrich) hill, there was another cultic construction towards [Münsterhof](/source/M%C3%BCnsterhof), and in the west the settlement was bounded by the present [Rennweg–Bahnhofstrasse](/source/Rennweg_(Zurich)) lanes and the [Münzplatz](/source/M%C3%BCnzplatz) plaza.

The largely flattened Lindenhof area elevates at 428 metres (1,404 ft) above sea level, and rises about 25 metres (82 ft) above the level of the Limmat at the [Schipfe](/source/Schipfe)–[Limmatquai](/source/Limmatquai) area in the west; probably some Roman buildings were built at the site of the [Zunfthaus zur Zimmerleuten](/source/Zunfthaus_zur_Zimmerleuten) on the other riverbank, and the Roman settlement may stretched towards the present [Münsterbrücke](/source/M%C3%BCnsterbr%C3%BCcke%2C_Zurich) which is crossing the Limmat between [Grossmünster](/source/Grossm%C3%BCnster) (remains of graves) and [Wasserkirche](/source/Wasserkirche), and the Münsterhof plaza.

## Roman Vicus

### Founding

The earliest record of the town's name is preserved on the 2nd-century tombstone found in 1747 AD on the Lindenhof hill, referring to the Roman *[Vicus](/source/Vicus)* as "STA(tio) TUR(i)CEN(sis)" as customs station for goods going to and coming from Italy at the same location as the Celtic *Oppidum*. The *Vicus* was founded probably around 15 BC, but there are no written sources. The Roman settlement first belonged to the province of *[Gallia Belgica](/source/Gallia_Belgica)*, and to *[Germania Superior](/source/Germania_Superior)* from AD 90. Roman Turicum was not fortified in the beginning, but there was a small garrison at the tax-collecting point, downstream of the lake respectively Limmat nearby the [Münsterhof](/source/M%C3%BCnsterhof) plaza where the goods were loaded between small river boats on the Limmat and larger ships on Lake Zurich for the transport on the water route.

### 1st to late 4th century

Commercial and residential buildings were erected in the vicinity of the Lindenhof hill, in later times, *[Villae rusticae](/source/Villa_rustica)* were established in the present suburban districts. At the present [Zunfthaus zur Zimmerleuten](/source/Zunfthaus_zur_Zimmerleuten) at Limmatquai opposite of the Lindenhof hill, the area was stabilized with embankments; some of these mounds date back to the Roman settlement era.[11] Due to its location on Lake Zurich lake shore at the effluence of the Limmat, where the goods had to be reloaded onto riverboats, and although Turicum was not situated alongside an important Roman main road, the water route was essential for the Roman army in the present Western and Northeastern Switzerland. Not yet archaeologically proven but suggested by historians, the very first construction of the present [Münsterbrücke](/source/M%C3%BCnsterbr%C3%BCcke%2C_Zurich) Limmat crossing was built in the Roman era, when the present [Weinplatz](/source/Weinplatz) square was the former civilian harbour of the Celtic-Roman *Turicum*, and so the term *Weinplatz* (literally *wine plaza*) has an ancient meaning.[8]

As a *Vicus*, Turicum was not secured by town walls, but the buildings grouped around the customs station (*Quadragesima Galliarum*) where the clearance of goods and travelers prior to transfer between the provinces of *Gallia Belgica* and *[Raetia](/source/Raetia)* took place, mainly on the water route (from and to the Roman heartland over the mountain passes of the Swiss Alps) [Walensee](/source/Walensee)-[Obersee-Lake Zurich](/source/Obersee_(Lake_Zurich)) passing *[Centum Prata](/source/Centum_Prata)* (Kempraten) towards the Limmat, Aare and Rhine. Goods and travelers, probably also towards *[Vitudurum](/source/Vitudurum)* (Winterthur), were handled at the *Vicus* before crossing the Roman provinces of *Gallia Belgica* and *Germania Superior*, and transferred on the Roman road between *[Vindonissa](/source/Vindonissa)* (Windisch) probably via [Irgenhausen Castrum](/source/Irgenhausen_Castrum) and *Curia Raetorum* (Chur). In Turicum a duty of 2.5% (*[Quadragesima Galliarum](/source/Quadragesima_Galliarum)*) was levied.

In 70/75 AD a harbor district rose on the newly acquired lands on the Limmat riverbank at the foot of Lindenhof ([Schipfe](/source/Schipfe)–[Weinplatz](/source/Weinplatz)), and the settlement area was extended on the right bank of the Limmat at the present Limmatquai. Public buildings made of stone and paved roads were built.[8] In addition to the fire bed tombs from the 1st century AD at [Münsterhof](/source/M%C3%BCnsterhof) (*Poststrasse*), west of the Fraumünster church, also a round pit from the 2nd/3rd century was discovered, with numerous shards mainly of drinking cups and bowls, northeast of the church.

At the site of the present Weinplatz towards [St. Peterhofstatt](/source/St._Peterhofstatt) the remains of remarkable 2nd to 4th century AD *[Thermae](/source/Thermae)* were excavated.[12] Christianity may have been introduced in the 3rd century by [Felix and Regula](/source/Felix_and_Regula), with whom Exuperantius was associated – according to the Christian legend, Felix and Regula and their servant were executed at the location of the [Wasserkirche](/source/Wasserkirche) in 286. Using the advantage of topography, the [Roman military](/source/Roman_legion) built a citadel on top of the Lindenhof hill in the years of the Roman emperor [Valentinian I](/source/Valentinian_I) (364–375), to defend against migrations from the North by the [Alamanni](/source/Alamanni). 4500 m2 large, it was fitted with 10 towers and two meter wide walls. South of the Lindenhof *Castrum*, at the location of the [St. Peter church](/source/St._Peter%2C_Zurich), there was a temple to [Jupiter](/source/Jupiter_(god)).

### Grosser Hafner island sanctuary

Main article: [Grosser Hafner](/source/Grosser_Hafner)

An island sanctuary of the Helvetii in connection with settlement the preceding Oppidi Lindenhof and the 1st century BC settlement at the Lindenhof hill may have probably go back to the [La Tène culture](/source/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture). During the reign of Emperor Hadrian, a round wooden temple as an island sanctuary was built on the *Grosser Hafner* island, which allows a dendrochronological dating. The building was erected in 122 AD, and consisted of oak piles driven deep into the lake bottom. It was surrounded probably with walls made of perishable materials, which formed a circle of seven meters in diameter. The rotunda is located on the former Neolithic island settlement, about 500 metres (1,640 ft) away from the Roman *Vicus*. The archaeological material indicates that the facility was used up in the 3rd century AD, even up in the 4th century AD by the Gallo-Roman population. On the one hand, the interpretation as the temple is based on the insularity and the design, on the other hand on finds of coins; the majority of the now nearly 90 coins probably are from a so far not proven predecessor building, probably from the third quarter of the 1st century AD. There are also the fragments of bar tiles of maybe another Roman building. On occasion of diving operations from 1998 to 2001 almost 100 kilograms (220 lb) of tile fragments are ensured, and up to 40 coins and several pottery shards, as well as rectangular post hole.[4]

### Gallo-Roman era

The [Alamanni](/source/Alamanni) settled, probably from the 5th century when the Roman military retreated back to Italy, but the Roman castle persisted into the 7th century and was reinforced by the [Ottonian dynasty](/source/Ottonian_dynasty), but was broken around 1218 AD. To date, few archaeological remains of the Roman Zurich could be excavated systematically because the remains of the settlement are hidden under the densely built-up core of the modern city of Zurich. Archaeologically excavated are the remains of public baths (Thermengasse), graves and traces of craft enterprises, residential buildings, as well as everyday objects and jewelry, but also of cult equipment.

## Archaeological exploration

Archaeological excavations usually were executed on occasion of renewals of present buildings at Rennweg 5/7 (settlement structures), Fortunagasse 28/Rennweg 38 and Oetenbachgasse 5–9 (Celtic trench and settlement structures), [Münzplatz](/source/M%C3%BCnzplatz) (settlement structures), Lindenhof hill (Celtic, Roman and medieval settlement structures), Rennweg 35 (Celtic spot plates (*Tüpfelplatten*) and settlement structures), the Limmat (bars) and Bürkliplatz-Bahnhofstrasse (Celtic Potin coins), all representing the Helvetii and early Roman settlement.[13] Focussed on the Gallo-Roman era, archaeological explorations were executed at Weinplatz 3/4/5 and Storchengasse 23 (harbour area and thermae), Storchengasse 13 (cultic building) and neighbored Fortunagasse 28/Rennweg 38 (maybe a hostel) and gold jewellery at the Sihlbühl area, Poststrasse/Zentralhof at Münsterhof (probably early medieval graves), and the island sanctuary (*Rundtempel*) on the former *Grosser Hafner* island.[8]

Some of the finds are shown *in situ* at the *Thermengasse* lane ([Weinplatz](/source/Weinplatz) towards [St. Peterhofstatt](/source/St._Peterhofstatt)), and in the so-called *Lindenhofkeller* on the Lindenhof hill where the Celtii, Gallo-Roman and Carolinum walls are shown and explained by information boards by personal demand at *Baugeschichtliches Archiv der Stadt Zürich* opposite of the [Grimmenturm](/source/Grimmenturm) respectively [Theater Neumarkt](/source/Theater_Neumarkt) buildings ([Neumarkt](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neumarkt_(Zurich)&action=edit&redlink=1)).[2]

## Protection

Excavation in winter 1937/38 on the Lindenhof hill

The hillside area of the [Lindenhof hill](/source/Lindenhof_hill) is listed as in the [Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance](/source/Swiss_inventory_of_cultural_property_of_national_and_regional_significance) – including the remains of its prehistoric, Roman and medieval settlements respectively structures – as a *Class A* object of national importance.[14] Hence, the area is provided as a historical site under federal protection, within the meaning of the Swiss Federal Act on the nature and cultural heritage (German: Bundesgesetz über den Natur- und Heimatschutz NHG) of 1 July 1966. Unauthorised researching and purposeful gathering of findings represent a criminal offence according to Art. 24.[15]

## Name

The ancient name *Turicum*, along with the indication of a Roman customhouse, is first attested in the [epitaph](/source/Epitaph) for Lucius Aelius Urbicus, an infant son of the *p(rae)p(ositus) sta(tionis) Turicen(sis)*, "head of the toll-station at Zurich",[16] that was found on [Lindenhof](/source/Lindenhof) hill in 1747 and dates from 185/200 AD.[17]

The place name reappears in the [Early Middle Ages](/source/Early_Middle_Ages) as *Turicum*, *Turico*, *Doricum*, *Torico*, *Turigo*, *Turegum*, and in its [Old High German](/source/Old_High_German) forms *Ziurichi*, *Zurih*,[18] with [regularly shifted](/source/High_German_consonant_shift) consonants; it is unanimously seen as a [Gaulish](/source/Gaulish_language) formation, **Turikon*, though vowel quantities and accentuation have been a matter of debate: [Stress](/source/Stress_(linguistics)) on the second syllable in [Rumantsch](/source/Romansh_language) *Turitg*, *Turi*, as well as in the partially reshaped [Italian](/source/Italian_language) form *Zurigo*, have been taken as evidence establishing originally long *-ī-*, that would have drawn the accent to the [penult](/source/Penultimate_rule) in [Latin](/source/Latin) pronunciation; the constituting elements of the [toponym](/source/Toponym) have been identified as a [Celtic](/source/Celtic_languages) [personal name](/source/Personal_name) *Tūros* and a [suffix](/source/Suffix) *-īko-* forming relational adjectives.[19][20] This analysis has been contested by arguing that the spelling *Turegum*, widely attested in documents from the 9th century onward, seems to reflect [lenition](/source/Romance_languages#Lenition) of the intervocalic [stop consonant](/source/Stop_consonant), as well as lowering of short Latin *ĭ* to *ĕ*, both common to most [Western Romance languages](/source/Western_Romance_languages), and that numerous other place names of Celtic origin, as [Autricum](/source/Autricum), [Avaricum](/source/Avaricum) or [Aventicum](/source/Aventicum), are undoubtedly formed with a suffix *-ĭko-*, and are usually derived from a [hydronym](/source/Hydronym); thus the basis of *Turicum* supposedly being *Turos* or *Tura*, should rather be an ancient name of one of the watercourses around Lindenhof hill, either a distributary of the [Sihl](/source/Sihl) river, or possibly the Limmat river. The [Romansh](/source/Romansh_language) and Italian forms may likely have been taken from medieval written records, with the accent determined by analogy within the borrowing languages, e. g. *Turitg* after *amitg*, 'friend', which bears its stress on the second syllable, too.[21][22][23] The diverging evolution of several place names of Gaulish origin, as *[Bourges](/source/Bourges)* < *Bitúriges*, *[Berry](/source/Berry-Bouy)* < *Bituríges*; *[Condes](/source/Condes%2C_Haute-Marne)* < *Cóndate*, *[Condé](/source/Cond%C3%A9_(disambiguation)#Places_in_France_that_contain_the_element_Condé)* < *Condáte*, suggests that shifting accent and unsettled vowel quantity may not have been exceptional.[24]

## See also

- [Lindenhof hill](/source/Lindenhof_hill)

- [Oppidum Zurich-Lindenhof](/source/Oppidum_Zurich-Lindenhof)

- [List of Roman sites](/source/List_of_Roman_sites)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Access by personal demand at *Baugeschichtliches Archiv der Stadt Zürich* at the [Grimmenturm](/source/Grimmenturm) building, [Neumarkt (Zurich)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neumarkt_(Zurich)&action=edit&redlink=1).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-baugeschichtliches_archiv_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-baugeschichtliches_archiv_2-1) ["Baugeschichtliches Archiv"](https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/hbd/de/index/archaeologie_denkmalpflege_u_baugeschichte/baugeschichte.html) (in German). Hochbaudepartement der Stadt Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-dölfwild-zürichsee_3-0)** [Dölf Wild](/source/D%C3%B6lf_Wild) (2008-09-25). ["Zürcher City unter Wasser. Interaktion zwischen Natur und Mensch in der Frühzeit Zürichs"](https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/hbd/de/index/archaeologie_denkmalpflege_u_baugeschichte/publikationen/online-publikationen/2008_wild_seespiegel.html) (in German). Hochdepartement der Stadt Zürich. Retrieved 2015-01-15.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Beat_Eberschweiler_2001_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Beat_Eberschweiler_2001_4-1) Beat Eberschweiler: *Schädelreste, Kopeken und Radar: Vielfältige Aufgaben für die Zürcher Tauchequipe IV*. In: NAU 8/2001. Amt für Städtebau der Stadt Zürich, Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Unterwasserarchäologie / Labor für Dendrochronologie. Zürich 2001.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-palafittes-übersicht_5-0)** ["Prehistoric Pile Dwellings in Switzerland"](https://web.archive.org/web/20141007220441/http://www.palafittes.org/en/unesco-world-heritage/sites-switzerland/index.html). Swiss Coordination Group UNESCO Palafittes (palafittes.org). Archived from [the original](http://www.palafittes.org/en/unesco-world-heritage/sites-switzerland/index.html) on 2014-10-07. Retrieved 2014-12-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-palafittes-heritage_6-0)** ["World Heritage"](https://web.archive.org/web/20141209212026/http://www.palafittes.org/en/unesco-world-heritage/world-heritage/index.html). palafittes.org. Archived from [the original](http://www.palafittes.org/en/unesco-world-heritage/world-heritage/index.html) on 2014-12-09. Retrieved 2014-12-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NZZ_20071018_7-0)** ["Aufsehenerregender Keltenfund in Zürich: Die keltische Siedlung am Lindenhof war bedeutender als bisher angenommen"](http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/zuerich/aktuell/aufsehenerregender_keltenfund_in_zuerich_1.570899.html) (in German). Neue Zürcher Zeitung NZZ. 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2015-08-24.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-turicumII_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-turicumII_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-turicumII_8-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-turicumII_8-3) ["Turicum II"](https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/hbd/de/index/archaeologie_denkmalpflege_u_baugeschichte/stadtarchaeologie/projekte/turicum/turicum_2.html) (in German). Hochbaudepartement Stadt Zürich. Retrieved 2015-01-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-denkmalpflegeZH_9-0)** ["Der Potinklumpen – ein spektakulärer keltischer Geldfund"](https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/hbd/de/index/archaeologie_denkmalpflege_u_baugeschichte/stadtarchaeologie/besondere_funde/keltische_tuepfelplatte.html). Stadt Zürich, Archäologie & Denkmalpflege. Retrieved 2015-08-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-michaelnick_10-0)** Michael Nick. ["75 kilogrammes of Celtic small coin - Recent research on the "Potinklumpen" from Zürich"](http://ca.www.mcu.es/museos/docs/MC/ActasNumis/75_kilogrammes_of_Celtic.pdf) (PDF). Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, España. Retrieved 2014-12-12.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-tagi-12022009_11-0)** Simone Rau (2009-02-12). ["Spektakuläre Funde in der Brandruine"](http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/zuerich/stadt/Spektakulaere-Funde-in-der-Brandruine/story/28194142) (in German). [Tages-Anzeiger](/source/Tages-Anzeiger). Retrieved 2015-08-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-thermen_12-0)** ["Informationsblatt Thermengasse, die römischen Bäder von Turicum"](http://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/content/dam/stzh/hbd/Deutsch/Archaeologie_Denkmalpflege/Weitere%20Dokumente/Stadtarchaeologie/Stadtgeschichte/Thermengasse_InfoblattDoppelseite.pdf) (PDF) (in German). Stadt Zürich, Abteilung für Städtebau. Retrieved 2015-08-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-turicumI_13-0)** ["Turicum I: Vom keltischen Oppidum zum frühkaiserzeitlichen Vicus"](https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/hbd/de/index/archaeologie_denkmalpflege_u_baugeschichte/stadtarchaeologie/projekte/turicum/turicum_1.html) (in German). Stadt Zürich, Hochbaudepartement, Archäologie & Denkmalpflege. Retrieved 2015-08-22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-kgs_14-0)** ["A-Objekte KGS-Inventar"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151001193946/http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.parsys.000108.DownloadFile.tmp/zh2015.pdf) (PDF). Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, Amt für Bevölkerungsschutz. 2015-01-01. Archived from [the original](http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.parsys.000108.DownloadFile.tmp/zh2015.pdf) (PDF) on 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2015-09-13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NHG-1966_15-0)** ["Bundesgesetz über den Natur- und Heimatschutz (NHG)"](http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/4/451.de.pdf) (PDF) (in German). Hochbaudepartement Stadt Zürich. 2014-10-12. Retrieved 2015-08-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-epigraphic-_16-0)** ["Belegstelle: CIL 13, 05244 = D 01562 = RISch-02, 00193; EDCS-ID: EDCS-10800649; Provinz: Germania superior; Ort: Zürich / Turicum"](http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel.php?s_sprache=de&p_belegstelle=CIL+13%2C+05244&r_sortierung=Belegstelle) (in German). Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss/Slaby EDCS unter Mitarbeit von Anne Kolb. Retrieved 2015-08-22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-KtZH1995_17-0)** [Regula Frei-Stolba](/source/Regula_Frei-Stolba)/Reinhold Kaiser & al., *Die Römische Zeit*, in: *Geschichte des Kantons Zürich*, vol. 1: *Frühzeit bis Spätmittelalter*, Zürich 1995, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [3-85932-158-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85932-158-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ortsnamen.ch s. v. [*Zürich*](https://search.ortsnamen.ch/record/7073914).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Andres Kristol, *Zürich = Tūrḗgum ou Tū́rĕgum ?*, in: *Nouvelle revue d’onomastique* 47–48 (2007), [p. 223 ff.](https://www.persee.fr/doc/onoma_0755-7752_2007_num_47_1_1595)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Andres Kristol (ed.), *Dictionnaire toponymique des communes suisses DTS – Lexikon der schweizerischen Gemeindenamen LSG – Dizionario toponomastico dei comuni svizzeri DTS*, Frauenfeld/Stuttgart/Wien 2005, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [3-7193-1308-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7193-1308-5), and Éditions Payot, Lausanne 2005, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [2-601-03336-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-601-03336-3), p. 992 f.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Wulf Müller, *Túricum – Turegum – Zürich*, in: Albrecht Greule/Stefan Hackl (edd.), *Der Südwesten im Spiegel der Namen. Gedenkschrift für Lutz Reichardt*, Stuttgart 2011, p. 185 ff.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Wulf Müller, *Turegum = Zürich*, in: *Nouvelle revue d’onomastique* 47–48 (2007), [p. 221 f.](https://www.persee.fr/doc/onoma_0755-7752_2007_num_47_1_1594)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-dob_23-0)** Manfred Niemeyer (ed.), *Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch*, Berlin/Boston 2012, p. 719.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Pierre-Yves Lambert, *La langue Gauloise. Description linguistique, commentaire d’inscriptions choisies*, Paris 1994, p. 46.

## Sources

- Margrit Balmer: Zürich in der Spätlatène- und frühen Kaiserzeit. Vom keltischen Oppidum zum römischen Vicus Turicum. In: Monographien der Kantonsarchäologie Zürich 39, Hochbaudepartement/Amt für Städtebau/Stadtarchäologie (Hrsg.), Fotorotar-Verlag, Zürich und Egg 2009, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-905681-37-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-905681-37-6).

- Peter J. Suter, Helmut Schlichtherle et al.: *Pfahlbauten – Palafittes – Palafitte*. Palafittes, Biel 2009, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-906140-84-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906140-84-1).

- [Dölf Wild](/source/D%C3%B6lf_Wild) et al.: *Stadtmauern. Ein neues Bild der Stadtbefestigung Zürich. Schrift zur Ausstellung im Haus zum Rech, Zürich 6. Februar bis 30. April 2004*. In: Stadtgeschichte und Städtebau in Zürich. Schriften zur Archäologie, Denkmalpflege und Stadtplanung. Volume 5. Werd-Verlag, Zürich 2004, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [3-905384-05-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-905384-05-1).

- Beat Eberschweiler: *Ur- und frühgeschichtliche Verkehrswege über den Zürichsee: Erste Ergebnisse aus den Taucharchäologischen Untersuchungen beim Seedamm*. In: Mitteilungen des Historischen Vereins des Kantons Schwyz, Volume 96, Schwyz 2004.[1]

- Margrit Balmer, [Stefanie Martin-Kilcher](/source/Stefanie_Martin-Kilcher), [Dölf Wild](/source/D%C3%B6lf_Wild): *Kelten in Zürich. Der Ursprung der Stadt in neuem Licht - Stadtgeschichte und Städtebau in Zürich*. In: Schriften zu Archäologie, Denkmalpflege und Stadtplanung, Voluma 2. Published by Amt für Städtebau der Stadt Zürich, Zürich 2001, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-905384-01-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-905384-01-7).* Jürg E. Schneider, Walter Ulrich Guyan, Andreas Zürcher: *Turicum, [Vitudurum](/source/Vitudurum), Iuliomagus = Zürich, Winterthur und Schleitheim: drei römische Siedlungen in der Ostschweiz*. Ergänzte Sonderauflage, Werd-Verlag, Zürich 1988, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [3-8593-2002-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8593-2002-5).

- [Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich](/source/Staatsarchiv_des_Kantons_Z%C3%BCrich): *Kleine Zürcher Verfassungsgeschichte 1218–2000*. Herausgegeben im Auftrag der Direktion der Justiz und des Innern auf den Tag der Konstituierung des Zürcher Verfassungsrates am 13. September 2000. Chronos, Zürich 2000, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [3-9053-1403-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-9053-1403-7).[2]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Lindenhof-Keller](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lindenhof-Keller).

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Thermengasse (Zürich)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thermengasse_(Z%C3%BCrich)).

v t e Archaeological Sites in Switzerland Aquae Helveticae Augusta Raurica Aventicum Centum Prata Noviodunum La Tène Lousonna Octodure Petinesca Turicum Vallis poenina Vindonissa Vitudurum

v t e Zurich Districts Altstadt (1) 2 Wiedikon (3) Aussersihl (4) Industriequartier (5) 6 7 Riesbach (8) 9 10 11 Schwamendingen (12) Quarters see Quarters of Zurich Public Transport VBZ ZVV Fare zones Main Railway Station all railway stations S-Bahn Template Tram Glattalbahn Limattalbahn Trolleybus Polybahn Dolderbahn Funicular Rigiblick Lake Zurich‘s Lake Navigation Assoc. Zurich model U-Bahn Education ETH University University of the Arts Kantonsschule Rämibühl Kantonsschule Stadelhofen Kantonsschule Zürich Nord Liceo Vermigli Schools for foreign students near Zurich Lycée français Marie Curie de Zurich Japanese School in Zurich Zurich International School Streets/ Squares Augustinergasse Bahnhofplatz Bahnhofstrasse Bellevueplatz Bürkliplatz Central Escher-Wyss-Platz Helvetiaplatz Langstrasse Limmatquai Lindenhof Münsterhof Neumarkt Paradeplatz Rennweg Sechseläutenplatz Stauffacher Weinplatz Wühre Bridges Bahnhofbrücke Hardbrücke Münsterbrücke Postbrücke Quaibrücke Rathausbrücke Tunnels Gubrist Hirschengraben Käferberg Letten Milchbuck Schöneich Weinberg Wipkingen Zimmerberg I Zürichberg Buildings Carolinum FIFA headquarters Fortifications Grimmenturm Hallenstadion Hardau Towers Hardturm Stadium Letzigrund Stadium Münzhof Peterhof Prime Tower Rathaus Seminarienhaus Staatsarchiv Sunrise Tower Swiss Life Arena Swissmill Tower Swissôtel Technopark Waisenhaus Urania Sternwarte Zentralbibliothek Commercial Blindekuh Café & Conditorei 1842 Confiserie Sprüngli Europaallee Hiltl Restaurant Kronenhalle Ristorante Cooperativo ShopVille Sihlcity Sternen Grill Guild houses Haue Meisen Rüden Saffran Waag Zimmerleuten Hospitals Burghölzli Triemli Hospital University Hospital Hotels Baur au Lac Dolder Grand Helmhaus Kindli Mandarin Oriental Savoy Storchen Widder Religious Alte Kirche Höngg Augustinerkirche Augustinerkloster Fraumünster Grossmünster Liebfrauenkirche Löwenstrasse Synagogue Mahmood Mosque St. Peterskirche Predigerkirche Helmhaus/Wasserkirche Museums Beyer Watch and Clock Museum Ethnographic Museum FIFA Museum Foundation E. G. Bührle Haus Konstruktiv Kunsthalle Kunsthaus Migros Museum of Contemporary Art Money Museum Musée Visionnaire Museum of Design Natural History Museum North American Native Museum Pavillon Le Corbusier Rietberg Swiss National Museum Tram Museum Zoo Entertainment/ Events Art Zurich Bernhard Theater Cabaret Voltaire Dynamo Frauenbad Stadthausquai Theater am Hechtplatz Knabenschiessen New Year's Marathon Zurich Opera House Theater am Neumarkt Theater Rigiblick Rote Fabrik Schauspielhaus Zürich Sechseläuten Street Parade Tonhalle Volkshaus Weltklasse Zürich Zürcher Theater Spektakel Zurich Film Festival Züri-Metzgete Parks/Forests see Parks and forests in Zurich Water Bodies Katzensee Lake Zurich template Limmat Schanzengraben Sihl See also Canton of Zurich History of Zurich Mayors of Zurich People of Zurich Restaurants in Zurich Timeline of Zurich Turicum Zurich Airport Zurich metropolitan area Zurich Oberland Zurich Unterland

v t e Lake Zurich (Zürichsee) Switzerland Canton of Zürich Horgen Meilen Zürich Canton of St. Gallen See-Gaster Canton of Schwyz Höfe March Settlements Altendorf Erlenbach Freienbach Bäch Hurden Pfäffikon Herrliberg Hombrechtikon Feldbach Horgen Kilchberg Küsnacht Lachen Männedorf Meilen Feldmeilen Oberrieden Rapperswil-Jona Bollingen Busskirch Jona Kempraten Rapperswil Richterswil Rüschlikon Schmerikon Stäfa Kehlhof Uerikon Thalwil Tuggen Uetikon Wädenswil Au Wangen Nuolen Zollikon Zurich Altstadt Enge Seefeld Wollishofen Archeological Centum Prata Pile Dwellings Enge Alpenquai Feldbach Hurden Seefeld Kleiner Hafner Rorenhaab Rosshorn Technikum Vorder Au Winkel Turicum Islands Au Peninsula Bauschänzli Grosser Hafner Hurden Peninsula Lützelau Rapperswil Peninsula Saffa Schönenwerd Ufenau Rivers Jona Limmat Linth Schmerikoner Aa Sihl Steinenbach Wägitaler Aa Valleys Küsnachter Tobel Limmattal Sihltal Mountains Adlisberg Albis Buechberg Etzel Pfannenstiel Uetliberg Zimmerberg Zürichberg Landmarks Felsenegg Frauenwinkel Ganymed statue Goldküste Hurden canal Lindenhof (Rapperswil) Obersee Quaibrücke Rapperswil–Hurden bridge Seedamm Zürichhorn Buildings Alt Rapperswil Castle Alt Wädenswil Castle Au Castle Bollingen Tower Capuchin Friary Einsiedlerhaus Grynau Castle Heilig Hüsli Liebfrauenkapelle Pavillon Le Corbusier Pfäffikon Castle Rapperswil Castle Rapperswil Museum Rathaus Rapperswil Saint John's parish church Seedamm-Center Wulp Castle Wurmsbach Abbey Parks/Resorts Frauenbad Stadthausquai Zürich Quaianlagen Arboretum Belvoir Park Bürkliplatz Chinagarten Mythenquai Sechseläutenplatz Tiefenbrunnen Utoquai Transportation Forchbahn Horgen–Meilen ferry LAF cable car St. Gallen S-Bahn SZU VBZ Voralpen Express VZO Zimmerbergbus Lake Zurich Navigation Company Zürich S-Bahn ZVV VBZ tram lines 2 4 5 8 9 11 15 Lake Zurich left-bank railway line S2 S8 S24 S25 SN8 Lake Zurich right-bank railway line S6 S7 S16 S20 SN7 Rapperswil–Pfäffikon railway line S5 S40 SN5 Rapperswil–Ziegelbrücke railway line S4 S6 S17 Railway stations Altendorf Au ZH Bäch Blumenau Bollingen Erlenbach ZH Feldbach Freienbach SBB Herrliberg-Feldmeilen Horgen Hurden Kempraten Kilchberg Küsnacht Goldbach Küsnacht ZH Lachen Männedorf Meilen Oberrieden Pfäffikon SZ Rapperswil Richterswil Rüschlikon Schmerikon Stäfa Thalwil Uerikon Uetikon Wädenswil Winkel am Zürichsee Zollikon Zürich Stadelhofen Zürich Tiefenbrunnen Zürich Wollishofen People Gerold Späth House of Rapperswil Elisabeth Johann I Johann II Lydia Escher Rudolf Brun Ulrich von Hutten Media Obersee Nachrichten Radio Zürisee Zürichsee-Zeitung

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Eberschweiler_25-0)** Beat Eberschweiler (2004). ["Ur- und frühgeschichtliche Verkehrswege über den Zürichsee: Erste Ergebnisse aus den Taucharchäologischen Untersuchungen beim Seedamm"](http://retro.seals.ch/digbib/view?pid=mhv-001:2004:96::13) (in German). ETH Bibliothek. Retrieved 2014-12-08.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-staatarchiv-kzvg_26-0)** ["Kleine Zürcher Verfassungsgeschichte 1218–2000"](http://www.staatsarchiv.zh.ch/internet/justiz_inneres/sta/de/ueber_uns/veroeffentlichungen/_jcr_content/contentPar/downloadlist_1/downloaditems/download_stark_reduz.spooler.download.1282746601230.pdf/zh_verfassungsgeschichte.pdf) (PDF) (in German). [Staatsarchiv Zürich](/source/Staatsarchiv_Z%C3%BCrich). Retrieved 2014-12-20.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Turicum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turicum) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turicum?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.