# Turboexpander

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Turboexpander
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Turboexpander.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboexpander
> Source revision: 1346243199
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

A **turboexpander**, also referred to as a **turbo-expander** or an **expansion turbine**, is a centrifugal or axial-flow [turbine](/source/Turbine), through which a high-[pressure](/source/Pressure) [gas](/source/Gas) is expanded to produce work that is often used to drive a [compressor](/source/Gas_compressor) or [generator](/source/Electric_generator).[1][2][3]

Because work is extracted from the expanding high-pressure gas, the expansion is approximated by an [isentropic](/source/Isentropic) process (i.e., a constant-[entropy](/source/Entropy) process), and the low-pressure [exhaust gas](/source/Exhaust_gas) from the turbine is at a very low [temperature](/source/Temperature), −150 °C or less, depending upon the operating pressure and gas properties. Partial liquefaction of the expanded gas is not uncommon.

Turboexpanders are widely used as sources of [refrigeration](/source/Refrigeration) in industrial processes such as the extraction of [ethane](/source/Ethane) and [natural-gas liquids](/source/Natural-gas_condensate) (NGLs) from [natural gas](/source/Natural_gas),[4] the [liquefaction of gases](/source/Liquefaction_of_gases) (such as [oxygen](/source/Oxygen), [nitrogen](/source/Nitrogen), [helium](/source/Helium), [argon](/source/Argon) and [krypton](/source/Krypton))[5][6] and other low-temperature processes.

Turboexpanders currently in operation range in size from about 750 [W](/source/Watt) to about 7.5 MW (1 [hp](/source/Horsepower) to about 10,000 hp) [citation needed].

## Applications

Although turboexpanders are commonly used in low-temperature processes, they are used in many other applications. This section discusses one of the low-temperature processes, as well as some of the other applications.

### Extracting hydrocarbon liquids from natural gas

Raw natural gas consists primarily of methane (CH4), the shortest and lightest [hydrocarbon](/source/Hydrocarbon) molecule, along with various amounts of heavier hydrocarbon gases such as [ethane](/source/Ethane) (C2H6), [propane](/source/Propane) (C3H8), [normal butane](/source/Butane) (*n*-C4H10), [isobutane](/source/Isobutane) (*i*-C4H10), [pentanes](/source/Pentane) and even higher-[molecular-mass](/source/Molecular-mass) hydrocarbons. The raw gas also contains various amounts of [acid gases](/source/Acid_gas) such as [carbon dioxide](/source/Carbon_dioxide) (CO2), [hydrogen sulfide](/source/Hydrogen_sulfide) (H2S) and [mercaptans](/source/Mercaptan) such as [methanethiol](/source/Methanethiol) (CH3SH) and [ethanethiol](/source/Ethanethiol) (C2H5SH).

When processed into finished by-products (see [Natural-gas processing](/source/Natural-gas_processing)), these heavier hydrocarbons are collectively referred to as NGL (natural-gas liquids). The extraction of the NGL often involves a turboexpander[7] and a low-temperature [distillation column](/source/Distillation_column) (called a *demethanizer*) as shown in the figure. The inlet gas to the demethanizer is first cooled to about −51 °C in a [heat exchanger](/source/Heat_exchanger) (referred to as a *cold box*), which partially [condenses](/source/Condensation) the inlet gas. The resultant gas–liquid mixture is then separated into a gas stream and a liquid stream.

The liquid stream from the [gas–liquid separator](/source/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_separator) flows through a valve and undergoes a [*throttling expansion*](/source/Flash_evaporation#Flash_evaporation_of_a_single-component_liquid) from an absolute pressure of 62 [bar](/source/Bar_(unit)) to 21 bar (6.2 to 2.1 MPa), which is an [isenthalpic](/source/Isenthalpic) process (i.e., a constant-enthalpy process) that results in lowering the temperature of the stream from about −51 °C to about −81 °C as the stream enters the demethanizer.

The gas stream from the gas–liquid separator enters the turboexpander, where it undergoes an [isentropic](/source/Isentropic_process) expansion from an absolute pressure of 62 [bar](/source/Bar_(unit)) to 21 bar (6.2 to 2.1 MPa) that lowers the gas stream temperature from about −51 °C to about −91 °C as it enters the demethanizer to serve as distillation [reflux](/source/Reflux).

Liquid from the top [tray](/source/Tray) of the demethanizer (at about −90 °C) is routed through the cold box, where it is warmed to about 0 °C as it cools the inlet gas, and is then returned to the lower section of the demethanizer. Another liquid stream from the lower section of the demethanizer (at about 2 °C) is routed through the cold box and returned to the demethanizer at about 12 °C. In effect, the inlet gas provides the [heat](/source/Heat) required to "reboil" the bottom of the demethanizer, and the turboexpander removes the heat required to provide reflux in the top of the demethanizer.

The overhead gas product from the demethanizer at about −90 °C is processed natural gas that is of suitable quality for distribution to end-use consumers by [pipeline](/source/Pipeline_transport). It is routed through the cold box, where it is warmed as it cools the inlet gas. It is then compressed in the gas compressor driven by the turboexpander and further compressed in a second-stage gas compressor driven by an [electric motor](/source/Electric_motor) before entering the distribution pipeline.

The bottom product from the demethanizer is also warmed in the cold box, as it cools the inlet gas, before it leaves the system as NGL.

The operating conditions of an offshore gas conditioning turbo-expander/recompressor are as follows:[8]

Turbo-expander Recompressor Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet Temperature °C 11.0 –13.0 22.0 40.0 Pressure barg 75.0 39.31 38.62 47.24 Flow kg/hr 27728 20658 Molecular weight 22.08 20.74 Energy recovered/used kW 345 345

### Power generation

The figure depicts an electric power-generation system that uses a heat source, a cooling medium (air, water or other), a circulating working fluid and a turboexpander. The system can accommodate a wide variety of heat sources such as:

- geothermal hot water,
- exhaust gas from internal combustion engines burning a variety of fuels ([natural gas](/source/Natural_gas), [landfill gas](/source/Landfill_gas), [diesel oil](/source/Diesel_oil), or [fuel oil](/source/Fuel_oil)),
- a variety of [waste heat](/source/Waste_heat) sources (in the form of either gas or liquid).

The circulating working fluid (usually an [organic compound](/source/Organic_chemistry) such as R-134a) is pumped to a high pressure and then vaporized in the evaporator by [heat exchange](/source/Heat_exchanger) with the available heat source. The resulting high-pressure vapor flows to the turboexpander, where it undergoes an isentropic expansion and exits as a vapor–liquid mixture, which is then condensed into a liquid by heat exchange with the available cooling medium. The condensed liquid is pumped back to the evaporator to complete the cycle.

The system in the figure implements a [Rankine cycle](/source/Rankine_cycle) as it is used in [fossil-fuel power plants](/source/Fossil-fuel_power_plant), where water is the working fluid and the heat source is derived from the [combustion](/source/Combustion) of natural gas, [fuel oil](/source/Fuel_oil) or [coal](/source/Coal) used to generate high-pressure steam. The high-pressure steam then undergoes an isentropic expansion in a conventional [steam turbine](/source/Steam_turbine). The steam turbine exhaust steam is next condensed into liquid water, which is then pumped back to steam generator to complete the cycle.

When an organic working fluid such as R-134a is used in the Rankine cycle, the cycle is sometimes referred to as an [organic Rankine cycle](/source/Organic_Rankine_cycle) (ORC).[9][10][11]

### Refrigeration system

A refrigeration system utilizes a compressor, a turboexpander and an electric motor.

Depending on the operating conditions, the turboexpander reduces the load on the electric motor by 6–15% compared to a conventional [vapor-compression refrigeration](/source/Vapor-compression_refrigeration) system that uses a [*throttling expansion*](/source/Flash_evaporation#Flash_evaporation_of_a_single-component_liquid) valve rather than a turboexpander.[12] Basically, this can be seen as a form of [turbo compounding](/source/Turbo-compound_engine).

The system employs a high-pressure refrigerant (i.e., one with a low [normal boiling point](/source/Boiling_point#Relation_between_the_normal_boiling_point_and_the_vapor_pressure_of_liquids)) such as:[12]

- [chlorodifluoromethane](/source/Chlorodifluoromethane) (CHClF2) known as R-22, with a normal boiling point of −47 °C;
- [1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane](/source/1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) (C2H2F4) known as R-134a, with a normal boiling point of −26 °C.

As shown in the figure, refrigerant vapor is compressed to a higher pressure, resulting in a higher temperature as well. The hot, compressed vapor is then [condensed](/source/Condensation) into a liquid. The [condenser](/source/Condenser_(heat_transfer)) is where heat is expelled from the circulating refrigerant and is carried away by whatever cooling medium is used in the condenser (air, water, etc.).

The refrigerant liquid flows through the turboexpander, where it is vaporized, and the vapor undergoes an isentropic expansion, which results in a low-temperature mixture of vapor and liquid. The vapor–liquid mixture is then routed through the evaporator, where it is vaporized by heat absorbed from the space being cooled. The vaporized refrigerant flows to the compressor inlet to complete the cycle.

In the case where the working fluid remains gaseous into the heat exchangers without undergoing phase changes, this cycle is also referred to as [reverse Brayton cycle](/source/Brayton_Cycle) or "refrigerating Brayton cycle".

### Power recovery in fluid catalytic cracker

The [combustion](/source/Combustion) [flue gas](/source/Flue_gas) from the catalyst regenerator of a [fluid catalytic cracker](/source/Fluid_catalytic_cracker) is at a temperature of about 715 °C and at a pressure of about 2.4 [barg](/source/Bar_(unit)#Absolute_pressure_and_gauge_pressure) (240 kPa gauge). Its gaseous components are mostly [carbon monoxide](/source/Carbon_monoxide) (CO), [carbon dioxide](/source/Carbon_dioxide) (CO2) and [nitrogen](/source/Nitrogen) (N2). Although the flue gas has been through two stages of [cyclones](/source/Cyclonic_separation) (located within the regenerator) to remove entrained catalyst fines, it still contains some residual catalyst fines.

The figure depicts how power is recovered and utilized by routing the regenerator flue gas through a turboexpander. After the flue gas exits the regenerator, it is routed through a secondary catalyst separator containing *[swirl tubes](/source/Swirl_tubes)* designed to remove 70–90% of the residual catalyst fines.[13] This is required to prevent erosion damage to the turboexpander.

As shown in the figure, expansion of the flue gas through a turboexpander provides sufficient power to drive the regenerator's combustion air compressor. The electrical [motor-generator](/source/Motor-generator) in the power-recovery system can consume or produce electrical power. If the expansion of the flue gas does not provide enough power to drive the air compressor, the electric motor-generator provides the needed additional power. If the flue gas expansion provides more power than needed to drive the air compressor, then the electric motor-generator converts the excess power into electric power and exports it to the refinery's electrical system.[14] The [steam turbine](/source/Steam_turbine) is used to drive the regenerator's combustion air compressor during start-ups of the fluid catalytic cracker until there is sufficient combustion flue gas to take over that task.

The expanded flue gas is then routed through a steam-generating [boiler](/source/Boiler) (referred to as a *[CO boiler](/source/Condensing_boiler)*), where the carbon monoxide in the flue gas is burned as fuel to provide steam for use in the refinery.[14]

The flue gas from the CO boiler is processed through an [electrostatic precipitator](/source/Electrostatic_precipitator) (ESP) to remove residual [particulate matter](/source/Atmospheric_particulate_matter). The ESP removes particulates in the size range of 2 to 20 [micrometers](/source/Micrometer_(unit)) from the flue gas.[14]

## History

The possible use of an expansion machine for isentropically creating low temperatures was suggested by [Carl Wilhelm Siemens](/source/Carl_Wilhelm_Siemens) ([Siemens cycle](/source/Siemens_cycle)), a [German](/source/Germany) engineer in 1857. About three decades later, in 1885, Ernest Solvay of [Belgium](/source/Belgium) attempted to use a reciprocating expander machine, but could not attain any temperatures lower than −98 °C because of problems with lubrication of the machine at such temperatures.[2]

In 1902, [Georges Claude](/source/Georges_Claude), a [French](/source/France) engineer, successfully used a reciprocating expansion machine to liquefy air. He used a degreased, burnt leather packing as a piston seal without any lubrication. With an air pressure of only 40 bar (4 MPa), Claude achieved an almost isentropic expansion resulting in a lower temperature than had before been possible.[2]

The first turboexpanders seem to have been designed in about 1934 or 1935 by Guido Zerkowitz, an Italian engineer working for the German firm of [Linde AG](/source/Linde_AG).[15][16]

In 1939, the [Russian](/source/Russians) physicist [Pyotr Kapitsa](/source/Pyotr_Kapitsa) perfected the design of centrifugal turboexpanders. His first practical prototype was made of [Monel](/source/Monel) metal, had an outside diameter of only 8 cm (3.1 in), operated at 40,000 revolutions per minute and expanded 1,000 cubic metres of air per hour. It used a water pump as a brake and had an efficiency of 79–83%.[2][16] Most turboexpanders in industrial use since then have been based on Kapitsa's design, and centrifugal turboexpanders have taken over almost 100% of the industrial gas liquefaction and low-temperature process requirements.[2][16] The availability of liquid [oxygen](/source/Oxygen) revolutionized the production of steel using the [basic oxygen steelmaking](/source/Basic_oxygen_steelmaking) process.

In 1978, Pyotr Kapitsa was awarded a Nobel physics prize for his body of work in the area of low-temperature physics.[17]

In 1983, San Diego Gas and Electric was among the first to install a turboexpander in a natural-gas letdown station for [energy recovery](/source/Energy_recovery).[18]

## Types

Turboexpanders can be classified by loading device or bearings.

Three main loading devices used in turboexpanders are [centrifugal compressors](/source/Centrifugal_compressors), electrical generators or hydraulic brakes. With centrifugal compressors and electrical generators the shaft power from the turboexpander is recouped either to recompress the process gas or to generate electrical energy, lowering utility bills.

Hydraulic brakes are used when the turboexpander is very small and harvesting the shaft power is not economically justifiable.

Bearings used are either oil bearings or [magnetic bearings](/source/Magnetic_bearing).

## See also

- [Air separation](/source/Air_separation)
- [Dry gas seal](/source/Dry_gas_seal)
- [Flash evaporation](/source/Flash_evaporation)
- [Gas compressor](/source/Gas_compressor)
- [Joule-Thomson effect](/source/Joule-Thomson_effect)
- [Liquefaction of gases](/source/Liquefaction_of_gases)
- [Rankine cycle](/source/Rankine_cycle)
- [Steam turbine](/source/Steam_turbine)
- [Vapor-compression refrigeration](/source/Vapor-compression_refrigeration)
- [Hydrogen turboexpander-generator](/source/Hydrogen_turboexpander-generator)

## References

1. Heinz Bloch and Claire Soares (2001). *Turboexpanders and Process Applications*. Gulf Professional Publishing. ISBN 0-88415-509-9.

1. Frank G. Kerry (2007). *Industrial Gas Handbook:Gas Separation and Purification*. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-9005-0.

1. Thomas Flynn (2004). *Cryogenics Engineering*. Second ed. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8247-5367-4.

1. [Demethanzer](http://freepatentsonline.com/US6915662.html).

1. [BOC (NZ) publication](http://www.nzic.org.nz/ChemProcesses/production/1K.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060928103534/http://www.nzic.org.nz/ChemProcesses/production/1K.pdf) 2006-09-28 at the Wayback Machine: use search function for keyword "expansion".

1. [US Department of Energy Hydrogen Program](http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/progress05/v_e_1_shimko.pdf).

1. *Gas Processes 2002*, Hydrocarbon Processing, pages 83–84, May 2002 (schematic flow diagrams and descriptions of the NGL-Pro and NGL recovery processes).

1. Process Flow Diagram NW Hutton 1987

1. ["ORC Technology for Waste Heat Applications"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110720133838/http://www.akenergyauthority.org/PDF%20files/ArchiveConferenceMaterial/ORC_Waste_Heat-Holdmann.pdf). Archived from [the original](http://www.akenergyauthority.org/PDF%20files/ArchiveConferenceMaterial/ORC_Waste_Heat-Holdmann.pdf) on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2008-07-22.

1. [The Integrated Rankine Cycle Project](http://www.csiro.au/science/ps4q.html).

1. [The Rankine Cycle Turbogenerator at Altheim, Austria](http://www.geothermie.de/gte/gte36-37/altheim_gaia.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080914180250/http://www.geothermie.de/gte/gte36-37/altheim_gaia.htm) 2008-09-14 at the Wayback Machine.

1. *Refrigeration apparatus with expansion turbine*, European patent EP 0 676 600 B1, September 6, 2000, Joost J. Brasz, Carrier Corporation [EP 0 676 600 B1](http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP0676600.pdf) (this website requires registration).

1. Alex C. Hoffnab and Lewis E. Stein (2002). *Gas Cyclones and Swirl Tubes: Principles, Design and Operation*. 1st ed. Springer. ISBN 3-540-43326-0.

1. Reza Sadeghbeigi (2000). *Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook*. 2nd ed. Gulf Publishing. ISBN 0-88415-289-8.

1. *Turbine for Low Temperature Gas Separation*, U.S. Patent 2,165,994, July 1939 (Continuation of an application in March 1934), Guido Zerkowitz, Linde AG [United States Patent US2165994](http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2165994.pdf) (this website requires registration).

1. Ebbe Almqvist (2002). *History of Industrial Gases*. First ed. Springer. p. 165. ISBN 0-306-47277-5.

1. [Pyotr Kapitsa, The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978](http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/kapitsa-bio.html).

1. [Turboexpanders: Harnessing the Hidden Potential of Our Natural Gas Distribution System](http://jacobrheuban.com/2009/03/09/turboexpanders-harnessing-the-hidden-potential-of-our-natural-gas-distribution-system/).

## External links

- [Use of Expansion Turbines in Natural Gas Pressure Reduction Stations](http://actamont.tuke.sk/pdf/2004/n3/27pozivil2.pdf)
- [Turbo Lab’s Turbomachinery & Pump Symposia](https://tps.tamu.edu/turbo-labs-tps-continues-to-set-event-records/)

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Turboexpander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboexpander) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboexpander?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.