# Tulipeae
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{{Short description|Tribe of flowering plants}}
[[File:717a.jpg|thumb|''[Tulipa sylvestris](/source/Tulipa_sylvestris)'' subsp. ''australis'' with seedpod (right), 1804]]
The '''Tulipeae''' ([syn.](/source/syn.) Tulipoideae) [Duby](/source/Jean_%C3%89tienne_Duby){{sfn|Duby|1828}} is a [tribe](/source/Tribe_(biology)) of [monocotyledon](/source/monocotyledon) [perennial](/source/perennial), [herbaceous](/source/herbaceous) mainly [bulbous](/source/bulbous) [flowering plant](/source/flowering_plant)s in the [Liliaceae](/source/Liliaceae) (lily) [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)). As originally conceived by Duby (1828), "Tulipaceae" was a tribe within Liliaceae, consisting of the genera ''[Tulipa](/source/Tulipa)'', ''Fritillaria'' and [Lilium](/source/Lilium).
{{sfn|Duby|1828}}
== Description ==
[Herbaceous](/source/Herbaceous) non-climbing [bulbous](/source/bulbous) plants. Bulbs consisting of a single scale. [Anthers](/source/Anthers) pseudo-basifixed. fruit consists of a [loculicidal](/source/loculicidal) [capsule](/source/capsule_(botany)), seeds not winged. [Tetrasporic](/source/Tetraspore) [embryo-sac](/source/embryo-sac) formation with 7–8 nuclei. Nucella having a short base. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) non-''Clintonia'' type. [Chromosomes](/source/Chromosomes) large - 2–11 μm (1–6 μm in ''Gagea''). [Genome size](/source/Genome_size) (3)4–25(70) pg, x = (9)12. Polyploidy common.{{sfn|Peruzzi|2016}}
== Taxonomy ==
Tulipeae remained a core group of the Liliaceae, containing the type genus, Lilium for most of its taxonomic history. For instance, [Bentham and Hooker](/source/Bentham_and_Hooker) (1883),{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1862–1883}} placed ''[Lilium](/source/Lilium)'' together with ''[Tulipa](/source/Tulipa)'' and five other genera in Liliaceae tribe Tulipeae.
In the modern era, [Takhtadzhi︠an](/source/Armen_Leonovich_Takhtadzhi%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1n) described the tribe as having four genera:{{sfn|Takhtadzhi︠a︡n|2009}}
* ''[Tulipa](/source/Tulipa)''
* ''[Amana](/source/Amana_(plant))'' (considered by some to be included in [Tulipa](/source/Tulipa))
* ''Holongia''{{efn|Holongia: A genus only recognised by Takhtadzhi︠an}}
* ''[Erythronium](/source/Erythronium)''
Later only ''Tulipa'' and ''Erythronium'' were included, and ''[Gagea](/source/Gagea)'' was added. Tulipeae has been variously constructed, chiefly as either a tribe of the subfamily [Lilioideae](/source/Lilioideae),{{sfn|Brands|2017}} or a subfamily of Liliaceae itself (Tulipoideae).{{sfn|Watson|1879}} However it has been proposed that ''Gagea'' should be in its own tribe, the Lloydieae.{{sfn|Kim et al.|2013a}}
The evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships of Tulipeae within Liliaceae are shown in the following [Cladogram](/source/Cladogram).
{{cladogram
| title={{anchor|Clad3}}Cladogram: [Phylogeny](/source/Phylogeny) and [biogeography](/source/biogeography) of the genera of the Liliaceae
| caption=Phylogenetic tree reflecting relationships based on molecular phylogenetic evidence.
*=Liliaceae ''sensu'' Tamura; EA=[Eurasia](/source/Eurasia) NA=[North America](/source/North_America)
| align=center
| cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:92%;line-height:100%;width:300px;
|label1= [Liliaceae](/source/Liliaceae)
|1={{clade
| 1={{clade
|label1= West NA
| 1={{clade
|label1=
| 1=''[Tricyrtis](/source/Tricyrtis)''
| 2={{clade
|label1= [Streptopoideae](/source/Streptopoideae)
| 1={{clade
|label1=
| 1=''[Streptopus](/source/Streptopus)''
|label2=
| 2={{clade
| 1=''[Prosartes](/source/Prosartes)''
| 2=''[Scoliopus](/source/Scoliopus)''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
| 2={{clade
|label1=West NA
| 1=''[Calochortus](/source/Calochortus)''
|label2= [Lilioideae](/source/Lilioideae)* East NA EA
| 2={{clade
|label1=[Medeoleae](/source/Medeoleae) East NA
| 1={{clade
| 1=''[Clintonia](/source/Clintonia)''
| 2=''[Medeola](/source/Medeola)''
}}
|label2=[Lilieae](/source/Lilieae) ''s.l.'' EA
| 2={{clade
|label1='''Tulipeae''' East Asia
| 1={{clade
|label1=
| 2={{clade
| 1=''[Gagea](/source/Gagea)'' (''[Lloydia](/source/Lloydia)'')
}}
|label2=
| 1={{clade
| 1=''[Tulipa](/source/Tulipa)''
| 2={{clade
| 1=''[Amana](/source/Amana_(plant))''
| 2=''[Erythronium](/source/Erythronium)''
}}
}}
}}
|label2=Lilieae ''s.s.'' Himalayas
| 2={{clade
| 1=''[Notholirion](/source/Notholirion)''
| 2={{clade
| 1= ''[Cardiocrinum](/source/Cardiocrinum)''
| 2= {{clade
|label1=
| 1= ''[Lilium](/source/Lilium)'' (''[Nomocharis](/source/Nomocharis)'')
| 2= ''[Fritillaria](/source/Fritillaria)''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
Here, Tulipeae is shown as a clade within the broader construction of Lileae (''sensu lato''), or as a separate [biogeographical](/source/biogeographical) tribe if the narrow sense of Lileae (''sensu stricto'') is adopted, with Lileae and Tulipeae as [sister groups](/source/sister_groups). The continuing use of Tulipeae as a separate tribe is supported by several authors.{{sfn|Kim et al.|2013a}}{{sfn|Peruzzi|2016}}
=== Genera ===
Genera (species){{sfn|Peruzzi|2016}}
* ''Amana'' Honda (5)
* ''Erythronium'' L. (15)
* ''Gagea'' Salisb. (=''Lloydia'' Salisb.) (ca. 300)
* ''Tulipa'' L. (ca. 150)
''Gagea'' is sister to the other three genera.
=== Synonyms ===
* Gageeae Rouy, Fl. France 12: 380. 1910.
* Lloydieae Buxb., Bot. Arch. 38: 389. 1937.
* Tulipoideae Kostel, Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 1: 168. 1831.{{sfn|Peruzzi|2016}}
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}
== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2=Hooker|first2=J.D.|authorlink1=George Bentham|authorlink2=Joseph Dalton Hooker| title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita|year=1862–1883|volume=3 |issue=2 |chapter=Tulipeae|pages=759–760|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/320/mode/2up|language=latin}}
* {{cite web|editor-last=Brands|editor-first=S.J.|title=Tribe Tulipeae|website=Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon|url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?src=0&id=693027|publisher=Universal Taxonomic Services|access-date=11 October 2017|date=25 April 2017}}
* {{cite book|last=Duby|first=Jean Étienne|author-link=Jean Étienne Duby|title=Botanicon Gallicum; seu, Synopsis plantarum in flora Gallica descriptarum 2 vols.|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/29498#page/993/mode/1up|chapter=Tulipaceae|volume=1|pages=461–463|edition=2nd|date= April 1828}}
* {{citation|surname1=F. Buxbaum|periodical=Botanisches Archiv|title=Die Entwicklungslinien der Lilioideae. II. Die systematische Stellung der gattung Gagea |volume=38|pages=305ff|date= 1937|language=German}}
* {{cite journal|last=Peruzzi|first=L. |author2=I. J. Leitch |author3=K.F. Caparelli|title=Chromosome diversity and evolution in Liliaceae|journal=[Annals of Botany](/source/Annals_of_Botany)|year=2009|volume=103|issue=3|pages=459–475|doi=10.1093/aob/mcn230|pmid=19033282 |pmc=2707325 |url=}}
* {{cite journal|last=Baker|first=J. G.|author-link=John Gilbert Baker|title=Revision of the Genera and Species of Tulipeae|journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany|year=1874|volume=xiv|issue=76|pages=211–310|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1874.tb00314.x|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1432971}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Leitch|first1=I. J.|last2=Beaulieu |first2=JM |last3=Cheung |first3=K |last4=Hanson |first4=L |last5=Lysak |first5=MA |last6=Fay |first6=MF|title=Punctuated genome size evolution in Liliaceae|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology|date=November 2007|volume=20|issue=6|pages=2296–308|pmid=17956392|url=http://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/17956392/Punctuated_genome_size_evolution_in_Liliaceae_|access-date=26 January 2014|doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01416.x|ref={{harvid|Leitch et al|2007}}|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Jung Sung|last2=Hong|first2=Jeong-Ki|last3=Chase|first3=Mark W.|last4=Fay|first4=Michael F.|last5=Kim|first5=Joo-Hwan|title=Familial relationships of the monocot order Liliales based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis using four plastid loci: ''matK, rbcL, atpB and atpF-H'' |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|date=May 2013|volume=172|issue=1|pages=5–21|doi=10.1111/boj.12039|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264520873|ref={{harvid|Kim et al.|2013a}}|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Peruzzi|first1=L.|title=A new infrafamilial taxonomic setting for Liliaceae, with a key to genera and tribes|journal=Plant Biosystems|date=11 January 2016|volume=150|issue=6|pages=1341–1347|doi=10.1080/11263504.2015.1115435|s2cid=88042387}}
* {{cite book|last=Takhtadzhi︠a︡n|first=Armen Leonovich|author-link=Armen Leonovich Takhtadzhi︠a︡n|title=Flowering Plants|year=2009|publisher=[Springer](/source/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media)|isbn=978-1402096099|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC&pg=PA634}}
* {{cite journal|last=Watson|first=Sereno|title=Revision of the North American Liliaceae: Descriptions of Some New Species of North American Plants|year=1879|volume=XIV|pages=213–312|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8EwAQAAMAAJ|access-date=6 January 2014|journal=[Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences](/source/Proceedings_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences)|doi=10.2307/25138538|jstor=25138538|url-access=subscription}}
{{refend}}
{{Liliaceae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q9090542}}
Category:Liliaceae
Category:Monocot tribes
Category:Historically recognized angiosperm taxa
{{Liliales-stub}}
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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Tulipeae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulipeae) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulipeae?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.