# Tugur Bay

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{{Short description|Large bay in eastern Russia}}
{{Infobox body of water
 | name              = Tugur Bay
 | native_name       = {{native name|ru|Тугурский залив}}
 | other_name        = Shantar Bay
 | image             = Shantar1z.png
 | caption           = Location of Tugur Bay south of the [Shantar Islands](/source/Shantar_Islands)
 | pushpin_map       = Russia Khabarovsk Krai
 | pushpin_map_caption = Location in [Khabarovsk Krai](/source/Khabarovsk_Krai)
 | location          = [Russian Far East](/source/Russian_Far_East)
 | coords            = {{coord|54|10|N|137|00|E|region:RU_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline, title}}
 | rivers            = [Tugur River](/source/Tugur_River), [Karol River](/source/Karol_River)
 | oceans            = [Sea of Okhotsk](/source/Sea_of_Okhotsk)
 | countries         = [Russia](/source/Russia)
 | length            = {{convert|80.5|km|abbr=on}}
 | width             = {{convert|58|km|abbr=on}}
 | area              = {{convert|1800|km2|abbr=on}}
 | depth             = {{convert|25|m|abbr=on}}
 | settlements       = 
}}

'''Tugur Bay''' or '''Tugursky Bay'''<ref name="Phyto">[https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.762120 Dzyuban, AN (2003): Phytoplankton and bacterial productivity in the Tugur Bay (Sea of Okhotsk) in July-August 1990.]</ref>   ({{langx|ru|Тугурский залив}}, ''Tugursky Zaliv'') is a large bay in the [Tuguro-Chumikansky District](/source/Tuguro-Chumikansky_District) of [Khabarovsk Krai](/source/Khabarovsk_Krai), [Russian Federation](/source/Russian_Federation).<ref name="mapcarta-1">{{cite web|url=http://mapcarta.com/16375606|title=Tugursky Zaliv|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref>

{{As of|2009}} there was a project to build a tidal power station in Tugur Bay.<ref name="dvkapital">[http://dvkapital.ru/2009/6/14/ Ставка на энергию воды.] Дальневосточный капитал № 6, 2009 г.</ref>

==Geography==

Tugur Bay is located in the northwestern [Sea of Okhotsk](/source/Sea_of_Okhotsk), just south of the [Shantar Islands](/source/Shantar_Islands). It is entered between [Seneka Point](/source/Seneka_Point) and [Cape Bol'shoy Dugandzha](/source/Cape_Bol'shoy_Dugandzha), nearly 58&nbsp;km (about 36&nbsp;mi) to the west-northwest. It narrows to about {{convert|19.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} midway and is about {{convert|80.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} deep in a south-southwesterly direction. The [Tugur River](/source/Tugur_River) runs into its head. The east and south side of the bay is thickly wooded.

[Mamga Bay](/source/Mamga_Bay) is a branch of Tugur Bay located on the northwestern side of the bay. On the eastern side of the bay are two prominent capes, [Cape Bersen'yeva](/source/Cape_Bersen'yeva) to the north and [Cape Temnyy](/source/Cape_Temnyy) further south.

There is [ice](/source/sea_ice) in the bay from the end of October or the middle of November to July. Spring [tide](/source/tide)s rise {{convert|4.5|to|5.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the northern part of the bay and up to {{convert|6.4|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the southern part. Tidal currents can reach up to four knots in the northern part of Tugur Bay, causing [whirlpool](/source/whirlpool)s and [eddies](/source/eddy_(fluid_dynamics)). The bay is {{convert|18|to|37|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep at its entrance, but shoals to less than {{convert|3.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} at its head.<ref name=AsiaPilot>United States. (1918). ''Asiatic Pilot, Volume 1: East coast of Siberia, Sakhalin Island and Chosen''. Washington: Hydrographic Office.</ref><ref name=ECR2014>National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. (2014). ''Sailing Directions (Enroute): East Coast of Russia''. U.S. Government, Springfield, Virginia.</ref>

==History==

[American](/source/United_States), [French](/source/France), and [Russia](/source/Russia)n [whaleship](/source/whaler)s frequented the bay hunting [bowhead whale](/source/bowhead_whale)s between 1852 and 1905. They called it '''Shantar Bay'''.<ref name=Sampson1867>''Junior'', of New Bedford, July 5, 1852. In Sampson, A. D. (1867). ''Three times around the world, or life and adventures of Alonzo D. Sampson''. Buffalo, N. Y.: Express Printing Company.</ref><ref>''Lexington'', of Nantucket, July 9, 1854, Nantucket Historical Association; ''Java'', of New Bedford, July 22–26, 1865, June 30-Aug. 27, 1866, July 17–24, 1867, Nicholson Whaling Collection (NWC); ''Arnolda'', of New Bedford, Aug. 27-Sept. 7, 1874, Old Dartmouth Historical Society; ''Mary and Helen II'', of San Francisco, Aug. 12-13, Aug. 15-17, 1885, Kendall Whaling Museum (KWM).</ref><ref name=Lindholm2>''Turku'', of Turku, summer 1854; ''Storfursten Constantin'', of Helsinki, June 1859. In Lindholm, O. V., Haes, T. A., & Tyrtoff, D. N. (2008). ''Beyond the frontiers of imperial Russia: From the memoirs of Otto W. Lindholm''. Javea, Spain: A. de Haes OWL Publishing.</ref><ref>''San Francisco Call'' (Vol. 98, No. 169, Nov. 16, 1905).</ref> Some traded with the [natives](/source/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia) for [salmon](/source/salmon).<ref>''Golconda'', of New Bedford, Aug. 18-20, 1854, KWM.</ref> On 28 July 1854, the [bark](/source/bark_(ship)) ''Isabella'', of [New Bedford](/source/New_Bedford%2C_Massachusetts), reported that as many as 94 ships were visible from her deck while she was in the bay, only five of which were boiling oil.<ref>''Isabella'', of New Bedford, July 28, 1854, NWC.</ref> Several ships were wrecked in the bay. On 13 July 1854, the ship ''Silas Richards'' (454 tons), of New Bedford, Capt. Wilcox, was driven ashore by ice and wrecked on the east side of the bay near Cape Bersen'yeva. She was sold on the beach for $194.<ref>"Loss of ship Silas Richards", ''Whalemen's Shipping List & Merchant's Transcript'', New Bedford, October 31, 1854, p. 266.</ref><ref>''The Friend'' (Honolulu, December 8, 1854, Vol. XI, No. 12, p. 93).</ref><ref>''Golconda'', of New Bedford, July 13, 1854, KWM.</ref> In June 1856, the brig ''Tarquina'' (210 tons), of [Honolulu](/source/Honolulu), was also stove by ice and lost,<ref name=Thrum>Thrum, T. G. (1909). ''Hawaiian almanac and annual for 1910''. Honolulu, Black & Auld, Printers.</ref> while the bark ''Columbus'' (344 tons), of [New London](/source/New_London%2C_Connecticut), was wrecked in the bay on 10 August 1858.<ref>''Rambler'', of New Bedford, Aug. 21, 1858, KWM.</ref><ref>''Whalemen's Shipping List and Merchants' Transcript'', Vol. XVI, No. 42, December 28, 1858.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Starbuck |first=Alexander |title=History of the American Whale Fishery from Its Earliest Inception to the year 1876 |year=1878 |publisher=Castle |isbn=1-55521-537-8 }}</ref> On 27 July 1867, a Russian steamer ordered the bark ''Java'', of New Bedford, under Manuel Enos, out of the bay. A few days later the bark ''Endeavor'', also of New Bedford, had its boats fired upon by the same vessel before being ordered away as well.<ref>United States. (1870). ''Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States''. Washington: G.P.O.</ref> In September 1875, a Russian steamer ordered away a [Sydney](/source/Sydney) whaleship from whaling in the bay.<ref>''Whalemen's Shipping List and Merchant's Transcript'', December 7, 1875, Vol. 33, No. 42, p. 2.</ref> In August 1885, a Russian steamer once again forbid American whaleships in the bay from whaling.<ref>''Mary and Helen II'', of San Francisco, Aug. 15, 1885, KWM.</ref>

Two whaling stations were also established in the bay to catch bowheads. The first was built in 1862 by the [Russian-American Company](/source/Russian-American_Company) on the southeastern point of Mamga Bay. In 1865, they sold it to Otto Wilhelm Lindholm, who had erected a station on the eastern side of the mouth of the Tugur River at the head of the bay two years earlier, in 1863. Both stations either utilized one or two [schooner](/source/schooner)s or boat crews provisioned for a fortnight at a time to cruise for whales in Tugur Bay or adjacent bays. The Tugur station was last used in 1870, while Mamga was used as a base for whaling until 1876.<ref name=Lindholm>Lindholm, O. V., Haes, T. A., & Tyrtoff, D. N. (2008). ''Beyond the frontiers of imperial Russia: From the memoirs of Otto W. Lindholm''. Javea, Spain: A. de Haes OWL Publishing.</ref><ref>It was visited by the steam-brig ''Siber'' in 1879 and 1883, though it is uncertain whether the station itself was still being used for whaling. See ''Daily Alta California'', San Francisco, December 7, 1879, Vol. XXXI, No. 10,829 and ''Northern Light'', of New Bedford, September 25, 1883, GBWL #761.</ref> American whaleships visited Mamga to sell goods and receive repairs from ice damage.<ref>''Java'', of New Bedford, June 30-July 1, July 10, Sep. 15-16, 1866, KWM.</ref>

==Wildlife==

Bowhead whales, once abundant, are now rare in Tugur Bay.<ref name=OSBH2014>Shpak, O. V., Meschersky, I. G., Chichkina, A. N., Kuznetsova, D. M., Paramonov, A. Y., & V. V. Rozhnov. (2014). "New data on the Okhotsk Sea bowhead whales". ''Paper presented to the Scientific Committee of IWC 65''. 5 pp.</ref> In the summer [beluga whale](/source/beluga_whale)s aggregate at the head of the bay to feed on [spawning](/source/salmon_run) [salmon](/source/Oncorhynchus) in the Tugur River [estuary](/source/estuary).<ref name=BelSum2015>Solovyev, B. A., Shpak, O. V., Glazov, D. M., Rozhnov, V. V., & D. M. Kuznetsova. (2015). "Summer distribution of beluga whales (''Delphinapterus leucas'') in the Sea of Okhotsk". ''Russian J. Theriol.'' 14 (2): 201-215.</ref> [Wader](/source/Wader)s use the intertidal area at the head of the bay as a stopover during their summer-fall [migration](/source/bird_migration). The two most abundant species are [great knot](/source/great_knot) and [Terek sandpiper](/source/Terek_sandpiper).<ref name=Pronkevich1998>Pronkevich, V. V. (1998). "Migration of waders in the Khabarovsk region of the Far East". ''International Wader Studies'' 10: 425-430.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDZT9_tWqrM Рыбалка Тугур] Landscapes of the Tugur River
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288053359_Primary_production_processes_in_Tugur_Bay_of_the_sea_of_Okhotsk ''Primary production processes in Tugur Bay of the sea of Okhotsk'', Oceanology 43(3):359-368, May 2003]

Category:Bays of the Pacific Ocean
Category:Bays of the Sea of Okhotsk
Category:Bays of Khabarovsk Krai
Category:Shipwrecks in the Sea of Okhotsk
Category:Whaling stations

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Tugur Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugur_Bay) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugur_Bay?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.