# Trypetheliales

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The **Trypetheliales** are an [order](/source/Order_(biology)) of [fungi](/source/Fungi) in the class [Dothideomycetes](/source/Dothideomycetes). Most of the species in the order form [lichens](/source/Lichen), although some are [lichenicolous fungi](/source/Lichenicolous_fungi). Trypetheliales contains two families, [Polycoccaceae](/source/Polycoccaceae) and [Trypetheliaceae](/source/Trypetheliaceae).

## Taxonomy

Trypetheliales was [circumscribed](/source/Circumscription_(taxonomy)) in 2008 by [Robert Lücking](/source/Robert_L%C3%BCcking), [André Aptroot](/source/Andr%C3%A9_Aptroot), and [Harrie Sipman](/source/Harrie_Sipman) to reflect a well-supported, phylogenetically distinct [lineage](/source/Lineage_(evolution)) within the class [Dothideomycetes](/source/Dothideomycetes); the order is based on the family [Trypetheliaceae](/source/Trypetheliaceae) as its type.[1] Most members form lichens with (orange-pigmented) [green algae](/source/Green_algae), though a few are non-lichenised fungi.[2]

In the modern sense, the order contains two families: [Polycoccaceae](/source/Polycoccaceae), comprising mainly [lichenicolous fungi](/source/Lichenicolous_fungi) (species that live on or in other lichens), and Trypetheliaceae, which are chiefly lichen-forming. This composition captures the group's evolutionary coherence while recognising the different ecological strategies represented within it.[2]

Aptroot and Lücking also addressed a long-standing nomenclatural confusion around Trypetheliaceae as published by [Franz Gerhard Eschweiler](/source/Franz_Gerhard_Eschweiler) in 1824. Some databases had treated Eschweiler's name as invalid—or as if it were an order—because he used the historical Latin term "cohors". Under the [International Code of Nomenclature](/source/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants), however, [rank](/source/Taxonomic_rank) is determined by the author's intent and usage: Eschweiler explicitly described a "familia" and employed the conventional "-aceae" ending, so Trypetheliaceae is a valid family-rank name, not an order. Consequently, the order name Trypetheliales is correctly attributed to Lücking, Aptroot and Sipman (2008), and not to Eschweiler.[2]

## Description

Members of Trypetheliales are [ascomycetes](/source/Ascomycetes) that are most often lichenised with algae; less commonly they occur as bark-dwelling [saprobes](/source/Saprobe) or as lichenicolous fungi (species living on other lichens). The [sexual reproductive](/source/Sexual_reproduction) structures are [perithecia](/source/Perithecia)—flask-shaped [fruiting bodies](/source/Fruiting_bodies) with a small pore ([ostiole](/source/Ostiole))—which may occur singly or in tight groups that can merge; their ostioles may remain separate or become confluent. [Perithecia](/source/Perithecia) are typically round and range from immersed in the substrate to sitting at the surface (sessile), with walls that are dark brown to nearly . Within the fruiting body, the tissue between the [asci](/source/Ascus) comprises slender [hyphae](/source/Hypha) that branch abundantly and interconnect () to form a net-like mesh.[2]

The asci are (with a double wall that separates during spore discharge) and do not show an [amyloid](/source/Amyloid_(mycology)) reaction in iodine (I−). [Ascospores](/source/Ascospore) are [ellipsoid](/source/Ellipsoid) to spindle-shaped and frequently develop internal thickenings of the inner spore wall; these thickenings often give the spore cavities () an angular, diamond-like outline, though a rounded outline also occurs. Spores are usually colourless, but in some species they become brown to dark brown.[2]

## Families and genera

As of October 2021, [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) accepts 2 families, 25 genera, and 478 species in the Trypetheliales.[3]

- [Polycoccaceae](/source/Polycoccaceae) Ertz, Hafellner & Diederich (2015)[4]

- - *[Clypeococcum](/source/Clypeococcum)* – ca. 10 spp. - *[Polycoccum](/source/Polycoccum)* – ca. 60 spp.

- [Trypetheliaceae](/source/Trypetheliaceae) Eschw. (1824)[5]

- - *[Alloarthopyrenia](/source/Alloarthopyrenia)*[6] – 1 sp. - *[Aptrootia](/source/Aptrootia)* – 3 spp. - *[Architrypethelium](/source/Architrypethelium)* – 8 spp. - *[Arthopyrenia](/source/Arthopyrenia)* – 55 spp. - *[Astrothelium](/source/Astrothelium)* – ca. 275 spp. - *[Bathelium](/source/Bathelium)* – 16 spp. - *[Bogoriella](/source/Bogoriella)* – 29 spp. - *[Constrictolumina](/source/Constrictolumina)* – 9 spp. - *[Dictyomeridium](/source/Dictyomeridium)* – 7 spp. - *[Laurera](/source/Laurera)* – 2 spp. - *[Marcelaria](/source/Marcelaria)* – 3 spp. - *[Mycomicrothelia](/source/Mycomicrothelia)* – 8 spp. - *[Nigrovothelium](/source/Nigrovothelium)* – 3 spp. - *[Polymeridium](/source/Polymeridium)* – 51 spp. - *[Polypyrenula](/source/Polypyrenula)* – 1 sp. - *[Pseudopyrenula](/source/Pseudopyrenula)* – 21 spp. - *[Trypethelium](/source/Trypethelium)* – 16 spp. - *[Viridothelium](/source/Viridothelium)*[7] – 11 spp.

## References

1. Aptroot, André; Lücking, Robert; Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Umana, Loengrin; Chaves, José Luis (2008). *Pyrenocarpous lichens with bitunicate asci. A first assessment of the lichen biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica*. Vol. 97. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Berlin; Stuttgart: J. Cramer. p. 13. ISBN 978-3-443-58076-6.

1. Aptroot, André & Lücking, Robert (2016). "A revisionary synopsis of the Trypetheliaceae (Ascomycota: Trypetheliales )". *The Lichenologist*. **48** (6): 763–982. [doi:10.1017/S0024282916000487](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282916000487)

1. Source dataset. [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+. ["Trypetheliales"](https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/622W5). *[Catalog of Life](/source/Catalog_of_Life) Version 2021-09-21*. Retrieved 27 October 2021.

1. Ertz, Damien; Diederich, Paul; Lawrey, James D.; Berger, Franz; Freebury, Colin E.; Coppins, Brian; Gardiennet, Alain; Hafellner, Josef (2015). "Phylogenetic insights resolve Dacampiaceae (Pleosporales) as polyphyletic: *Didymocyrtis* (Pleosporales, Phaeosphaeriaceae) with *Phoma*-like anamorphs resurrected and segregated from *Polycoccum* (Trypetheliales, Polycoccaceae fam. nov.)". *Fungal Diversity*. **74**: 53–89. [doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0345-6](https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0345-6)

1. Eschweiler, F.G. (1824). *Systema Lichenum, Genera Exhibens rite distincta, Pluribus Novis Adaucta* [System of lichens, showing the genera properly distinguished, with many new ones added] (in Latin). Nuremberg: sumptibus J.L. Schrag. pp. 1–26.

1. Hyde, Kevin D.; Hongsanan, Sinang; Jeewon, Rajesh; Bhat, D. Jayarama; McKenzie, Eric H.C.; Jones, E.B. Gareth et al. (2016). "Fungal diversity notes 367–490: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa". *Fungal Diversity*. **80** (1): 1–270 [80]. [doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0373-x](https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0373-x)

1. Lücking, Robert; Nelson, Matthew P.; Aptroot, André; Barillas de Klee, Roselvira; Bawingan, Paulina A.; Benatti, Michel N.; Binh, Nguyen Quoc; Bungartz, Frank; Cáceres, Marcela E.S.; Canêz, Lucia da Silva; Chavez, José-Luis; Ertz, Damien; Esquivel, Rhina Esmerelda; Ferraro, Lidia Itati; Grijalva, A.; Gueidan, C; Hernández M., Jesús E.; Knight, Allison; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Marcelli, Marcelo P.; Mercado-Díaz, Joel A.; Moncada, Bibiana; Morales, Eduardo A.; Naksuwankul, Khwanruan; Orozco, Thelma; Parnmen, Sittiporn; Rivas Plata, Eimy; Salazar-Allen, Noris; Spielmann, Adriano A.; Ventura, Nohemy (2016). "A phylogenetic framework for reassessing generic concepts and species delimitation in the lichenized family Trypetheliaceae (Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes)". *The Lichenologist*. **48** (6): 739–762. [doi:10.1017/S0024282916000505](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282916000505)

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