# Trochulus

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***Trochulus*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of small air-breathing [land snails](/source/Land_snail), [terrestrial](/source/Terrestrial_molluscs) [pulmonate](/source/Pulmonate) [gastropod](/source/Gastropod) [mollusks](/source/Mollusk) in the subfamily Trochulininae of the family [Hygromiidae](/source/Hygromiidae), the hairy snails and their allies.

## Taxonomy

*Trichia* Hartmann, 1840[2] is a [junior synonym](/source/Junior_synonym) of *Trochulus* Chemnitz, 1786,[3] meaning the name was published after *Trochulus* to describe the same [group of organisms](/source/Taxon). As such, *Trochulus* is considered the valid name, but nearly every [malacological](/source/Malacological) work prior to 2006 referred to the genus as *Trichia*.

The genus *[Plicuteria](/source/Plicuteria)* Schileyko, 1978 has been once recognized as a subgenus within *Trochulus* by Schileyko (1978).[4] Based on molecular analyses, *Trochulus lubomirski* does not belong to the genus *Trochulus*.[5] *Trochulus lubomirski* (Ślósarski, 1881) is now recognized as *[Plicuteria lubomirskii](/source/Plicuteria_lubomirskii)* (Ślósarski, 1881).

## Species

The [speciation](/source/Speciation) centre for the genus *Trochulus* is in the [Alps](/source/Alps).[6]

The [type species](/source/Type_species) of this genus is *[Trochulus hispidus](/source/Trochulus_hispidus)*.

Species within the genus *Trochulus* include:[7][8]

- *[Trochulus alpicola](/source/Trochulus_alpicola)* (Eder, 1921)
- *[Trochulus ataxiacus](/source/Trochulus_ataxiacus)* (Fagot, 1884)
- *[Trochulus biconicus](/source/Trochulus_biconicus)* (Eder, 1917) - synonym: *Trichia biconica*
- *[Trochulus glyptus](/source/Trochulus_glyptus)* (Locard, 1880) - synonym: *Trochulus caelatus* (Studer, 1820) - synonym: *[Trichia caelata](/source/Trichia_caelata)*[9]
- *[Trochulus clandestinus](/source/Trochulus_clandestinus)* (Hartmann, 1821)
- *[Trochulus coelomphala](/source/Trochulus_coelomphala)* (Locard, 1888)
- *[Trochulus graminicola](/source/Trochulus_graminicola)* (Falkner, 1973) - synonym: *Trichia gramnicola*
- *[Trochulus hispidus](/source/Trochulus_hispidus)* ([Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus), [1758](/source/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae)) - synonyms: *Trichia hispida* ([Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus), [1758](/source/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae)), *Trochulus sericeus* (Draparnaud, 1801)[10]
- *[Trochulus montanus](/source/Trochulus_montanus)* (Studer, 1820)
- *[Trochulus phorochaetius](/source/Trochulus_phorochaetius)* (Bourguignat, 1864)
- *[Trochulus plebeius](/source/Trochulus_plebeius)* (Draparnaud, 1805) - synonym: *Trichia plebeia*
- *[Trochulus striolatus](/source/Trochulus_striolatus)* (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) - synonym: *Trichia striolata*
- *[Trochulus suberectus](/source/Trochulus_suberectus)* (Clessin, 1878)
- *[Trochulus villosus](/source/Trochulus_villosus)* (Draparnaud, 1805)
- *[Trochulus villosulus](/source/Trochulus_villosulus)* - (Rossmässler, 1838) - synonym: *Trichia villosula* (Rossmässler, 1838)

**Species brought into synonymy**

- *Trochulus erjaveci* (Brusina, 1870): synonym of *[Xerocampylaea erjaveci](/source/Xerocampylaea_erjaveci)* (Brusina, 1870)
- *Trochulus lubomirskii* (Ślósarski, 1881): synonym of *[Plicuteria lubomirskii](/source/Plicuteria_lubomirskii)* (Ślósarski, 1881)
- *Trochulus oreinos* (Wagner, 1915): synonym of *[Noricella oreinos](/source/Noricella_oreinos)* (Wagner, 1915)
- *Trochulus waldemari* (Wagner, 1912): synonym of *[Xerocampylaea waldemari](/source/Xerocampylaea_waldemari)* (Wagner, 1912)

## Hair on shells

Most *Trochulus* species have hair-like features on their [periostracum](/source/Periostracum) (the outermost layer of the [shell](/source/Gastropod_shell)). Some of the hair-less species still have hairs as juveniles. Hairy shells seemed to be the [ancestral character](/source/Plesiomorph) shared by all members within the genus, and the feature was probably lost three times independently later.

These losses were correlated with a shift from humid to dry [habitats](/source/Habitat), hinting at an [adaptive function](/source/Adaptation): the hypothesis was that these hair-like [protein structures](/source/Protein#Structural_proteins) improve movement in moist habitats. In 2005, experiments by Pfenninger and colleagues showed that haired shells attached more easily to wet surfaces. Snails could better cling to their [herbaceous](/source/Herbaceous_plant) food plants during [foraging](/source/Foraging) under high [humidity](/source/Humidity) levels. The absence of hairs in some *Trochulus* species, which consequently lose this potential adaptive function, could then be linked to habitat shifts toward drier environments.[5]

## Feeding habits

*Trochulus* species in moist habitats prefer to forage on large-leaved herbaceous plants like *[Adenostyles](/source/Adenostyles)*, *[Urtica](/source/Urtica)* (nettles), *[Homogyne](/source/Homogyne)* or *[Tussilago](/source/Tussilago)* (e.g., coltsfoot).[5]

## References

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from reference.[5]

1. (in German) Chemnitz J. H. (1786) *Neues systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet. Neunten Bandes zwote Abtheilung, enthaltend die ausführliche Beschreibung von den Land- und Flußschnecken, oder von solchen Conchylien, welche nicht im Meere, sondern auf der Erde und in süssen Wassern zu leben pflegen. Mit zwanzig nach der Natur gemalten und durch lebendige Farben erleuchteten Kupfertafeln*. pp. I-XXVI [= 1-26], 1-194, Tab. 117-136. Nürnberg. (Raspe).

1. (in German) Hartmann J. D. W. (1844) *Erd- und Süsswasser-Gasteropoden der Schweiz. Mit Zugabe einiger merkwürdigen exotischen Arten*. I. Band. pp. i-xx [= 1-20], 1-227, Tab. I-XII [= 1-12], I-XII [sic, = 13-24], 25-84. St. Gallen. (Scheitlin & Zollikofer).

1. (30 September 2004) [ICZN Opinion 2079](http://www.iczn.org/BZNSept2004opinions.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080517133253/http://www.iczn.org/BZNSept2004opinions.htm) 2008-05-17 at the Wayback Machine. *[Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature](/source/Bulletin_of_Zoological_Nomenclature)* **61**(3).

1. Schileyko A. A. (February 1978) "On the systematics of *Trichia* s. lat. (Pulmonata: Helicoidea: Hygromiidae)". *[Malacologia](/source/Malacologia)* [**17**](https://archive.org/details/malacologia171978inst)(1): [1](https://archive.org/stream/malacologia171978inst#page/1/mode/1up)-56.

1. Pfenninger, Markus; Hrabáková, Magda; Steinke, Dirk; Dèpraz, Aline (2005). "Why do snails have hairs? A Bayesian inference of character evolution". *[BMC Evolutionary Biology](/source/BMC_Evolutionary_Biology)*. **5** (1): 59. [Bibcode:2005BMCEE...5...59P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005BMCEE...5...59P). [doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-59](https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-5-59). [PMC 1310604](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1310604). [PMID 16271138](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16271138)

1. (in Czech) Hrabáková M., Juřičková L. & Petrusek A. (2006) "Problematika rodu *Trochulus* (Mollusca, Gastropoda) v České republice". In: Bryja J. & Zukal J. (eds.) 2006. *Zoologické dny Brno 2006. Sborník abstraktů z konference 9.-10. února*. ISBN 80-903329-4-3, 268 pp., pages 42-43.

1. [Species in genus *Trochulus*](http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/list/species?taxongenus=3460). AnimalBase. Accessed 29 December 2008.

1. [*Trichia*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110604050909/http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=276200). [Fauna Europaea](/source/Fauna_Europaea), accessed 2 December 2009.

1. [*Trichia* (*Trichia*) *glypta*](http://www.mollbase.org/list/index.php?aktion=zeige_taxon&id=862). Molluscs of central Europe, accessed 2 December 2009.

1. Proćków, Małgorzata; Kuźnik-Kowalska, Elżbieta; Mackiewicz, Paweł (2017-08-01). "Phenotypic plasticity can explain evolution of sympatric polymorphism in the hairy snail Trochulus hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758)". *Current Zoology*. **63** (4): 389–402. [doi:10.1093/cz/zow082](https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zow082). [ISSN 1674-5507](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1674-5507). [PMC 5804198](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5804198). [PMID 29491999](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29491999)

## Further reading

- Dépraz, A.; Rathey, E.; Hausser, J. (2008). "Characterization of 13 polymorphic microsatellite loci for two land snail species, *Trochulus villosus* and *T. sericeus* (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygromiidae)". *Molecular Ecology Resources*. **8** (3): 704–706. [doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.02055.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.02055.x). [PMID 21585877](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21585877). [S2CID 205626994](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205626994)
- Hrabáková M., Juřičková L. & Petrušek A. (2006) "[Taxonomy of the genus *Trochulus* (Gastropoda: Hygromiidae) in the Czech Republic](https://web.archive.org/web/20081121194045/http://www.malacsoc.org.uk/The_Malacologist/BULL48/forum48.htm#taxo)".
- Kruckenhauser, Luise; Duda, Michael; Bartel, Daniela; Sattmann, Helmut; Harl, Josef; Kirchner, Sandra; Haring, Elisabeth (2014). "Paraphyly and budding speciation in the hairy snail (Pulmonata, Hygromiidae)". *Zoologica Scripta*. **43** (3): 273–288. [doi:10.1111/zsc.12046](https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12046). [PMC 4144147](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4144147). [PMID 25170185](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25170185)
- Proćków, Małgorzata; Strzała, Tomasz; Kuźnik-Kowalska, Elżbieta; Proćków, Jarosław; MacKiewicz, Paweł (2017). "Ongoing Speciation and Gene Flow between Taxonomically Challenging *Trochulus* Species Complex (Gastropoda: Hygromiidae)". *PLOS ONE*. **12** (1). [Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270460P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1270460P). [doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170460](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170460). [PMC 5249238](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5249238). [PMID 28107432](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28107432)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Trochulus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochulus) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochulus?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.