# Trimeresurus nebularis

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Species of snake

Trimeresurus nebularis Conservation status Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Viperidae Genus: Trimeresurus Species: T. nebularis Binomial name Trimeresurus nebularis Vogel, David and Pauwels, 2004

***Trimeresurus nebularis*** (also known as the **Cameron Highlands pit viper** or the **clouded pit viper**) is a species of [pit viper](/source/Pit_viper) found in the [Cameron Highlands District](/source/Cameron_Highlands_District) of west [Malaysia](/source/Malaysia) and [Thailand](/source/Thailand).[2]

## Taxonomy

*Trimeresurus nebularis* was described in 2004. Previously, *Trimeresurus* from this area were considered part of *[Trimeresurus gramineus](/source/Craspedocephalus_gramineus)* or *[Trimeresurus popeiorum](/source/Trimeresurus_popeiorum)*.[3] *Trimeresurus nebularis* is part of the subgenus *Popeia*.[4]

### Etymology

The name *Trimeresurus nebularis* comes from the Latin word nebularis which means "from the clouds". This refers to the [cloud forests](/source/Cloud_forest) that the species inhabits.[3]

## Description

Males can be around 100 cm (39 in) in length and females can reach around 95 cm (37 in) in total length.[3][1][5] The body of *T. nebularis* is cylindrical and bright green. Males have a white or blue ventro-lateral stripe.[2] The [pupils](/source/Pupil) are vertical and usually have a yellowish-green [iris](/source/Iris_(anatomy)).[2] Both males and females usually have blue upper lips.[3] The scales around the throat/chin area are yellowish green while the upper scales are greenish-blue.[1] The tail is a brown rust color on its vertebral region and has a distinct line in between. The rust color and the green [lateral](/source/Anatomical_terms_of_location) color makes it distinguishable from other pit vipers.[1]

## Reproduction

Like other *Trimeresurus*, this species is [ovoviviparous](/source/Ovoviviparity). Males have long hemipenes with no spines.[3]

## Distribution and habitat

*T. nebularis* is restricted to high elevations above 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[1] *T. nebularis* resides in both [Thailand](/source/Thailand) and [Malaysia](/source/Malaysia) in the central part of the [Titiwangsa Range](/source/Titiwangsa_Mountains) in the [Cameron Highlands](/source/Cameron_Highlands). It has also been seen in [Fraser’s Hill](/source/Fraser's_Hill) along with the [Genting Highlands](/source/Genting_Highlands) in the [Pahang State](/source/Pahang) in Malaysia.[6]

## Venom

The venom of *T. nebularis* under [sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis](/source/SDS-PAGE) showed a complex mixture that consisted of a wide range of [proteins](/source/Protein).[6] Some of the proteins include [metalloproteinase](/source/Metalloproteinase), [C-type lectin](/source/C-type_lectin)/lectin-like proteins and [serine proteases](/source/Serine_protease).[6] A total of 44 proteins were identified in the venom, forty of those proteins were grouped into 9 different families of [toxins](/source/Toxin). The venom can potentially cause [coagulopathy](/source/Coagulopathy) if they bite a human, impairing the coagulation process of blood and causing bleeding.[1] Although epidemiological data are absent, *T. nebularis* is one of the leading causes of snakebite envenomation within its range.[7]

## Vulnerability

This species is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. If threats against the animal continue, it may progress to a more severe rating on the list.[1]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Halim-2024_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Halim-2024_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Halim-2024_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Halim-2024_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Halim-2024_1-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Halim-2024_1-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Halim-2024_1-6) Nur Hazwanie Binti Abd Halim, Nurfarhana Hizan Binti Hijas, Ahmad Khaldun Ismail, Indraneil Das & Kaviarasu Munian. ["Trimeresurus nebularis Vogel, David & Pauwels, 2004"](https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/399). *Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240418225449/https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/399) from the original on 2024-04-18. Retrieved 2025-03-24.{{[cite news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news)}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Vogel-2004_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Vogel-2004_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Vogel-2004_2-2) Vogel, Gernot; David, Patrick; Pauwels, Olivier S. G. (2004-11-15). ["A review of morphological variation in Trimeresurus popeiorum (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with the description of two new species"](https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.727.1.1). *Zootaxa*. **727** (1): 1–63. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.11646/zootaxa.727.1.1](https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.727.1.1). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1175-5334](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1175-5334).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-The_Reptile_Database_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-The_Reptile_Database_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-The_Reptile_Database_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-The_Reptile_Database_3-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-The_Reptile_Database_3-4) ["Trimeresurus nebularis"](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Trimeresurus&species=nebularis&search_param=((search='Trimeresurus+nebularis'))). *The Reptile Database*. Retrieved 2025-04-15.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Mirza, Zeeshan A.; Lalremsanga, H. T.; Bhosale, Harshal; Gowande, Gaurang; Patel, Harshil; Idiatullina, Sabira S.; Poyarkov, Nikolay A. (2023). ["Systematics of *Trimeresurus popeiorum* Smith, 1937 with a revised molecular phylogeny of Asian pitvipers of the genus *Trimeresurus* Lacépède, 1804 sensu lato"](https://evolsyst.pensoft.net/article/97026/). *Evolutionary Systematics*. **7** (1): 91–104. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3897/evolsyst.7.97026](https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fevolsyst.7.97026). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2535-0730](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2535-0730).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Smedley, N. (1931). ["Amphibians and reptiles from the Cameron Highlands, Malay Peninsula"](https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/app/uploads/2017/06/06brm105-123.pdf) (PDF). *Bulletin of the Raffles Museum*. **6**: 105–123.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Tan-2019_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Tan-2019_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Tan-2019_6-2) Tan, Choo Hock; Tan, Kae Yi; Shan Ng, Tzu; Quah, Evan S.H.; Khaldun Ismail, Ahmad; Khomvilai, Sumana; Sitprija, Visith; Hong Tan, Nget (6 February 2019). ["Venomics of Trimeresurus (Popeia) nebularis, the Cameron Highlands Pit Viper from Malaysia: Insights into Venom Proteome, Toxicity and Neutralization of Antivenom"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6410072). *Toxins*. **11** (2): 95. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3390/toxins11020095](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ftoxins11020095). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [6410072](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6410072). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [30736335](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30736335).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Ismail, A.K. (2015). "Snakebite and Envenomation Management in Malaysia". *Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa*. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 71–102.

Taxon identifiers Trimeresurus nebularis Wikidata: Q5094604 Wikispecies: Trimeresurus nebularis CoL: 7D5MN EoL: 289254 GBIF: 5960926 iNaturalist: 31022 IRMNG: 10365422 ITIS: 1058480 IUCN: 192154 NCBI: 1899475 Open Tree of Life: 4120613 Plazi: B4AD4ADF-2793-B925-6B11-F5E6D099FF1D RD: nebularis ZooBank: B707FAE7-12FC-4D44-97C2-A890C6769E36

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